Animal Biotechnology BTY314

UNIT-I
Unit I
Introduction to Animal Biotechnology

Cell Culture and their Scope, Properties of the Animal
Cells, Advantages of Cell Culture, Limitations of Cell
Culture, Types of Cell Culture
Sterilization techniques.
Sterilization of apparatus, Sterilization of Liquids,Sterilization of
Media
Equipments :
Equipments for aseptic area, Equipments for incubation,
Equipments
for storage and consumable items, Specialized Equipment
Cell Culture and their Scope

Cells, removed from animal tissue or whole animals, will continue to
grow if supplied with nutrients and growth factors. This process is
called cell culture.
It occurs in vitro (in glass) as opposed to in vivo (in life').
The culture process allows single cells to act as independent units
much like any microorganism such as bacteria or fungi.
The cells are capable of division by mitosis and the cell population can
continue growth until limited by some parameter such as nutrient
depletion.
Scope of cell culture
Culturing of animal cells is much more difficult in comparison to the culture of microbes as
they are less adapted to in vitro condition.
the earliest cell cultures involved the growth of cells from fragments of tissue that were
embedded in clots of plasma
A widely used human cancer cell line called HeLa cells was initially established in 1952 by
growth in a medium.
consisting of chicken plasma, bovine embryo extract, and human placental cord serum.
Harry Eagle was the first to solve this problem, by carrying out a systematic analysis of the
nutrients needed to support the growth of animal cells in culture. Eagle studied the growth
of two established cell lines: HeLa cells and a mouse fibroblast line called L cells.
He was able to grow these cells in a medium consisting of a mixture of salts, carbohydrates,
amino acids, and vitamins, supplemented, with serum protein.
Genetically engineered poultry, swine, goats, cattle and other
livestock are now available as generators of pharmaceutical and other
products and potential sources for replacement organs for humans.
The technology to produce foreign proteins in milk by expressing
novel genes in the mammary glands of livestock has already taken the
shape with some products currently under clinical trials.
Animal biotechnology offers supplementation of selective breeding,
helping to effect changes at the organism level by the manipulation of
cells and genes within an organism.
Animal cell cultures are used to produce virus vaccines, as well as a
variety of useful biochemicals like enzymes, hormones, cellular
biochemicals like interferon, and immunobiological compounds
including monoclonal antibodies.
Transplantable tissues and organs are another very valuable product
from cell cultures
TISSUE CULTURE
Tissue Culture
Fragments of the excised tissue, if placed in fresh culture medium,
then its normal functions may be maintained but original organization
of tissue is lost.
The tissue culture is better than the organ culture.

Properties of the Animal Cells,

The Animal cells are of mostly 10-100 microns size.
Animal cells are spherical in shape in suspension medium. Animal
cells are devoid of any cell wall, i.e. only Plasma membrane is present
which is thin, fragile and shears sensitive and have negative charge
over surface,
therefore they can be grown on positively charged surfaces.
Advantages of Cell Culture

Characterization of The Cells
To Obtained Heterogenous or Homogenous culture
Homogenous cultures may be called as clones, if it contains genetically
identical cells derived from a single parental cell (cloning technique).
Homogenous cultures can be used to study origin and biology and it can be
documented, accredited, and can be preserved.
Scaling up and Mechanization
In Vitro Modeling of In Vivo Conditions
production of artificial tissues e.g. Skin, which can be helpful in reduction of sacrificing
animals for obtaining the tissue.
Study of Effect of Environment



Limitations of Cell Culture,

Costly Equipment's and expertise:
The Output is Costly
They often undergoes dedifferentiation, and are unstable
They produces low quantity of products
Good producers produces only 100 microgram/ml/day while an average
producers 20-100 microgram/ml/day, poor producers <20
microgram/ml/day), Slow growth of the cells, have low expression rate, &
have complexity of growth conditions.
http://www.dnatube.com/video/11695/Introduction-to-Cell-Culture--Aseptic-
Technique

Types of Cell Culture


Sterilization techniques

Sterilization of apparatus, Sterilization of
Liquids, Sterilization of Media


Equipment's :