The Unified Thoery of Physics: The 5-Part Presentation

The Unified Theory of Physics:
The 5-Part Presentation
1.The two Physical Structures

2.Cosmology
3.The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles
4.The Galaxy Formation
5.Extreme Force Field
Content
Introduction
Abstract
1. The Two Physical Structures
2. Cosmology
3. The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles
4. The Galaxy Formation
5. Extreme Force Field
The Source of the Presentation

The Unified Theory of Physics: the unified universe
http://www.scribd.com/doc/24487113/The-Unified-Theory-of-Ph
ysics-the-unified-universe
Introduction for the unified theory of physics
Our observable universe is a complex universe. It has at least
four force fields; the strong, the gravitational, the
electromagnetic, and the weak force fields. It has at least four
different materials and energies: cosmic radiation, dark energy,
dark matter, and baryonic matter. It has numerous elementary
particles, including six leptons, six quarks, and gauge bosons.
The mystery of quantum mechanics has not been fully explained.
The galaxy formation and many other astronomical phenomena
remain as perplexing issues. So far, there is no viable unified
theory in physics to unify specifically all these different
phenomena.
The unified theory of physics is the theory of everything to
explain fully cosmology, dark energy, dark matter, baryonic
matter, quantum mechanics, elementary particles, force fields,
galaxy formation, and unusual extreme forces.
Abstract for the Unified Theory of Physics
galaxy formation, and unusual extreme forces. In the unified
theory, different universes in different developmental stages are
the different expressions of the unified universe. The unified
theory is divided into five parts: the two physical structures,
cosmology, the periodic table of elementary particles, the galaxy
formation, and the extreme force field.
1. The two physical structures
It starts with the two physical structures: the space structure and
the object structure. The space structure includes attachment
space and detachment space. Relating to rest mass, attachment
space attaches to object permanently with zero speed or
reversibly at the speed of light. Relating to kinetic energy, detachment
space irreversibly detaches from the object at the speed of light. The
combination of attachment space and detachment space brings about
three different space structures: miscible space, binary lattice space,
and binary partition space for special relativity, quantum mechanics,
and the extreme force fields, respectively. The object structure consists
of 11D membrane (311), 10D string (210), variable D particle (1 4 to 10),
and empty object (04 to 11) whose transformation is through the
dimensional oscillation that involves the oscillation between high
dimensional space-time with high vacuum energy and low dimensional
space-time with low vacuum energy.
2. Cosmology
Our observable universe with 4D space-time has zero vacuum energy.
In terms of cosmology, our universe starts with the 11-dimensional
membrane universe followed by the 10-dimensional string universe and
then by the 10-dimensional particle universe, and ends with the
asymmetrical dual universe with variable dimensional particle and 4-
dimensional particles. Such 4-stage cosmology accounts for the
origins of the four force fields.
3. The periodic table of elementary particles
The unified theory places all elementary particles in the periodic
table of elementary particles with the calculated masses in good
agreement with the observed values.
4. The galaxy formation
The inhomogeneous structures, such as galaxy, is derived from
the incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter, like
the inhomogeneous structure formed by the incompatibility
between oil and water. Cosmic radiation allows dark matter and
baryonic matter to be compatible. As the universe expanded, the
decreasing density of cosmic radiation increased the
incompatibility, resulting in increasing inhomogeneous
structures. The five stages of the formation of inhomogeneous
structures are baryonic matter, baryonic droplets, the
first generation galaxies by the big eruption, cluster, and
supercluster. The big eruption explains the origin of different
types of galaxies.
5. Extreme force field
Under extreme conditions, such as the zero temperature and
extremely high pressure, gauge boson force field undergoes the
phase transition to form extreme force field. Extreme force field
explains unusual phenomena such as superconductor, fractional
quantum Hall effect, supernova, neutron star, gamma ray burst,
and quasar.
The Unified Theory of Physics 1:
The Two Physical Structures
the Space Structure
 combination
    n
(1) (0) (1 0) , (1 0) , or (1) (0)
n n n n n n
the Object Structure

3 , 2 ,1 , 04 to 11
11 10 4 to10
 2
E Mc /  2 ( D  4)
Content
Abstract
1. The Space Structure
2. The Object Structure

phenomena.
Abstract for the Two Physical Structures
The unified theory of physics is the theory of everything. The part 1 is
the two physical structures, consisting of the space structure and the
object structure, and the dimensional oscillation. The space structure
includes attachment space and detachment space. Relating to rest
mass, attachment space attaches to object permanently with zero speed
or reversibly at the speed of light. Relating to kinetic energy,
detachment space irreversibly detaches from the object at the speed of
light. The combination of attachment space and detachment space
brings about three different space structures: miscible space, binary
partition space, and binary lattice space for special relativity, quantum
mechanics, and the extreme force fields, respectively. The object
structure consists of 11D membrane (311), 10D string (210), variable D
particle (14 to 10), and empty object (04 to 11), whose transformation is
through. the dimensional oscillation that involves the oscillation
between high dimensional space-time with high vacuum energy and
low dimensional space-time with low vacuum energy. Our observable
universe with 4D space-time has zero vacuum energy.
1. The Space Structure
1. The space structure consists of attachment space
(denoted as 1) and detachment space (denoted as 0).
2. Attachment space attaches to object permanently with
zero speed or reversibly at the speed of light.
3. Detachment space irreversibly detaches from the
object at the speed of light.
4. Attachment space relates to rest mass, while
detachment space relates to kinetic energy.
5. Different stages of our universe have different space
structures.
Combination of Attachment and Detachment Spaces
The combination of attachment space (1) and detachment

space (0) brings about three different space structures:
binary lattice space, miscible space, and binary partition
space as below.
( 1) attachment space  (0) det achment space

n n
combination
   
(1 0) binary lattice space , (1  0) n miscible space
n
or (1) (0) binary partition space
n n
The Three Types of the Combined Space
Binary Lattice Space (1 0)n for Quantum Mechanics
Miscible Space (1 + 0)n for Special Relativity
Binary Partition Space, (1)n(0)n for Extreme Force Fields

Binary Lattice Space (1 0)n for Quantum Mechanics
Definition
Binary lattice space consists of multiple quantized units of

attachment space separated from one another by
detachment space. An object exists in multiple quantum
states separated from one another by detachment space.
Binary lattice space is the space for wavefunction. In
wavefunction,
n
   c 
i i
i 1
The Uncertainty Principle
Neither attachment space nor detachment space is

zero in binary lattice space. The measurement in
the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics is
essentially the measurement of attachment space
and momentum in binary lattice space: large
momentum (detachment space) has small non-zero
attachment space, while large attachment space
has low non-zero momentum (detachment space).

x  p 
2
Non-localization
Detachment space contains no object that carries
information. Without information, detachment space is
outside of the realm of causality. Without causality,
distance (space) and time do not matter to detachment
space, resulting in non-localizable and non-countable
space-time. The requirement for the system (binary
lattice space) containing non-localizable and non-
countable detachment space is the absence of net
information by any change in the space-time of
detachment space.
The Collapse of Binary Lattice Space
Binary lattice space represents coherence as
wavefunction. Binary lattice space is for
coherent system. Any destruction of the
coherence by the addition of a different object
to the object causes the collapse of binary
lattice space into miscible space. The collapse
is a phase transition from binary lattice space
to miscible space.
 0  1  n collapse

 0 1  n
binary lattice space miscible space
Miscible Space (1 + 0)n for Special Relativity
1. In miscible space, attachment space is miscible to
detachment space, and there is no separation of
attachment space and detachment space. In miscible
space, attachment space contributes zero speed, while
detachment space contributes the speed of light.
2. For a moving massive particle consisting of a rest
massive part and a massless part, the massive part with
rest mass, m0, is in attachment space, and the massless
part with kinetic energy, K, is in detachment space. The
combination of the massive part in attachment space
and massless part in detachment leads to the
propagation speed in between zero and the speed of
light.
Special Relativity
To maintain the speed of light constant for a moving particle,

the time (t) in moving particle has to be dilated, and the length
(L) has to be contracted relative to the rest frame.
t  t 1  2 / c 2  t  ,
0 0
L  L0 /  ,
E  K  m c2   m c2
0 0
  1and
E is the total energy  2is/ cthe
/ 1 K 2
kinetic energy.
is the Lorentz factor for time dilation and length contraction
Binary Partition Space, (1)n(0)n for Extreme Force Fields
Definition
Binary partition space, (1)n(0)n, consists of separated

continuous phases of attachment space and detachment
space. It occurs as the force field under extreme
conditions.
Extreme Boson Field
At zero temperature or extremely high pressure, such as
superconductivity and black hole, binary lattice space
for a gauge force field undergoes a quantum space
phase transition to become binary partition space. In
binary partition space, detachment space and attachment
space are in two separate continuous regions as follows.
 14 m  
k
 04   14 n, k extreme condition
k 1 
particle gauge boson field in binary lattice space
 14 m  
k
 04   14 
n ,k n ,k
k 1
extreme particle extreme boson field in binary partition space
Gauge boson force field has no boundary, while the
attachment space in the binary partition space acts as the
boundary for extreme boson force field. Extreme boson
field is like a bubble with core vacuum surrounded by
membrane where extreme bosons locate. This extreme
force field explains superconductivity, the fractional
quantum Hall effect, supernova, neutron star, gravastar as
the alternate for black hole, and gamma ray bursts,
2. The Object Structure
1.The object structure consists of 11D

membrane (311), 10D string (210), variable D
particle (14 to 10), and empty object (04 to 11).
2.Different stages of our universe have
different object structures.
The transformation among the objects is through the
dimensional oscillation.
• The dimensional oscillation involves the oscillation between
high dimensional space-time and low dimensional space-time.
The vacuum energy of the multiverse background is about the
Planck energy. Vacuum energy decreases with decreasing
dimension number. The vacuum energy of 4D space-time is
zero.
• For the dimensional oscillation, contraction occurs at the end
of expansion. Each local region in the universe follows a
particular path of the dimensional oscillation. Each path is
marked by particular set of force fields. The path for our
universe is marked by the strong force, gravity-antigravity,
charged electromagnetism, and asymmetrical weak force,
corresponding to the four stages of the cosmic evolution.
VDN and QVSL
Varying dimension number (VDN) relates to quantized

varying speed of light (QVSL), where the speed of light is
invariant in a constant space-time dimension number, and
the speed of light varies with varying space-time dimension
number from 4 to 11.
cD  c /  D4
,
where c is the observed speed of light in the 4D space-time,

cD is the quantized varying speed of light in space-time
dimension number, D, from 4 to 11, and α is the fine
structure constant for electromagnetism.
In special relativity, E = M0 c2, is expressed as ,
E  M 0  (c 2 /  2 ( D  4 ) ) Equation 1
 (M 0 /  2 ( d  4)
) c 2 Equation 2
1. Equation 1 means that a particle in the D dimensional

space-time can have the superluminal speed, and has
the rest mass M0
2. Equation 2 means that the same particle in the 4D
space-time with the observed speed of light acquires a
large mass,
3. D in Equation 1 is the space-time dimension number
defining the varying speed of light. In Equation 2, d
from 4 to 11 is “mass dimension number” defining
varying mass.
QVSL transformation
The QVSL transformation transforms both space-time
dimension number and mass dimension number. In the
QVSL transformation, the decrease in the speed of light
leads to the decrease in space-time dimension number
and the increase of mass in terms of increasing mass
dimension number from 4 to 11,
cD  cD  n /  2 n ,
M 0, D , d  M 0, D  n , dn 2n
,
QVSL
D, d  
 (D n), (d  n)
For example, in the QVSL transformation, a particle with
11D4d is transformed to a particle with 4D11d. In terms
of rest mass, 11D space-time has 4d with the lowest rest
mass, and 4D space-time has 11d with the highest rest
mass.
Vacuum Energy
1. Rest mass decreases with increasing space-time
dimension number. The decrease in rest mass means
the increase in vacuum energy, so vacuum energy
increases with increasing space-time dimension
number.
2. The vacuum energy of 4D particle is zero, while 11D
membrane has the Planck vacuum energy.
3. Such vacuum energies are the alternatives for the Higgs
bosons, which have not been found.
4. The decrease in vacuum energy is equivalent to the
absorption of the Higgs boson, while the increase in
vacuum energy is equivalent to the emission of the
Higgs boson.
Particles with Different Space-Time Dimensions
Since the speed of light for > 4D particle is greater than

the speed of light for 4D particle, the observation of >
4D particles by 4D particles violates casualty. Thus, >
4D particles are hidden particles with respect to 4D
particles. Particles with different space-time dimensions
are transparent and oblivious to one another, and
separate from one another if possible.
Summary
The two physical structures consist of the object structure, the space
structure, and the dimensional oscillation. The object structure
consists of 11D membrane (311), 10D string (210), variable D particle
(1 4 to 10), and empty object (04 to 11). The space structure includes
attachment space and detachment space. Relating to rest mass,
attachment space attaches to object permanently with zero speed or
reversibly at the speed of light. Relating to kinetic energy,
detachment space irreversibly detaches from the object at the speed
of light. The combination of attachment space and detachment space
brings about three different space structures: miscible space, binary
partition space, and binary lattice space for special relativity,
quantum mechanics, and the extreme force fields, respectively. The
dimensional oscillation involves the oscillation between high
dimensional space-time with high vacuum energy and low
dimensional space-time with low vacuum energy. Our observable
Cosmology
11D membrane universe (the mutltiverse background)
positive 10D string universe negative 10D string universe
positive 10D particle universe negative 10D particle universe
positive 4D negative variable positive 4D negative variable

observable universe > 4D hidden universe observable universe > 4D hidden
universe
positive 4D universe
with dark energy as
negative 4D universe
Content
Abstract
1. The Strong Pre-universe
2. The Gravitational Dual Pre-universe
3. The Charged Dual Pre-universe
4. The Current Asymmetrical Dual Universe

phenomena.
Abstract for Cosmology
The unified theory of physics is the theory of everything. The part 2
in the presentation is cosmology. There are four stages of our
universe in chronological order: the strong pre-universe, the
gravitational dual pre-universe, the charged dual pre-universe, and the
current asymmetrical dual universe to generate the four force fields in
our universe. The strong pre-universe has 11D membrane and space
structure as attachment space only. The only force is the pre-strong
force without gravity. The transformation from 11D membrane to
10D string results in the gravitational pre-universe with both pre-
strong force and pre-gravity. The repulsive pre-gravity and pre-
antigravity brings about the dual 10D string universe. The
coalescence and the separation of the dual 10D string universe result
in the dual charged universe as dual 10D particle universe with the
pre-strong, pre-gravity, and pre-electromagnetic force fields.
The asymmetrical dimensional oscillation is manifested as the
asymmetrical weak force field. The dark universe is sometimes
hidden, and is sometimes observable as dark energy. The
dimensional oscillation for the dark universe is the slow dimensional
oscillation from 10D and 4D. The light universe is our observable
universe. The dimensional oscillation for the light universe involves
the immediate transformation from 10D to 4D and the introduction of
detachment space, resulting in the inflation and the big bang.
1.The Strong Pre-Universe
Dual Object Space Force

universe structure structure
no 11D attachment pre-
membrane space strong
Many different universes can emerge from the strong

pre-universe as the multiverse background, which has
the simplest and most primitive structure.
The Pre-strong Force
The only force among the membranes is the pre-strong

force, s, as the predecessor of the strong force. It is
from the quantized vibration of the membranes to
generate the reversible process of the absorption-
emission of the massless particles among the
membranes. The pre-strong force mediates the
reversible absorption-emission in the flat space. The
pre-strong force is the same for all membranes, so it is
not defined by positive or negative sign.
No Singularity Anywhere
It does not have gravity that causes instability and

singularity, so the initial universe remains homogeneous,
flat, and static. This initial universe provides the
globally stable static background for the emergences of
many universes.
2. The Gravitational Dual Pre-Universe
Dual universe Object Space Forces
structure structure
dual 10D attachment pre-strong,

string space pre-gravity
In certain regions of the 11D membrane universe, the

local expansion takes place by the transformation from
11D-membrane into 10D-string. The expansion is the
result of the vacuum energy difference between 11D
membrane and 10D string.
Pregravity
With the emergence of empty object (011), 11D membrane
transforms into 10D string warped with virtue particle as
pregravity.
311 s  011  210 s 11  210 s g 
where 311 is the 11D membrane, s is the pre-strong force,
011 is the 11D empty object, 210 is 10D string, 11 is one
dimensional virtue particle as g, pre-gravity. Empty object
corresponds to the anti-De Sitter bulk space in the Randall-
Sundrum model. The g is in the bulk space, which is the
warped space (transverse radial space) around 210.
The 10D String Dual Universe
Through symmetry, antistrings form 10D antibranes with
anti-pregravity as
3 11 s  0 11   2 10 s 11  2 10 s g 
If the pregravity and antigravity are repulsive, n units of (210)n
and n units of (2-10)n are separated from each other as the dual
10D string universe.
 
( ( s 210 ) g ) ( g ( s 2 10 )) n
n
The two universes are separated by the bulk space,
consisting of pregravity and anti-pregravity.
Two Paths
When the local expansion stops, through the dimensional
oscillation, the contraction begins to force the dual 10D
string universe to contract to the original state, resulting in
the coalescence of the two universes. The coalescence
allows the two universes to mix. Two different paths:
1. the string-antistring annihilation, resulting in

disappearance of the dual universe.
2. continuation of the dual universe in another form
without the mixing of positive energy and negative
energy. Our universe follows the second path.
3. The Charged Dual Pre-Universe
Dual Object Space Forces
universe structure structure
dual 10D attachment pre-strong, pre-gravity, pre-
particle space electromagnetic
The charged pre-universe continues the dual universe in

the charged form without the mixing of positive energy
and negative energy. It involves four stages: the
coalescence , the mixing, the transformation into
particle, and the dual universe.
1. The Coalescence
During the coalescence for the dual 10D string universe

as the contraction, the two universes coexist in the same
space-time as in the Santilli isodual theory .
2. The Mixing Process
The mixing process follows the isodual hole theory that is

the combination of the Santilli isodual theory and the Dirac
hole theory. In the Dirac hole theory that is not
symmetrical, the positive energy observable universe has
an unobservable infinitive sea of negative energy. A hole
in the unobservable infinitive sea of negative energy is the
observable positive energy antiparticle.
In the dual 10D string universe, one universe has positive
energy strings with pregravity, and one universe has
negative energy antistrings with anti-pregravity. For the
mixing of the two universes during the coalescence, a
new force, the pre-charged force, emerges to provide the
additional distinction between string and antistring. The
pre-charged force is the predecessor of
electromagnetism. Before the mixing, the positive
energy string has positive pre-charge (e+), while the
negative energy antistring has negative pre-charge (e-).
During the mixing when two 10D string universes coexist,
a half of positive energy strings in the positive energy
universe move to the negative energy universe, and leave
the Dirac holes in the positive energy universe. The
negative energy antistrings that move to fill the holes
become positive energy antistrings with negative pre-
charge in the positive energy universe. In terms of the
Dirac hole theory, the unobservable infinitive sea of
negative energy is in the negative energy universe from
the perspective of the positive energy universe before the
mixing. The hole is due to the move of the negative
energy antistring to the positive energy universe from the
perspective of the positive energy universe during the
mixing, resulting in the positive energy antistring with
negative pre-charge in the positive energy universe.
In the same way, a half of negative energy antistrings in
the negative energy universe moves to the positive energy
universe, and leave the holes in the negative energy
universe. The positive energy strings that move to fill the
holes become negative energy strings with positive pre-
charge in the negative energy universe. The result of the
mixing is that both positive energy universe and the
negative energy universe have strings-antistrings. The
existence of the pre-charge provides the distinction
between string and antistring in the string-antistring.
3. The Transformation into Particle
At that time, the space (detachment space) for radiation

has not appeared in the universe, so the string-antistring
annihilation does not result in radiation. The string-
antistring annihilation results in the replacement of the
string-antistring as the 10D string-antistring, (210 2-10) by
the 10D particle-antiparticle (110 1-10). The 10D particles-
antiparticles have the multiple dimensional Kaluza-Klein
structure with variable space dimension number without
the requirement for a fixed space dimension number for
string-antistring.
4. The Dual 10D Particle-Antiparticle Universe
After the mixing, the dual 10D particle-antiparticle

universe separated by pregravity and anti-pregravity
appears as below.
 _    _
(( s 110 e e 110 s ) g ) ( g ( s 110 e e 1 10 s )) ,
n n
where s and e are the pre-strong force and the pre-charged

force in the flat space, g is pregravity in the bulk space,
and 110 1-10 is the particle-antiparticle.
The dual 10D particle universe consists of two parallel
particle-antiparticle universes with opposite energies and
the bulk space separating the two universes. There are
four space regions: the positive energy particle-
antiparticle space region, the pregravity bulk space
region, the negative energy particle-antiparticle space
region, and the anti-pregravity bulk space region.
4. The Current Dual Universe
Object structure Space structure Forces
The light 4D particle attachment space strong, gravity,

universe and detachment electromagnetic,
space and weak
The dark variable D attachment space Pre-strong,
universe between 4 and 10 gravity, pre-
particle electromagnetic
The formation of our current universe follows immediately after

the formation of the charged pre-universe through the
asymmetrical dimensional oscillations, leading to the asymmetrical
dual universe consisting of the light universe with kinetic energy
and light and the dark universe without kinetic energy and light.
The asymmetrical dual universe
Our observable universe is the light universe, whose formation

involves the immediate transformation from 10D to 4D, resulting
in the inflation as shown later. The formation of the dark universe
involves the slow dimensional oscillation between 10D and 4D.
The asymmetrical dual universe is manifested as the asymmetry
in the weak interaction in our observable universe as follows.
   _      _
(( s 14 e w e w 1 4 s ) g ) n ( g ( s 110 e w e w 1 10 s )) n
where s, g, e, and w are the strong force, gravity,
electromagnetism, and weak interaction, respectively for the
observable universe, and where 141-4 and 1101-10 are 4D particle-
antiparticle for the light universe and variable D particle-
antiparticle for the dark universe, respectively.
Summary
betwwen 11D and 10 D
membrane universe          dual string universe
 
311 s s 311 ( ( s 210 ) g ) ( g ( s 2 10 )) n
n
coalescenc e, annihilati on
        
between 10 D and 4 D
dual 10 D particle universe        
 _    _
(( s 110 e e 110 s ) g ) n ( g ( s 110 e e 110 s ) ) n
dual 4 D / var ible D particle universe

   _      _
(( s 14 e w e w 1 4 s ) g ) n ( g ( s 110 e w e w 1 10 s ) ) n
Each stage generates one force, so the four stages produce the
four different forces: the strong force, gravity, electromagnetism,
and the weak interaction, sequentially.
Four-stage Universe Object Space Force
Universe Structure Structure
Strong Pre- single 11D attachment pre-strong
Universe membrane space
Gravitation dual 10D string attachment pre-strong, pre-
al Pre- space gravity
Universe
Charged dual 10D particle attachment pre-strong, pre-
Pre- space gravity, pre-
Universe electromagnetic
Current dual
Universe
light 4D particle attachment strong, gravity,
universe space and electromagnetic,
detachment and weak
space
dark variable D attachment pre-strong,
universe between 4 and space gravity, pre-
10 particle electromagnetic
The Dark Universe
The formation of the dark universe involves the slow

dimensional oscillation between 10D and 4D. The
dimensional oscillation for the formation of the dark
universe involves the stepwise two-step transformation:
the QVSL transformation and the varying
supersymmetry transformation. In the normal
supersymmetry transformation, the repeated application
of the fermion-boson transformation carries over a
boson (or fermion) from one point to the same boson (or
fermion) at another point at the same mass.
The Varying Supersymmetry Transformation
In the “varying supersymmetry transformation”, the

repeated application of the fermion-boson transformation
carries over a boson from one point to the boson at
another point at different mass dimension number in the
same space-time number. The repeated varying
supersymmetry transformation carries over a boson Bd
into a fermion Fd and a fermion Fd to a boson Bd-1, which
can be expressed as follows
M d, F  M d, B  d, B ,
M d  1, B  M d, F  d, F ,
where Md, B and Md, F are the masses for a boson and a
fermion, respectively, d is the mass dimension number,
and αd, B or α d, F is the fine structure constant that is the
ratio between the masses of a boson and its fermionic
partner. Assuming αd, B or αd,F, the relation between the
bosons in the adjacent dimensions or n dimensions apart
(assuming ’s are the same) then can be expressed as
M d, B  M d 1, B  d2 n
M d , B  M d  n , B  d2n n
A stepwise transformation that converts a particle with d mass
dimension to d  1 mass dimension:
stepwise varying supersymmetry
D, d              D, (d  1)
The transformation from a higher mass dimensional particle to the
adjacent lower mass dimensional particle is the fractionalization of the
higher dimensional particle to the many lower dimensional particle.
The transformation from lower dimensional particles to higher
dimensional particle is a condensation. Both the fractionalization and
the condensation are stepwise. For example, a particle with 4D (space-
time) 10d (mass dimension) can transform stepwise into 4D9d
particles. Since the supersymmetry transformation involves translation,
this stepwise varying supersymmetry transformation leads to a
translational fractionalization and translational condensation, resulting
in expansion and contraction.
The Expansion and The Contraction
Of The Dark Universe
For the formation of the dark universe from the charged pre-universe,
the negative energy universe has the 10D4d particles, which is
converted eventually into 4D4d stepwise and slowly. It involves the
stepwise two-step varying transformation: first the QVSL
transformation, and then, the varying supersymmetry transformation as
follows.
stepwise two - step varying transformation

QVSL
(1) D, d   (D 1), (d  1)
varying supersymmetry
(2) D, d           D, (d  1)
The repetitive stepwise two-step transformations from 10D4d to
4D4d are as follows.
The Hidden Dark Universe and the Observable Dark Universe with Dark Energy
10D4d  9D5d  9D4d  8D5d  8D4d  7D5d      5D4d  4D5d  4D4d
 the hidden dark universe  dark energy 
The dark universe consists of two periods: the hidden dark universe
and the dark energy universe. The hidden dark universe composes
of the > 4D particles. As mentioned before, particles with different
space-time dimensions are transparent and oblivious to one another,
and separate from one another if possible. Thus, > 4D particles are
hidden and separated particles with respect to 4D particles in the
light universe (our observable universe). The universe with > 4D
particles is the hidden dark universe.
Dark Energy from the Dark Universe
The 4D particles transformed from hidden > 4D particles in

the dark universe are observable dark energy for the light
universe, resulting in the accelerated expanding universe.
The accelerated expanding universe consists of the positive
energy 4D particles-antiparticles and dark energy that
includes the negative energy 4D particles-antiparticles and
the antigravity. Since the dark universe does not have
detachment space, the presence of dark energy is not
different from the presence of the non-zero vacuum energy.
The Light Universe (Observable Universe)
For the formation of the light universe, the dimensional
oscillation for the positive energy universe transforms
10D to 4D immediately. It involves the leaping two-step
varying transformation, resulting in the light universe
with kinetic energy. The first step is the space-time
dimensional oscillation through QVSL. The second step
is the mass dimensional oscillation through slicing-
fusion.
leaping two  step varying transformation

QVSL
(1) D, d   (D n), (d  n)
slicing - fusion
(2) D, d      D, (d  n)  (11  d  n) DO' s
The Inflation and the Big Bang
The Light Universe
inf lation ( quick QVSL transformation )
10D4d                4D10d
inf lation ( slicing with det achment space)

                
dark matter (4 D10d  4 D9d  4 D8d  4 D7d  4 D6d  4 D5d)

 baryonic matter (4 D4d)  cosmic radiation
 
 thermal cosmic expansion (the big bang )
The Slicing of Dimensions
Bounias and Krasnoholovets propose another explanation

of the reduction of > 4 D space-time into 4D space-time by
slicing > 4D space-time into infinitely many 4D quantized
units surrounding the 4D core particle. The slicing of
dimensions is the slicing of mass dimensions. 4D10d
particle is sliced into seven particles: 4D10d, 4D9d, 4D8d,
4D7d, 4D6d, 4D5d, and 4D4d equally by mass. Baryonic
matter is 4D4d, while dark matter consists of the other six
types of particles (4D10d, 4D9d, 4D8d, 4D7d, 4D6d, and
4D5d) as described later. The mass ratio of dark matter to
baryonic matter is 6 to 1 in agreement with the
observation.
Detachment space (0) involves in the slicing of mass
dimensions. Attachment space is denoted as 1. The
slicing of 4D10d particles into 4D4d particles is as
follows.
14  6 i slicing


 14 i 
6
  04   14  j,6
1
 4d attachment space 4d core attachment space 6 types of 4d units
The two products of the slicing are the 4d-core attachment

space and 6 types of 4d quantized units. The 4d core
attachment space surrounded by 6 types of many (j) 4D4d
quantized units corresponds to the core particle surrounded
by 6 types of many small 4d particles.
Dimensional Orbital
Therefore, the transformation from d to d – n involves the

slicing of a particle with d mass dimension into two parts:
the core particle with d – n dimension and the n
dimensions that are separable from the core particle. Such
n dimensions are denoted as n “dimensional orbitals”,
which become gauge force fields as described later. The
sum of the number of mass dimensions for a particle and
the number of dimensional orbitals (DO’s) is equal to 11
(including gravity) for all particles with mass dimensions.
Therefore,
Fd  Fd  n  (11  d  n) DO' s
Thus, 4D10d particles can transformed into 4D10d, 4D9d, 4D8d, 4D7d,
4D6d, 4D5d, and 4D4d core particles, which have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7
separable dimensional orbitals, respectively. Dark matter particle,
4D10d, has only gravity, while baryonic matter particle, 4D4d, has
gravity and six other dimensional orbitals as gauge force fields as
below.
The seven force fields as > 4d mass dimensions (dimensional

orbitals).
The Inflation – the first step (QVSL)
In the light universe, the inflation is the leaping varying

transformation that is the two-step inflation. The first
step is to increase the rest mass as potential from higher
space-time dimension to lower space-time dimension as
expressed by
QVSL
D, d    (D n), (d  n)
V D , d  VD  n , dn  2n
  collective n' s
V ( )  V4 D10 d   2  , where   0 from  6 to 0
where  is the fine structure constant for
electromagnetism. The ratio of the potential energies
of 4D10d to that of 10D4d is 1/12.  is the scalar
field for QVSL, and is equal to collective n’s as the
changes in space-time dimension number for many
particles. The increase in the change of space-time
dimensions from 4D decreases the potential as the
rest mass. The region for QVSL is   0 from -6 to
0. The QVSL region is for the conversion of the
vacuum energy into the rest mass as the potential.
The conversion of vacuum energy into potential is
equivalent to the absorption of the Higgs boson,
while the conversion of potential into vacuum energy
is equivalent to the emission of the Higgs boson.
The Inflation – the second step (slicing)
The second step is the slicing that occurs

simultaneously with the appearance of detachment
space that is the space for cosmic radiation (photon).
Potential energy as massive 4D10d particles is
converted into kinetic energy as cosmic radiation and
massive matter particles (from 10d to 4d). It relates to
the ratio between photon and matter in terms of the CP
asymmetry between particle and antiparticle. The slight
excess particle over antiparticle results in matter
particle. The equation for the potential (V) and the
scalar field () expresses the ratio between photon and
matter.
slicing
D, d   D, (d  n)
2
V ( )  V4 D10d  , where   0 from 0 to 2
The ratio is 4. The region for the slicing is   0 from 0

to 2. The slicing region is for the conversion of the
potential energy into the kinetic energy.
The Two-Step Inflation
The two-step inflation as the combination of the first and
the second steps as
 2 2
V ( ,  )  V4 D10 d (  ),
where   0 and   0
The graph for the two-step inflation is as
V
V4D10d
 
At the transition (V4D10d) between the first step (QVSL) and the
second step (slicing), the scalar field reverses its sign and direction.
In the first step, the universe inflates by the decrease in vacuum
energy. In the second step, the potential energy is converted into
kinetic energy as cosmic radiation. The resulting kinetic energy
starts the big bang, resulting in the expanding universe.
The Deflation
Toward the end of the cosmic contraction after the big crunch, the
deflation occurs as the opposite of the inflation. The kinetic energy
from cosmic radiation decreases, as the fusion occurs to eliminate
detachment space, resulting in the increase of potential energy. At the
end of the fusion, the force fields except gravity disappear, 4D10d
particles appear, and then the scalar field reverses its sign and
direction. The vacuum energy increases as the potential as the rest
mass decreases for the appearance of 10D4d particles, resulting in the
end of a dimensional oscillation as
V
V4D10d
 
1. The Dual Universe: the Parallel Expanding Universes
The hidden dark universe with D > 4 and the

observable universe with D = 4 are the “parallel
universes” separated from each other by the bulk space.
2. The Dual Universe: dark energy
When the slow QVSL transformation of 5D hidden

particles in the hidden universe into observable 4D
particles, the observable 4 D particles become the dark
energy for the observable universe. At a certain time, the
hidden universe disappears, and becomes completely
observable as dark energy.
The maximum connection of the two universes includes
the positive energy particle-antiparticle space region, the
gravity bulk space region, the negative energy particle-
antiparticle space region, and the anti-gravity bulk space
region. Through the symmetry among the space regions,
all regions expand synchronically and equally. (The
symmetry is necessary for the ultimate reversibility of all
cosmic processes.) The minimum observable universe
has only one of the four space regions before the
emergence of dark energy, when the light universe and
the dark universe are separated from each other by the
bulk space. The present observable universe about
reaches the maximum (75%) at the observed 73% dark
energy , about equal to the three additional space regions
to the one original space region.
3. The Dual Universe: the Parallel Contracting Universes
The end of dark energy starts another “parallel universe period”.
Both hidden universe and observable universe contract
synchronically and equally. Eventually, gravity causes the
observable universe to crush to lose all cosmic radiation, resulting
in the return to 4D10d particles under the deflation. The increase
in vacuum energy allows 4D10d particles to become positive
energy 10D4d particles-antiparticle. Meanwhile, hidden > 4D
particles-antiparticles in the hidden universe transform into
negative energy 10D4d particles-antiparticles. The dual universe
can undergo another cycle of the dual universe with the dark and
light universes. On the other hand, both universes can undergo
transformation by the reverse isodual hole theory to become dual
10D string universe, which in turn can return to the 11D membrane
universe as the multiverse background.
Summary
There are four stages of our universe in chronological order:
the strong pre-universe, the gravitational dual pre-universe,
the charged dual pre-universe, and the current asymmetrical
dual universe to generate the four force fields in our universe.
The strong pre-universe has 11D membrane and space
structure as attachment space only. The only force is the pre-
strong force without gravity. The transformation from 11D
membrane to 10D string results in the gravitational pre-
universe with both pre-strong force and pre-gravity. The
repulsive pre-gravity and pre-antigravity brings about the dual
10D string universe. The coalescence and the separation of
the dual 10D string universe result in the dual charged
universe as dual 10D particle universe with the pre-strong,
pre-gravity, and pre-electromagnetic force fields.
The asymmetrical dimensional oscillations result in the
asymmetrical dual universe: the light universe with light
and kinetic energy and the dark universe without light and
kinetic energy. The asymmetrical dimensional oscillation
is manifested as the asymmetrical weak force field. The
dark universe is sometimes hidden, and is sometimes
observable as dark energy. The dimensional oscillation for
the dark universe is the slow dimensional oscillation from
10D and 4D. The light universe is our observable
universe. The dimensional oscillation for the light
universe involves the immediate transformation from 10D
to 4D and the introduction of detachment space, resulting
in the inflation and the big bang.
11D membrane universe (the mutltiverse background)
positive 10D string universe negative 10D string universe
positive 10D particle universe negative 10D particle universe
positive 4D negative variable positive 4D negative variable

observable universe > 4D hidden universe observable universe > 4D hidden
universe
positive 4D universe
with dark energy as
negative 4D universe
The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles
lepton e e   l9 l10
7 7 8
d = 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
a = 0 12 3 450 1 2
d7 s7 c7 b7 t7 b8 t8
u7
quark u d6 3  q9 q10
5
Content
Abstract
1. The CP Asymmetry
3. The Boson Mass Formula
4. The Masses of Leptons and Quarks
5. The Lepton Mass Formula
6. The Quark Mass Formula
7. Summary
phenomena.
Abstract for The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles
The unified theory of physics is the theory of everything.
The part 3 in the presentation is the periodic table of
elementary particles. The CP asymmetrical particle-
antiparticle results in the combination of the seven
“principal dimensional orbitals” and the seven “auxiliary
dimensional orbitals”. The periodic table of elementary
particles is constructed from these orbitals, resulting in the
gauge boson mass formula, the lepton mass formula, and
quark mass formula for the calculation of the masses of
gauge bosons, leptons, quarks using only four known
constants: the number 7, the mass of electron, the mass of
Z°, and the fine structure constant. The calculated values
are in good agreement with the observed values.
1. The CP Asymmetry
Dimensional Orbitals
In the light universe (the observable universe), cosmic radiation is
the result of the annihilation of the CP symmetrical particle-
antiparticle. However, there is the CP asymmetry, resulting in
excess of matter. Matter results from the combination of the CP
asymmetrical particle-antiparticle. As mentioned before, a
baryonic matter particle (4d) has seven dimensional orbitals with
the dimensional orbital number, d, from 5 to11.
d = 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
The CP asymmetrical particle-antiparticle particle means
the combination of two asymmetrical sets of seven from
particle and antiparticle, resulting in the combination of the
seven “principal dimensional orbitals” and the seven
“auxiliary dimensional orbitals”. The auxiliary orbitals are
dependent on the principal orbitals, so a baryonic matter
particle appears to have only one set of dimensional
orbitals. For baryonic matter, the principal dimensional
orbitals are for leptons and gauge bosons, and the auxiliary
dimensional orbitals are mainly for individual quarks.
Because of the dependence of the auxiliary dimensional
orbitals, individual quarks are hidden. The configuration of
dimensional orbitals and the periodical table of elementary
particles are shown below.
The Dimensional Orbital
lepton e e   l9 l10
7 7 8
d = 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
a = 0 12 3 450 1 2
d7 s7 c7 b7 t7 b8 t8
u7
quark u d6 3  q9 q10
5
leptons and quarks in the principal and auxiliary dimensional

orbitals d = principal dimensional orbital (solid line) number,
a = auxiliary dimensional orbital (dot line) number
d = principal dimensional orbital number, a = auxiliary
dimensional orbital number
d a=0 1 2 a=0 1 2 3 4 5
Lepton Quark Boson

5 l5 = e q5 = u = B5 = A
3e
6 l6 = e q6 = d = B6 = 1/2
3e
7 l7 =  7 7 q7 = 3 u7/d7 s7 c7 b7 t7 B7 = ZL0
8 l8 =  8 q8 = ' b8 t8 B8 = XR
(empty) (empty)
9 l9 q9 B9 = XL
10 B10=ZR0
3. The Boson Mass Formula
The principal dimensional orbitals are for gauge bosons of the force
fields. For the gauge bosons, the seven orbitals of principal
dimensional orbital are arranged as F5 B5 F6 B6 F7 B7 F8 B8 F9 B9 F10 B10
F11 B11, where B and F are boson and fermion in each orbital. As
mentioned before,
M d, F  M d, B  d, B ,
M d  1, B  M d, F  d, F ,
M d -1, B  M d , B  d2
where d is the dimensional orbital number from 5 to 11. E5,B and
E11,B are the energies for the 5d dimensional orbital and the 11d
dimensional orbital, respectively. The lowest energy is the Coulombic
field,
E5, B   E6, F   M e
The bosons generated are the dimensional orbital bosons or
Bd. Using only e, the mass of electron (Me), the mass of Z0,
and the number (seven) of dimensional orbitals, the masses
of Bd as the gauge boson can be calculated by the boson
mass formula as shown below.
The Calculated Masses of the Gauge Bosons
the masses of the dimensional orbital bosons:
 = e, d = dimensional orbital number
Bd Md GeV Gauge Interaction Predecessor
(calculated) boson
B5 Me  3.7x10-6 A Electromagnetic Pre-charged
B6 Me/ 7x10-2 1/2 Strong Pre-strong
B7 M6/w2 cosw 91.177 ZL 0 weak (left) Fractionalization
(given) (slicing)
B8 M7/2 1.7x106 XR CP (right) CP asymmetry
nonconservation
B9 M8/2 3.2x1010 XL CP (left) CP asymmetry
nonconservation
B10 M9/2 6.0x1014 ZR 0 weak (right) Fractionalization
(slicing)
B11 M10/2 1.1x1019 G Gravity Pregravity
Gauge Bosons
In Table,  = e (the fine structure constant for
electromagnetic field), and w = /sin2 w. w is not same as
 of the rest, because, there is a mixing between B5 and B7 as
the symmetry mixing between U(1) and SU(2) in the
standard theory of the electroweak interaction, and sinw is
not equal to 1. (The symmetrical charged dual pre-universe
overlaps with the current asymmetrical universe for the weak
interaction as shown earlier.) As shown later, B5, B6, B7, B8,
B9, and B10 are A (massless photon), 1/2 (half of pion), ZL0,
XR, XL, and ZR0, respectively, responsible for the
electromagnetic field, the strong interaction, the weak (left
handed) interaction, the CP (right handed) nonconservation,
the CP (left handed) nonconservation, and the P (right
The calculated value for w is 0.2973, and w is 29.690 in
good agreement with 29.310 for the observed value of w .
The calculated energy for B11 is 1.1x1019 GeV in good
agreement with the Planck mass, 1.2x1019 GeV. The
strong interaction, representing by 1/2 (half of pion), is
for the interactions among quarks, and for the hiding of
individual quarks in the auxiliary orbital. The weak
interaction, representing by ZL0, is for the interaction
involving changing flavors (decomposition and
condensation) among quarks and leptons.
The Duality in Gauge Bosons
There are dualities between dimensional orbitals and the

cosmic evolution process. The pre-charged force, the pre-
strong force, the fractionalization, the CP asymmetry, and the
pregravity are the predecessors of electromagnetic force, the
strong force, the weak interaction, the CP nonconservation,
and gravity, respectively. These forces are manifested in the
dimensional orbitals with various space-time symmetries and
gauge symmetries. The strengths of these forces are different
than their predecessors, and are arranged according to the
dimensional orbitals. Only the 4d particle (baryonic matter)
has the B5, so without B5, dark matter consists of permanently
neutral higher dimensional particles. It cannot emit light,
cannot form atoms, and exists as neutral gas.
CP (Right) Violating Boson
The principal dimensional boson, B8, is a CP violating
boson, because B8 is assumed to have the CP-violating U(1)R
symmetry. The ratio of the force constants between the CP-
invariant WL in B8 and the CP-violating XR in B8 is
G8  E 72 cos2 W
=
G7 W E 8 2
= 5.3 X 10 -10 ,
which is in the same order as the ratio of the force
constants between the CP-invariant weak interaction and
the CP-violating interaction with S = 2.
CP (Left)-Violating Boson
The principal dimensional boson, B9 (XL), has the CP-
violating symmetry. B9 generates matter. The ratio of
force constants between XR with CP conservation and XL
with CP-nonconservation is
G9  E 82
=
G8  E 92
 4
= 2.8 X 10 - 9 ,
which is the ratio of the numbers between matter (dark and
baryonic) and photons in the universe. It is close to the ratio
of the numbers between baryonic matter and photons about 5
x 10–10 obtained by the big bang nucleosynthesis.
4. The Masses of Leptons and Quarks
1. Low-mass lepton (e, e,  , and ) : They are in
principal dimensional orbital. All neutrinos have zero
mass because of chiral symmetry (permanent chiral
symmetry).
2. High-mass leptons ( and ): They are the combinations
of principal dimensional fermions, e and , and
auxiliary dimensional fermions. For example,  is the
combination of e, ,, and 7, which is 71 that has d = 7
and a = 1
3. Quarks: They are the combination of principal
dimensional quarks (qd) and auxiliary dimensional
quarks. The principal dimensional fermion for quark is
derived from principal dimensional lepton.
The Compositions and the Constituent Masses of Leptons and Quarks
d = principal dimensional orbital number and a = auxiliary dimensional orbital numbe
Composition Calculated Mass
da
Leptons
e 50 e 0
e 60 e 0.51 MeV(given)
 70  0
 80  0
 60 + 70 + 71 e +  + 7
105.6 MeV
 60 + 70 + 72 e +  + 7 1786 MeV
' 60 + 70 + 72 + 80 + 81 e +  + 7 +  + 8 136.9 GeV
Quarks
u 50 + 70 + 71 q5 + q7 + u7 330.8 MeV
d 60 + 70 + 71 q6 + q7 + d7 332.3 MeV
s 60 + 70 + 72 q6 + q7 + s7 558 MeV
c 50 + 70 + 73 q5 + q7 + c7 1701 MeV
5. The Lepton Mass Formula
The principal dimensional fermion for high mass
leptons ( and ) is e and e. Auxiliary dimensional
fermion is derived from principal dimensional
boson. As mentioned before,
M d, F  M d, B  d, B
In the same way, for the mass of auxiliary dimensional
fermion (AF) from principal dimensional boson (B), the
equation is M a
a
Bd 1, 0
M AFd ,a  4
,
a a 0
where a = auxiliary dimensional fine structure
constant, and a = auxiliary dimension number = 0
or integer.
a
 a 4
The second term, a 0 , of the mass formula is for

Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization for a charge - dipole
interaction in a circular orbit as described by A. Barut.
As in Barut lepton mass formula, 1/a is 3/2. The
coefficient, 3/2, is to convert the principal dimensional
boson mass to the mass of the auxiliary dimensional
fermion in the higher dimension by adding the boson
mass to its fermion mass which is one-half of the boson
mass. The formula becomes
3M Bd 1, 0 a
M AF d,a =
2
a
a=0
4
3 M Fd 1, 0 a

2 d 1
a
a=0
4
The mass of this auxiliary dimensional fermion is added to
the sum of masses from the corresponding principal
dimensional fermions (F’s) with the same electric charge or
the same dimension. The fermion mass formula for heavy
leptons is derived as follows.
M Fd , a  M F  M AFd , a
3M Fd 1, 0 a
 MF  a 4
2 d 1 a 0
The principal dimensional fermion in the first term is e. It
can be rewritten as 3M a
M M  e 4
a e  a
2 a  0
a = 0, 1, and 2 are for e, , and , respectively.
6. The Quark Mass Formula
Quarks are the combination of principal dimensional quarks
(qd) and auxiliary dimensional quarks. The principal
dimensional fermion for quark is derived from principal
dimensional lepton. To generate a principal dimensional
quark in principal dimensional orbital from a lepton in the
same principal dimensional orbital is to add the lepton to
the boson from the combined lepton-antilepton. Thus, the
mass of the quark is three times of the mass of the
corresponding lepton in the same dimension. The equation
for the mass of principal dimensional fermion for quark is
M q d  3M l d
For principal dimensional quarks, q5 (50) and q6 (60) are 3e
and 3e, respectively. Since l7 is massless  ,  is replaced
by , and q7 is 3. Quarks are the combinations of principal
dimensional quarks, qd, and auxiliary dimensional quarks.
For example, s quark is the combination of q6 (3e), q7 (3)
and s7 (auxiliary dimensional quark = 72).
The quark mass formula below is similar to the lepton mass
formula.
M Fd , a   M F  M AFd , a
3M Bd 1, 0 a
 MF  a 4
2 a 0
3M Fd 1, 0 a
MF  a 4
2 d 1 a 0
a
3
MF  M Fd , 0  d  a 4
2 a 0
The auxiliary dimensional quarks except a part of t quark
are q7’s. The principal dimensional quarks include 3 ,
3e, and 3., 7 = w, and q7 = 3. The quark mass
formula can be rewritten as the quark mass formula.
3 M a 4
w 3
M  MF  a
q 2 a0
where a = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for u/d, s, c, b, and a part of t,
respectively. When a > 5, Mq is greater than the mass of the
principal dimensional femion (l8), so a is less than 6. The
additional quark mass for t quark has to use another set of
auxiliary dimension orbital.
The Mass of top Quark
To match l8 (), quarks include q8 as a part of t quark. In the

same way that q7 = 3 , q8 involves ’. ‘ is the sum of e,
, and 8 (auxiliary dimensional lepton). The mass of 8 is
equal to 3/2 of the mass of B7, which is Z0. Because there
are only three families for leptons, ' is the extra lepton,
which is "hidden". ' can appear only as  + photon. The
pairing of  +  from the hidden ' and regular  may
account for the occurrence of same sign dilepton in the high
energy level.
1. The principal dimensional quark q8 = ' instead of 3',
because ' is hidden, and q8 does not need to be 3' to be
different. Using the quark mass formula, the calculation
for t quark involves 8 =  , ' instead of 3 for principal
fermion, and a = 1 and 2 for b8 and t8, respectively. (The
total number of auxiliary dimensional orbital is 7 as the
total number of principle dimensional orbital.) The
hiding of ' for leptons is balanced by the hiding of b8
for quarks. The calculated mass of the top quark is 174.3
± 5.1 GeV in a good agreement with the calculated
value, 176.5 GeV.
2. The calculated masses are in good agreement with the
observed constituent masses of leptons and quarks.
7. Summary
The unified theory of physics is the theory of everything. .
The Galaxy Formation
clusters
baryonic the first-
with the
droplets big generation merger
cosmic second- merger
galaxies
generation
baryonic superclusters
galaxies
matter
expansion free eruption
baryonic IGM ICM
matter
beginning pre- galaxy cluster superclusters

galactic
Content
Abstract
1. The Incompatibility between Baryonic Matter and
Dark Matter
2. The Pre-Galaxy Universe
3. The Big Eruption
4. Cluster
5. Supercluster
6. Summary
phenomena.
Abstract for The Galaxy Formation
The unified theory of physics is the theory of everything. The part 4
in the presentation is the galaxy formation. The inhomogeneous
structures, such as galaxy, is derived from the incompatibility
between baryonic matter and dark matter, like the inhomogeneous
structure formed by the incompatibility between oil and water.
Cosmic radiation allows dark matter and baryonic matter to be
compatible. As the universe expanded, the decreasing density of
cosmic radiation increased the incompatibility, resulting in
increasing inhomogeneous structures. The five stages of the
formation of inhomogeneous structures are baryonic matter,
baryonic droplets, the first generation galaxies by the big eruption,
cluster, and supercluster. The big eruption explains the origin of
different types of galaxies.
1.The Incompatibility between Baryonic Matter and Dark Matter
Dark matter has been detected only indirectly by means of its

gravitational effects astronomically. Dark matter has not been
detected directly on the earth. As mentioned earlier, without
electromagnetism, dark matter cannot emit light, and is incompatible
to baryonic matter, like oil is incompatible to water. The common
link between baryonic matter and dark matter is the cosmic radiation
resulted from the annihilation of matter and antimatter from both
baryonic matter and dark matter. With the high concentration of
cosmic radiation at the beginning of the big bang, baryonic matter
and dark matter are completely compatible. As the universe ages
and expands, the concentration of cosmic concentration decreases,
resulting in the increasing incompatibility between baryonic matter
and dark matter until the incompatibility reaches to the maximum
value with low concentration of cosmic radiation.
The Interface between Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter
The incompatibility is expressed in the form of the repulsive

MOND (modified Newtonian dynamics) force field.
MOND (by M. Milgrom) proposes the deviation from the
Newtonian dynamics in the low acceleration region in the
outer region of a galaxy. This paper proposes the MOND
forces in the interface between the baryonic matter region
and the dark matter region. In the interface, the same matter
materials attract as the conventional attractive MOND force,
and the different matter materials repulse as the repulsive
MOND force between baryonic matter and dark matter.
Baryonic matter region
(Newtonian regime)
a >> a0 , a = aN
Interface (MOND regime)

ai << a0 , ai = (aNa0)1/2
Dark matter region (Newtonian regime)
the interfacial region between the baryonic and the dark

matter regions
The inner part is the baryonic matter region, the middle
part is the interface, and the outer part is the dark matter
region. The MOND forces in the interface are the
interfacial attractive force (conventional MOND force), Fi-A,
among the same matter materials and the interfacial
repulsive force (repulsive MOND force), Fi-R, between
baryonic matter material and dark matter material. The
interfacial repulsive force enhances the interfacial attractive
force toward the center of gravity in terms of the interfacial
acceleration, ai.
The border between the baryonic matter region and the interface is
defined by the acceleration constant, a0. The interfacial acceleration
is less than a0. The enhancement is expressed as the square root of
the product of ai and a0. In the baryonic matter region, ab is greater
than a0, and is equal to normal Newtonian acceleration as
a0  ab, ab  a N in the baryonic matter region
a0  ai , ai  a N a0 in the int erfacial region
The interfacial attractive force in the interface with the baryonic matter
region is expressed as Equation below where m is the mass of baryonic
material in the interface.
Ｆ i  A  maN
２
ａi
ｍ ,
ａ０
The comparison of the interfacial attractive force, Fi-A, and the non-
existing interfacial Newtonian attractive force, Fi-Newton in the interface
is as Equations below,
GMm
Ｆ i  A
r2
ａ２
ｍ ,
ａ０
GMm
Ｆ i  Newton 
r2
ｍ a
GMa0
ai 
r
GM
ai  Newron  2 ,
r
m GMa0
Fi A 
r
mGM
Fi Newron  2
,
r
where G is the gravitation constant, M is the mass of the
baryonic material, and r the distance between the
gravitational center and the material in the infacial region.
The interfacial attractive force decays with r, while the
interfacial Newtonian force decays with r2. Therefore, in
the interface when a0 >> ai , with sufficient dark matter, the
interfacial repulsive force, Fi-R, is the difference between the
interfacial attractive force and the interfacial Newtonian
force as Equation below.
a0  ai , in the int erfacial region

Fi R  Fi A  Fi  Newton
GMa0 GM
 m(  2 )
r r
The same interfacial attractive force and the interfacial
repulsive force also occur for dark matter in the opposite
direction. Thus, the repulsive MOND force filed results
in the separation of baryonic matter and dark matter.
The acceleration constant, a0, represents the maximum
acceleration constant for the maximum incompatibility
between baryonic matter and dark matter. The common
link between baryonic matter and dark matter is cosmic
radiation resulted from the annihilation of matter and
antimatter from both baryonic matter and dark matter.
With the high concentration of cosmic radiation at the big
bang, baryonic matter and dark matter are completely
compatible.
As the universe ages and expands, the concentration of cosmic
concentration decreases, resulting in the increasing incompatibility
between baryonic matter and dark matter. The incompatibility
reaches maximum when the concentration of cosmic radiation
becomes is too low for the compatibility between baryonic matter
and dark matter. Therefore, for the early universe before the
formation of galaxy when the concentration of cosmic radiation is
still high, the time-dependent Equation as below.
aN a0t
ai  for t0  t ,
t0
where t is the age of the universe, and t0 is the age of the
universe to reach the maximum incompatibility between
baryonic matter and dark matter.
The interfacial forces increase with time.
a0  ai , in the int erfacial region
Fi R  Fi A  Fi Newton
GMa0t / t0 GM
 m(  2 )
r r
To minimize the interface and the interfacial forces, the

same matter materials increasingly come together to form
the matter droplets separating from the different matter
materials, like oil droplets in water .
The increasing formation of the matter droplets with
increasing incompatibility is similar to the increasing
formation of oil droplets with increasing incompatibility
between oil and water. incompatibility between baryonic
matter and dark matter. Since there are more dark matter
materials than baryonic matter materials, most of the
matter droplets are baryonic droplets surrounded by dark
matter materials. The early universe is characterized by
the increases in the size and the number of the matter
droplets due to the increasing incompatibility between
baryonic matter and dark matter.
The Formation of the Inhomogeneous Structures
1. This paper posits that the inhomogeneous structure comes
from both quantum fluctuation during the inflation and the
incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter
after the inflation.
2. As the universe ages and expands, the concentration of
cosmic concentration decreases, resulting in the increasing
incompatibility (separation) between baryonic matter and
dark matter.
2. The Pre-Galaxy Universe
1. At the beginning of the expanding universe after the

inflation, baryonic matter existed entirely as free baryonic
matter.
2. At the time of the recombination, the inhomogeneous
structure by the incompatibility between baryonic matter
and dark matter causes small-scale variant in terms of
inhomogeneous structure as observed by the presence of
small amount of baryonic matter droplets.
3. The pre-galactic universe consisted of the growing
baryonic droplets surrounded by the dark matter halos,
which connected among one another in the form of
filaments and voids.
When there were many baryonic droplets, the merger among
the baryonic droplets became another mechanism to increase
the droplet size and mass.
A B C D E F
When three or more homogeneous baryonic droplets merged

together, dark matter was likely trapped in the merged
droplet (C, D, E, and F). The droplet with trapped dark
matter inside is the heterogeneous baryonic droplet.
Heterogeneous Droplets
1. In the heterogeneous droplets C, D, E, and F, dark matter
was trapped in the cores of the baryonic droplets. There
were the dark matter core, the baryonic matter shell, and the
dark matter halo around the baryonic droplet, resulting in
two repulsive forces between the dark matter core and the
baryonic matter shell and between the baryonic shell and the
dark matter halo.
2. When the temperature dropped to ~ 1000°K, some hydrogen
atoms in the droplet paired up to create molecular baryonic
matter. Molecular baryonic matter formed a molecular
layer. Molecular hydrogen cooled the primordial molecular
layers by emitting infrared radiation after collision with
atomic hydrogen.
1. Eventually, the temperature of the molecular layer
dropped to around 200 to 300°K, reducing the gas
pressure and allowing the molecular layer to
continue contracting into gravitationally bound
dense primordial clouds.
2. The diameters of the primordial could be up to 100
light-years with the masses of up to 6 million solar
masses. Most of baryonic droplets contained
thousands of the primordial molecular clouds.
3. The Big Eruption
The formation of the primordial molecular clouds created
the gap in the baryonic matter shell. The gap allowed the
dark matter in the dark matter core to leak out, resulting
in a tunnel between the dark matter core and the external
dark matter halo. The continuous leaking of the dark
matter expanded the tunnel. Consequently, the dark
matter in the dark matter core rushed out of the dark
matter core, resulting in the “big eruption”. The ejection
of the dark matter from the dark matter core reduced the
internal pressure between the dark matter core and the
baryonic matter shell. The external pressure between the
baryonic matter shell and the dark matter halo caused the
collapse of the baryonic droplet.
The collapse of the baryonic droplet is like the collapse
of a balloon as the air (as dark matter) moves out the
balloon.
The collapse of the baryonic droplet forced the
head-on collisions of the primordial molecular clouds in
the baryonic matter shell. The head-on collisions of the
primordial molecular clouds generated the shock wave as
the turbulence in the collided primordial molecular
clouds. The turbulence triggered the collapse of the core
of the primordial cloud. The core fragmented into
multiple stellar embryos, in each a protostar nucleated
and pulled in gas. Without the heavy elements to
dissipate heat, the mass of the primordial protostar was
500 to 1,000 solar masses at about 200°K.
The primordial protostar shrank in size, increased in
density, and became the primordial massive star when
nuclear fusion began in its core. The massive primordial
star formation is as follows.
incompatible dark matter and baryonic matter

 homogeneous baryonic droplets
combination
   heterogeneous baryonic droplet
the cooling
    molecular clouds in baryonic matter shell
eruption, collapse, and collision
           
nuclear fusion
protostar       massive primordial star
The intensive radiation from the high surface
temperature of the massive primordial stars started the
reionization effectively. The intensive radiation also
triggered further star formation. The massive primordial
stars were short-lived. The explosion of the massive
primordial stars was the massive supernova that caused
reionization and triggered star formation. The heavy
elements generated during the primordial star formation
scattered throughout the space. The dissipation of heat
by heavy elements allowed the normal rather than
massive star formation. With many ways to trigger star
formation, the rate of star formation increased rapidly.
The big eruption that initiated the star formation started
to occur about 400 million years after the big bang, and
the reionization started to occur soon after. The rate of
star formation peaked about 2 billion years after the big
bang.
Since the head-on collision of the molecular clouds took
place at the center of the collapsed baryonic droplet, the
star formation started in the center of the collapsed
baryonic droplet. With other ways to trigger star
formation, the star formation propagated away from the
center. The star formation started from the center from
which the star formation propagated, so the primordial
galaxies appeared to be small surrounded by the large
hydrogen blobs. The surrounding large hydrogen blobs
corresponds to the observed Lyman alpha blobs of
Lyman alpha (Lya) emission by hydrogen, which have
been discovered in the vicinity of galaxies at early
cosmic times. The amount of hydrogen in the blobs was
also increased by the incoming abundant intergalactic
hydrogen. The repulsive dark matter halos prevented
the hydrogen gas inside from escaping from the galaxies.
Dijkstra and Loeb posited that the early galaxies grew
quickly by the cold accretion mode from the observed
Lyman alpha blobs. The growth by the merger of
galaxies was too slow for the observed fast growth of the
early galaxies.
Elliptical Galaxies
If there was small dark matter core as in the

heterogeneous baryonic droplet (C in Figure), the big
eruption took relatively short time to cause the
collapse of the baryonic droplet. The change in the
shape of the baryonic droplet after the collapse was
relatively minor. The collapse results in elliptical
shape in E0 to E7 elliptical galaxies, whose lengths of
major axes are proportional to the relative sizes of the
dark matter core. Because of the short time for the
collapse of the baryonic droplet, the star formation by
the collapse occurred quickly at the center.
ejection of dark matter collapse
Most of the primordial stars merged to form the

supermassive center, resulting in the quasar galaxies.
Such first quasar galaxies that occurred as early as z
= 6.28 were observed to have about the same sizes as
the Milky Way . This formation of galaxy follows the
monolithic collapse model in which baryonic gas in
galaxies collapses to form stars within a very short
period, so there are small numbers of observed young
stars in elliptical galaxies. Elliptical galaxies continue
to grow slowly as the universe expands.
Spiral Galaxies
If the size of the dark matter core is medium (D in
Figure.), the collapse of the baryonic droplet caused a
large change in shape, resulting in the rapidly rotating
disk as spiral galaxy. The rapidly rotating disk
underwent differential rotation with the increasing
angular speeds toward the center. After few rotations,
the structure consisted of a bungle was formed and the
attached spiral arms as spiral galaxy as Figure below.
differential rotation
The spiral galaxy took longer time to erupt and
collapse than the elliptical galaxy, so the star formation
was later than elliptical galaxy. Because of the large
size of the dark matter core, the density of the
primordial molecular clouds was lower than elliptical
galaxy, so the rate of star formation in spiral galaxy is
slower than elliptical galaxy. During the collapse of
the baryonic droplet, some primordial molecular clouds
moved away to form globular clusters near the main
group of the primordial molecular clouds. Most of the
primordial massive stars merged to form the
supermassive center. The merge of spiral galaxies with
comparable sizes destroys the disk shape, so most
spiral galaxies are not merged galaxies.
Barred Spiral Galaxies
When two dark matter cores inside far apart from each other (E
in Figure.) generated two openings in opposite sides of the
droplet, the dark matter could eject from both openings. The
two opening is equivalent to the overlapping of two ellipses,
resulting in the thick middle part, resulting in the star formation
in the thick middle part and the formation of barred spiral
galaxy. The differential rotation is similar to that of spiral
galaxy as Figure below.
differential rotation
As in normal spiral galaxy, the length of the spiral arm
depends on the size of the dark matter core. The smallest
dark matter core for barred spiral galaxy brings about SBa,
and the largest dark matter core brings about SBd. The
stars form in the low-density spiral arms much later than in
the nucleus, so they are many young stars in the spiral arms.
In barred spiral galaxy, because of the larger dark matter
core area than normal spiral galaxy, the star formation
occurred later than normal spiral galaxy, and the rate of star
formation was slower than normal spiral galaxy.
Irregular Galaxies
If the size of the dark matter core was large (F in Figure),

the eruption of the dark matter in the dark matter core
occurred easily in multiple places. The baryonic matter
shell became fragmented, resulting in irregular galaxy.
The turbulence from the collapse of the baryonic droplet
was weak, and the density of the primordial molecular
clouds was low, so the rate of star formation was slow.
The star formation continues in a slow rate up to the
present time.
At the end of the big eruption, vast majority of baryonic
matter was primordial free baryonic matter resided in dark
matter outside of the galaxies from the big eruption. This free
baryonic matter constituted the intergalactic medium (IGM).
Stellar winds, supernova winds, and quasars provide heat and
heavy elements to the IGM as ionized baryonic atoms.
4. Cluster
During this period, the acceleration constant reached to the
maximum value with the maximum incompatibility between
baryonic matter and dark matter. The growth of galaxies
did not depend on the increasing incompatibility. The
growth of the baryonic droplets depended on the turbulences
that carried IGM to the baryonic droplets. The rapid growth
of the baryonic droplets drew large amount of the
surrounding IGM inward, generating the IGM flow shown
as the cooling flow. The IGM flow induced the galaxy flow.
The IGM flow and the galaxy flow moved toward the
merged galaxies, resulting in the protocluster with the
merged galaxies as the cluster center.
The Second-Generation Galaxies
The static and slow-moving second-generation baryonic

droplets turned into dwarf elliptical galaxies and globular
clusters. The fast moving second-generation baryonic
droplets formed the second-generation baryonic stream,
which underwent a differential rotation to minimize the
interfacial area between the baryonic matter and dark matter.
The result is the formation of blue compact dwarf galaxies
(BCD), such as NGC 2915 with very extended spiral arms.
Since the star formation is steady and slow, so the stars
formed in BCD are new.
5. Supercluster
Clusters merged to generate tidal debris and turbulence,
producing the ICM (intra-cluster medium) flow, and the
cluster flow. The ICM flow and the cluster flow directed
toward the merger areas among clusters and particularly
the rich clusters with high numbers of galaxies. The ICM
flow is shown as the warm filaments outside of cluster.
The dominant structural elements in superclusters are
single or multi-branching filaments]. The cluster flow is
shown by the tendency of the major axes of clusters to
point toward neighboring clusters. Eventually, the
observable expanding universe will consist of giant voids
and superclusters surrounded by the dark matter halos.
The Five Levels Of Baryonic Structures
clusters
baryonic the first-
with the
droplets big generation merger
cosmic second- merger
galaxies
generation
baryonic superclusters
galaxies
matter
expansion free eruption
baryonic IGM ICM
matter
beginning pre- galaxy cluster superclusters

galactic
6. Summary
The unified theory of physics is the theory of everything. The
part 4 in the presentation is the galaxy formation. The
inhomogeneous structures, such as galaxy, is derived from the
incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter, like
the inhomogeneous structure formed by the incompatibility
between oil and water. Cosmic radiation allows dark matter and
baryonic matter to be compatible. As the universe expanded,
the decreasing density of cosmic radiation increased the
incompatibility, resulting in increasing inhomogeneous
structures. The five stages of the formation of inhomogeneous
structures are baryonic matter, baryonic droplets, the first
generation galaxies by the big eruption, cluster, and
supercluster. The big eruption explains the origin of different
types of galaxies.
Extreme Force Field
 14 m  
k
k 1 
 14 m 
k
  04   14 
n ,k n ,k
k 1
Content
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Definition of Extreme Boson Force Field
3. Superconductor
4. the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
5. Gravastar
6. Supernova and Neutron Star
7. Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB)
8. Summary
phenomena.
Abstract for Extreme Force Field
The part 5 in the presentation is extreme force field, which explains
superconductor, the fractional quantum Hall effect, supernova, neutron
star, gamma ray burst, and quasar. Under extreme conditions, such as the
zero temperature and extremely high pressure, gauge boson force field in
binary lattice space undergoes the phase transition to form extreme force
field in binary partition space. Extreme force field provides the
formation of the “extreme molecule” (the Cooper pair) and the extreme
lattice for superconductivity, and provides the formation of “extreme
atom” for the fractional quantum Hall effect. Extreme force field
provides the formation of the “extreme gluon force field” for gravastar
(the alternate for black hole) from a collapsing star. Gravastar consists of
the lepton composite-extreme gluon force field core and the matter shell.
Unlike black holes, gravastars continue to appear as neutron stars and the
sources for gamma ray bursts. Neutron star is a remnant gravastar after
the explosion (supernova) of a large gravastar. A supermassive gravastar
with cracks undergoes the “volcano eruption” as gamma ray bursts. A
major power source of quasars is from the repetitive gravastar volcano
eruptions.
1. Introduction
1. Under extreme conditions such as extremely low
temperature or extremely high gravitational pressure, odd
phenomena occur.
2. At extremely low temperature, some materials become
superconductors that have no electric resistance for electric
current, and some materials carry fractional electric charge
(the fractional quantum Hall effect) .
3. When a large star collapses, under extremely high
gravitation pressure, a violent explosion as supernova
occurs, and the neutron star as remnant emits high energy
radiation. It is not clear how a supermassive star collapses.
Gamma-ray burst (GRB) produced unbelievable amount of
energy from very far away source.
4. All these odd phenomena under extreme conditions can be
explained by “extreme force field”.
2. The Definition of Extreme Boson Force Field
Under extreme conditions such as the absolute zero
temperature or extremely high pressure, binary lattice space
for a gauge force field undergoes a phase transition to
become binary partition space for the extreme force fields.
In binary partition space, detachment space and attachment
space are in two separate continuous regions as follows.
 14 m  
k
k 1 
 14 m  
k
 04   14 
n ,k n ,k
k 1
The force field in binary lattice space is gauge boson force
field, while the force field in binary partition space is
denoted as “extreme boson force field”. The detachment
space in extreme boson field is the vacuum core, while
extreme bosons attached to attachment space form the
extreme boson shell. Gauge boson force field has no
boundary, while the attachment space in the binary partition
space acts as the boundary for extreme boson force field.
Extreme boson field is like a bubble with core vacuum
surrounded by membrane where extreme bosons locate.
The overlapping (connection) of two extreme bosons from
two different sites results in “extreme bond”. The product
is “extreme molecule”. An example of extreme molecule
is Cooper pair, consisting of two electrons linked by
extreme bond. Extreme bonds can be also formed among
the sites in a lattice, resulting in “extreme lattice”.
Extreme lattice is superconductor. Extreme boson force is
incompatible to gauge boson force field. The
incompatibility of extreme boson force field and gauge
boson force field manifests in the Meissner effect, where
superconductor (extreme lattice) repels external
magnetism.
The energy (stiffness) of extreme boson force field can be
determined by the penetration of boson force field into
extreme boson force field as expressed by the London
equation for the Meissner effect.
 2 H    2 H
where H is an external boson field and λ is the depth of the
penetration of magnetism into extreme boson shell. This
equation indicates that the external boson field decays
exponentially as it penetrate into extreme boson force field.
3. Superconductor
Low Temperature Superconductor
1. Extreme boson exists only at the absolute zero
temperature. However, quantum fluctuation at a
temperature close to zero temperature allows the
formation of a extreme boson. The temperature is the
critical temperature (Tc ). Such temperature constitutes
the quantum critical point (QCP). Extreme boson at QCP
is the base of superconductivity.
2. For low temperature superconductor as lattice, at the
temperature (QCP) close to the absolute zero
temperature, the lattice vibration continuously from the
passing electrons produces phonons, and through
quantum fluctuation, a certain proportion of phonons
from the vibration converts to extreme bosons.
Extreme bonds are formed among extreme bosons,
resulting in extreme lattice. At the same time, the electrons
involved in lattice vibration form extreme molecules as
Cooper pairs linked by extreme bonds. Such extreme bond
excludes electromagnetism, including the Coulomb
repulsive force, between the two electrons. When Cooper
pairs travel along the uninterrupted extreme bonds of a
extreme lattice, Cooper pairs experience no resistance by
electromagnetism, resulting in zero electric resistance.
Extreme lattice repels external magnetism as in the
Meissner effect.
Extreme boson force is a confined short distant force, so the
neighboring extreme bosons have to be close together. To
have a continuous extreme lattice without gaps, it is
necessary to have sufficient density of the vibrating lattice
atoms. Thus, there is critical density, Dc, of vibrating lattice
atoms. Below Dc, no extreme lattice can be formed. In a
good conductor, an electron hardly interacts with lattice
atoms to generate lattice vibration for extreme boson, so a
good conductor whose density for vibrating lattice atoms
below Dc does not become a superconductor. Tc is directly
proportional to the density of vibrating lattice atoms and the
frequency of the vibration..
High Temperature Superconductor
High temperature superconductor has a much higher Tc than
low temperature superconductor. All high temperature
superconductors involve the particular type of insulator with
various kinds of dopants. A typical insulator is Mott
insulator, such as copper oxides, CuO2. Lax Srx Cu2 O4 is an
example of high temperature conductor. The key ingredient
consists of CuO2 layers. The doping of Sr provides chemical
environment to shift the charge away from the CuO2 layers,
leaving “doping holes” in the CuO2 layers. The shifting of
electrons allows the occurrence of electric current, inducing
the absorption and the emission of spinons from the spin
fluctuation. Electric current also induces the absorption and
the emission of phonons from the lattice vibration as in the
low temperature superconductor.
1. At Tc, the spin fluctuation continuously produces
spinons, and through quantum fluctuation, a certain
proportion of spinons converts to extreme bosons.
Extreme bonds are formed among extreme bosons. The
extreme bonds are the parallel extreme bonds parallel to
CuO2 layer. The parallel extreme bond results from the
spin current.
2. The extreme bonds connecting CuO2 layers are the
perpendicular bonds perpendicular to CuO2 layers by the
lattice vibration, like the lattice vibration in the low
temperature superconductor.
There are five different phases of metal oxide related to
the presence or the absence of perfect parallel extreme
lattice, perfect perpendicular extreme lattice, and Cooper
pairs by extreme bonds as follows
Phase/structure perfect parallel perfect Cooper pair by

extreme lattice perpendicular the extreme
for spinons extreme lattice for bonds
phonons
Insulator no no no
Pseudogap no yes yes
Superconductor yes yes yes
non-fermi liquid no no yes
normal conductor no no no
In summary, for a low-temperature superconductor, extreme
bosons are generated by the quantum fluctuation in lattice
vibration by the absorption and the emission of phonons
between passing electrons and lattice atoms. The
connection of extreme bosons results in extreme lattice and
Cooper pairs. For a high-temperature superconductor,
extreme bosons are generated by the quantum fluctuation in
spin fluctuation and lattice vibration by the absorption and
the emission of spinons and phonons, respectively. The
extreme lattice consists of the parallel extreme bonds and
the perpendicular extreme bonds. Because many extreme
bosons are generated from many spin fluctuations, Tc is
high.
4. The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect (FQHE)
1. The extreme boson can also explain the fractional
quantum Hall effect (FQHE). The FQHE is a physical
phenomenon in which a certain system behaves as if it
were composed of particles with charge smaller than the
elementary charge.
2. In the FQHE, electrons travel on a two-dimensional plane.
In two-dimensional systems, the electrons in the direction
of the Hall effect are completely separate, so the extreme
bond cannot be formed between the electrons. However,
an individual electron can have n extreme bosons from
the quantum fluctuation of the magnetic flux at a very low
temperature, resulting in “extreme atom” that consists of
an electron and n extreme bosons with n extreme boson
force fields.
1. Extreme boson force field consists of a core vacuum
surrounded by only one extreme boson shell. An electron
can be in n  1 extreme boson force fields. If n = 1, an
electron in a extreme boson force field delocalizes to the
extreme boson shell, resulting in the probability
distribution in both the center and the boson shell
denoted as the extreme atomic orbital. (Unlike extreme
boson force field, gauge boson force field can have
infinitive number of orbitals.)
2. The probability distribution factionalizes the electron into
one fractional electron at the center and the 2p fractional
electron in the extreme atomic orbital. Thus, the extreme
atom (n = p = 1) has three fractional electrons, and each
fractional electron has –1/3 charge.
For n > 1, the multiple extreme force fields are like multiple
separate bubbles with one fractional electron at the center.
For p =1 and n = 3, the total number of fractional electrons is
7, and each fractional electron has - 1/7 charge as follows.


 


The formulas for the number of fractional electrons and

fractional charge are as follows.
number of fractional electrons  2 pn  1
electric ch arg e  1 / (2 pn  1)
where n = number of extreme atomic orbital, and 2p =

number of fractional electrons per orbital.
In summary, extreme molecules with extreme bonds
explains superconductor, while extreme atom explains the
fractional quantum Hall effect
5. Gravastar
1. Black hole has been a standard model for the collapse of a
supermassive star. Two alternates for black hole are
gravastar and dark energy star. This paper proposes
gravastar based on extreme boson field under extreme
condition of extremely high pressure. .
2. Before the gravitational collapse of large or supermassive
star, the fusion process in the core of the star to create the
outward pressure counters the inward gravitational pull of
the star’s great mass. When the core contains heavy
elements, mostly iron, the fusion stops. Instantly, the
gravitational collapse starts. The great pressure of the
gravity collapses atoms into neutrons. Further pressure
collapses neutrons to quark matter and heavy quark
matter.
Eventually, the high gravitational pressure transforms the
gauge gluon force field into the extreme gluon force field,
consisting of a vacuum core surrounded by a extreme gluon
shell, like a bubble. The exclusion of gravity by the extreme
gluon force field as in the Meissner effect prevents the
gravitational collapse into singularity. In the Meissner effect
for superconductor, a very strong magnetism can collapse
the extreme boson force field, resulting in the disappearance
of superconductivity. Superconductivity is based on
quantum fluctuation between the gauge boson force field and
the extreme boson force field, so it is possible to collapse the
extreme boson force field. The formation of the extreme
gluon force field is not by quantum fluctuation, so the
extreme gluon force field cannot be collapsed.
To keep the extreme gluon force field from collapsing, the
vacuum core in the extreme gluon force field acquires a non-
zero vacuum energy whose density () is equal to negative
pressure (p). The space for the vacuum core becomes de
Sitter space. The vacuum energy of the vacuum core comes
from the gravitons in the exterior region surrounding the
extreme gluon force field as in the Chapline’s dark energy
star. The external region surrounding the extreme gluon
force field becomes the vacuum exterior region. Thus, the
core of gravastar can be divided into three regions: the
vacuum core, the extreme gluon shell, and the vacuum
exterior region.
vacuum core region :    p
extreme gluon shell region :    p
vacuum exterior region :   p  0
Quarks without the strong force field are transformed into
the decayed products as electron-positron and neutrino-
antineutrino denoted as the “lepton composite”.
quark decay _
quarks      e   e     
the lepton composite
The result is that the core of the collapsed star consists of
the lepton composite surrounded by the extreme gluon field.
This lepton composite-extreme gluon force field core
(LEC) constitutes the core for gravastar. The star consisting
of the lepton composite-extreme gluon field core (LEC) and
the matter shell is “gravastar”. The matter shell consists of
different layers of matters: heavy quark matter layer, quark
matter layer, neutron layer, and heavy element layer one
after the other.
The Structure of Gravastar
LEC (lepton composite  extreme gluon force field core ) :
lepton composite region :    p
vacuum core region :    p
extreme gluon shell region :    p
vacuum exterior region :   p  0
Matter Shell :    p
heavy quark layer
quark layer
neutron layer
heavy element layer
6. Supernova and Neutron Star
1. The standard theory for supernova is that neutrinos
released from nuclear fusion provide the energy needed
to blow off the stellar mantle in a supernova, but details
calculation shows that the neutrinos are too few and too
weakly interacting for the required explosion
2. In the extreme boson model, supernova is the lepton
composite-powered exploding gravastar. The
progenitor of supernova is a large star. The collapse of
the star forms a gravastar with the LEC and the matter
shell. Immediately after the formation of the gravastar,
the matter shell derived from a large star does not have
strong enough gravity to prevent the cracking of the
matter shell by the outward pressure of the LEC.
1. Through the cracks, the escaping lepton composite from
the core becomes the “relativistic lepton composite” by
adding kinetic energy converted from the non-zero
vacuum energy of the extreme gluon force field. The
relativistic lepton composite through the cracks explodes
the heavy element layer of the matter shell, where gravity
is weaker, and the crack is larger. The explosion is nearly
symmetrical.
2. The inner part of the matter shell then collapses to form
neutron star as the core remnant of supernova. The
collapse of star initiates the rotation for neuron star with
magnetic field. Pulsar is the rotational neutron star that
contains a small remnant of the LEC after supernova.
1. The LEC remnant is large enough to crack the pulsar
slightly. Through the small cracks, relativistic lepton
composite leaks out continuously, and carries neutrons on
the wall of the cracks to the surface of the magnetized
rotational pulsar. The neutrons brought out by the
relativistic lepton composite are highly energetic. These
energetic neutrons quickly decay into protons and
electrons, which rotate in the magnetic field.
2. The energy that the particles carry by relativistic lepton
composite accelerates the rotation of the pulsar. The
rotating particles accelerate to the speeds approaching to
the speed of light, resulting in synchrotron emission. The
radiation is released as intense beams from the magnetic
poles of the pulsar.
7. Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB)
The progenitor of GRB is a supermassive gravastar with

millions sun masses. The matter shell in supermassive
gravastar has strong enough gravity to prevent the cracks to
disintegrate the matter shell by the outward pressure of the
LEC. However, because of the outward pressure from the
LEC, the supermassive gravastar is susceptible to crack by
impact. The matter shell consists of the heavy quark matter
layer, quark matter layer, neutron layer, and heavy element
layer. Because of its large size, it has a large heavy element
layer as the outer layer.
The GRB results from the volcano eruption initiated by
the impact of a neutron star on a supermassive gravastar.
The falling of a neutron star through the gravitational field
of a gravastar generates high heat on the surface of the
neutron star. Upon the impact, the heat of the neutron star
liquefies the heavy elements on the surface of the
gravastar into the “heavy element ocean”. The heat on the
surface of the neutron star dissipates by the liquefaction.
Then, the momentum of the neutron star breaks the heavy
elements into large pieces, denoted as the “heavy element
balls”. Finally, it reaches the neutron layer of the
gravastar. The impact breaks the neutron star into large
pieces, denoted as “the neutron balls”.
The impact generates cracks into the LEC. Because of the
extremely high gravity of the supermassive gravastar, all
balls and liquid heavy elements are kept on the surface of the
gravastar. Thus, the impact generates three layers (the heavy
element ocean, the heavy element balls, and the neutron
balls) and the cracks into the LEC.
Through the cracks generated by the impact, the escaping
relativistic lepton composite through the cracks provides the
kinetic energy to start the gravastar volcano eruption. First,
the relativistic lepton composite carries the “heavy element
material” (HEM) in the heavy element ocean in the form of
the HEM jets to escape the gravity of the gravastar. There
are many separated jets from many different cracks in a
broad area, so it is a widespread volcano eruption. Soon, the
heavy element ocean is almost dry.
At the same time, the flow of the relativistic lepton
composite enlarges the cracks, resulting in increasing
flow rate. The high flow rate of the relativistic lepton
composite provides enough kinetic energy to carry the
heavy element balls to escape the gravity of the gravastar.
Each escaping ball has to have enough kinetic energy to
escape from the gravity, so each jet can eject one heavy
element ball in the interval of few minutes. The escaping
HEM forms the HEM band outside of the gravastar,
while the heavy element balls form the heavy element
ball band. At this time, the relativistic lepton composite
is not strong enough to accelerate them to relativistic
velocity. They remain non-relativistic. The HEM band
eventually merges with the interstellar medium (ISM) to
form a very thick layer of the HEM-ISM band.
The flow of the relativistic lepton composite further
enlarges the cracks to increase the flow rate of the
relativistic lepton composite. Eventually, the flow rate of
the relativistic lepton composite is high enough to provide
the kinetic energy for the neutron balls to escape the
gravity of the gravastar. Each escaping ball has to have
enough kinetic energy to escape from the gravity, so each
jet can eject one neutron ball in the interval of few minutes.
The neutron balls at this time are non-relativistic with the
distance of few minutes between the adjacent neutron balls
from the same jet. The escaping neutron balls form the
neutron ball band.
Finally, the cracks are large enough to allow a huge amount
of the relativistic lepton composite to eject from the
volcano as the relativistic lepton composite jets. The
relativistic lepton composite jets form the relativistic jet
band. The initial ejecta composition is as
The Gravastar Volcano Eruption
prompt late
LEC matter shell GRB afterglow afterglow
X-ray afterglow
relativistic neutron ball heavy element

gravastar volcano composite band ball band HEM-ISM band
eruption jet band
1. In the Figure, the initial ejecta consist of the HEM-ISM
band, the heavy element ball band, the neutron ball band,
and the relativistic lepton composite jet band. The
merges of various bands produce the GRB, the X-ray
afterglow, the prompt afterglow, and the late afterglow in
different regions.
2. The volcano eruption depletes the relativistic lepton
composite in a gravastar. Eventually, the pressure from
the depleted source of the relativistic lepton composite
becomes too low to prevent the collapse of the cracks by
the gravitational pressure in the interior part of gravastar.
The emission of the relativistic lepton composite through
the volcano starts to decline sharply. Finally, all interior
cracks collapse, and the major volcano eruption stops.
The major volcano eruption lasts from 2 seconds to few
minutes.
1. The supermassive gravastar is likely at the center of galaxy.
In the early universe, the collision between the gravastar
and a neutron star or other large objects occurred often,
resulting in high frequency of the gravastar volcano
eruption. Such high frequency of the gravastar volcano
eruption is a major power source of quasars.
2. Quasars are believed to be the most remote objects in the
universe. The earliest quasars detected so far are about 700
millions years after the big bang. The closest quasars
detected so far are about 800 millions light years away.
Despite their small size they produce tremendous amounts
of light and microwave radiation. The power source of
quasars is not much bigger than the solar system, but they
pour out 100 to 1,000 times as much light as a typical
galaxy containing a hundred billion stars. A major power
source of quasars is from the repetitive gravastar volcano
eruptions.
8. Summary
Extreme force field explains superconductor, fractional quantum Hall
effect, supernova, neutron star, gamma ray burst, and quasar. Under
extreme conditions, such as the zero temperature and extremely high
pressure, gauge boson force field in binary lattice space undergoes the
phase transition to form extreme force field in binary partition space.
Extreme force field provides the formation of the extreme molecule (the
Cooper pair) and the extreme lattice for superconductivity, and the
formation of extreme atom for the fractional quantum Hall effect.
Extreme force field provides the formation of the extreme gluon force
field for gravastar (the alternate for black hole) from a collapsing star.
Gravastar consists of the lepton composite-extreme gluon force field
core and the matter shell. Unlike black holes, gravastars continue to
appear as neutron stars and the sources for gamma ray bursts. Neutron
star is a remnant gravastar after the explosion (supernova) of a large
gravastar. A supermassive gravastar with cracks undergoes the “volcano
eruption” as gamma ray bursts, which became a major power source of
quasar.
summaries for all five parts
The part 1 in the presentation is the two physical structures. The
two physical structures consist of the space structure and the object
structure. The space structure includes attachment space and
detachment space. Relating to rest mass, attachment space attaches
to object permanently with zero speed or reversibly at the speed of
light. Relating to kinetic energy, detachment space irreversibly
detaches from the object at the speed of light. The combination of
attachment space and detachment space brings about three different
space structures: miscible space, binary partition space, and binary
lattice space for special relativity, quantum mechanics, and the
extreme force fields, respectively. The object structure consists of
11D membrane (311), 10D string (210), variable D particle (1 4 to 10),
and empty object (04 to 11) whose transformation is through the
dimensional oscillation that involves the oscillation between high
dimensional space-time with high vacuum energy and low
dimensional space-time with low vacuum energy. Our observable
The part 2 in the presentation is cosmology. There are
four stages of our universe in chronological order: the
strong pre-universe, the gravitational dual pre-universe,
the charged dual pre-universe, and the current
asymmetrical dual universe to generate the four force
fields in our universe. The strong pre-universe has 11D
membrane and space structure as attachment space only.
The only force is the pre-strong force without gravity. The
transformation from 11D membrane to 10D string results
in the gravitational pre-universe with both pre-strong force
and pre-gravity. The repulsive pre-gravity and pre-
antigravity brings about the dual 10D string universe. The
coalescence and the separation of the dual 10D string
universe result in the dual charged universe as dual 10D
particle universe with the pre-strong, pre-gravity, and pre-
electromagnetic force fields.
The asymmetrical dimensional oscillations result in the
asymmetrical dual universe: the light universe with light
and kinetic energy and the dark universe without light and
kinetic energy. The asymmetrical dimensional oscillation
is manifested as the asymmetrical weak force field. The
dark universe is sometimes hidden, and is sometimes
observable as dark energy. The dimensional oscillation for
the dark universe is the slow dimensional oscillation from
10D and 4D. The light universe is our observable
universe. The dimensional oscillation for the light
universe involves the immediate transformation from 10D
to 4D and the introduction of detachment space, resulting
in the inflation and the big bang.
The part 4 in the presentation is the galaxy formation. The
inhomogeneous structures, such as galaxy, is derived from
the incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark
matter, like the inhomogeneous structure formed by the
incompatibility between oil and water. Cosmic radiation
allows dark matter and baryonic matter to be compatible.
As the universe expanded, the decreasing density of cosmic
radiation increased the incompatibility, resulting in
increasing inhomogeneous structures. The five stages of the
formation of inhomogeneous structures are baryonic matter,
baryonic droplets, the first generation galaxies by the big
eruption, cluster, and supercluster. The big eruption
explains the origin of different types of galaxies.
The part 5 in the presentation is extreme force field, which explains
superconductor, fractional quantum Hall effect, supernova, neutron star,
gamma ray burst, and quasar. Under extreme conditions, such as the
zero temperature and extremely high pressure, gauge boson force field in
binary lattice space undergoes the phase transition to form extreme force
field in binary partition space. Extreme force field provides the
formation of the extreme molecule (the Cooper pair) and the extreme
lattice for superconductivity, and the formation of extreme atom for the
fractional quantum Hall effect. Extreme force field provides the
formation of the extreme gluon force field for gravastar (the alternate for
black hole) from a collapsing star. Gravastar consists of the lepton
composite-extreme gluon force field core and the matter shell. Unlike
black holes, gravastars continue to appear as neutron stars and the
sources for gamma ray bursts. Neutron star is a remnant gravastar after
the explosion (supernova) of a large gravastar. A supermassive gravastar
with cracks undergoes the “volcano eruption” as gamma ray bursts,
which became a major power source of quasar.

The Unified Thoery of Physics: The 5-Part Presentation

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The Unified Thoery of Physics: The 5-Part Presentation

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The Unified Theory of Physics:

The 5-Part Presentation

1.The two Physical Structures

The Source of the Presentation

the Object Structure

The Source of the Presentation

The combination of attachment space (1) and detachment

( 1) attachment space  (0) det achment space

Binary Lattice Space (1 0)n for Quantum Mechanics

Miscible Space (1 + 0)n for Special Relativity

Binary Partition Space, (1)n(0)n for Extreme Force Fields

Binary lattice space consists of multiple quantized units of

Neither attachment space nor detachment space is

To maintain the speed of light constant for a moving particle,

Binary partition space, (1)n(0)n, consists of separated

particle gauge boson field in binary lattice space

1.The object structure consists of 11D

Varying dimension number (VDN) relates to quantized

where c is the observed speed of light in the 4D space-time,

1. Equation 1 means that a particle in the D dimensional

Since the speed of light for > 4D particle is greater than

positive 10D string universe negative 10D string universe

positive 10D particle universe negative 10D particle universe

positive 4D negative variable positive 4D negative variable

The Source of the Presentation

Dual Object Space Force

Many different universes can emerge from the strong

The only force among the membranes is the pre-strong

It does not have gravity that causes instability and

dual 10D attachment pre-strong,

In certain regions of the 11D membrane universe, the

1. the string-antistring annihilation, resulting in

The charged pre-universe continues the dual universe in

During the coalescence for the dual 10D string universe

The mixing process follows the isodual hole theory that is

At that time, the space (detachment space) for radiation

After the mixing, the dual 10D particle-antiparticle

where s and e are the pre-strong force and the pre-charged

The light 4D particle attachment space strong, gravity,

The formation of our current universe follows immediately after

Our observable universe is the light universe, whose formation

dual 4 D / var ible D particle universe

The formation of the dark universe involves the slow

In the “varying supersymmetry transformation”, the

stepwise two - step varying transformation

The 4D particles transformed from hidden > 4D particles in

leaping two  step varying transformation

inf lation ( slicing with det achment space)

dark matter (4 D10d  4 D9d  4 D8d  4 D7d  4 D6d  4 D5d)

Bounias and Krasnoholovets propose another explanation

The two products of the slicing are the 4d-core attachment

Therefore, the transformation from d to d – n involves the

The seven force fields as > 4d mass dimensions (dimensional

In the light universe, the inflation is the leaping varying

The second step is the slicing that occurs

The ratio is 4. The region for the slicing is   0 from 0

The hidden dark universe with D > 4 and the

When the slow QVSL transformation of 5D hidden

positive 10D string universe negative 10D string universe

positive 10D particle universe negative 10D particle universe

positive 4D negative variable positive 4D negative variable

leptons and quarks in the principal and auxiliary dimensional

Lepton Quark Boson