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ECE 441 1

Introduction to Three-Phase Power


ECE 441 2
Typical Transformer Yard
ECE 441 3
Basic Three-Phase Circuit
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What is Three-Phase Power?
Three sinusoidal voltages of equal
amplitude and frequency out of phase with
each other by 120. Known as balanced.
Phases are labeled A, B, and C.
Phases are sequenced as A, B, C
(positive) or A, C, B (negative).
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Three-Phase Power
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Definitions
4 wires
3 active phases, A, B, C
1 ground, or neutral
Color Code
Phase A Red
Phase B Black
Phase C Blue
Neutral White or Gray
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Phasor (Vector) Form for abc
V
a
=V
m
/0
V
b
=V
m
/-120
V
c
=V
m
/+120
ECE 441 8
Phasor (Vector) Form for abc
V
a
=V
m
/0
V
b
=V
m
/-120
V
c
=V
m
/+120
Note that KVL applies .... V
a
+V
b
+V
c
=0
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Three-Phase Generator
2-pole (North-South)
rotor turned by a
prime mover
Sinusoidal voltages
are induced in each
stator winding

ECE 441 10
ECE 441 11
How are the sources connected?
(a) shows the sources
(phases) connected in
a wye (Y).
Notice the fourth
terminal, known as
Neutral.
(b) shows the sources
(phases) connected in
a delta ().
Three terminals
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Look at a Y-Y System
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Definitions
Z
g
represents the internal
generator impedance per
phase
Z
l
represents the
impedance of the line
connecting the generator
to the load
Z
A,B,C
represents the load
impedance per phase
Z
o
represents the
impedance of the neutral
conductor
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Look at the Line and Load Voltages
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CN
AB AN BN
BC BN CN
CA AN
V V V
V V V
V V V



Line Voltages
Phase Voltages
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-V
BN

Vector addition to find V
AB
=V
AN
-V
BN

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-V
BN

Using the Tip-to-Tail Method
V
AB
= V
AN
V
BN
= 3V

= Line-to-Neutral,
or Phase Voltage
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Conclusions for the Y connection
The amplitude of the line-to-line voltage is
equal to 3 times the amplitude of the
phase voltage.
The line-to-line voltages form a balanced
set of 3-phase voltages.
The set of line-to-line voltages leads the
set of line-to-neutral (phase) voltages by
30.
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Summary
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Look at the Delta-Connected Load
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0
120
120
BC
AB
CA
I I
I I
I I




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bB
aA AB CA
BC AB
cC CA BC
I I I
I I I
I I I



Line Currents
Phase Currents
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-I
CA

Vector Addition to find I
aA
=I
AB
-I
CA

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-I
CA

Using the Tip-to-Tail Method
I
aA
= 3I

/-30


ECE 441 25
Conclusions for the Delta Connection
The amplitude of the line current is equal
to 3 times the phase current.
The set of line currents lags the phase
currents by 30.

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