CHAPTER 4: ELECTRONIC

Electronic
4.1 Understanding the uses of CRO
Thermionic emission
Properties of cathode rays
Working principle of CRO
Wave form using CRO

Introduction to Electronics
The world is changed by electronics
Our communication is made easy by
the invention of many electronic
devices such as computer and radar
Inside the Motherboard of a computer
you can see many electronic
components.
These electronic components help the
computer to do a lot of work.

Can you recognize electronic
devices in this motherboard???
4.1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Electrons are attracted to the nucleus of
an atom
There is a strong attractive force between
the electrons and the positive charges of
the nucleus.
To move these electrons farther from the
atom, energy is needed.
This can be done by heating a metal using
electric current
Thermionic emission
Thermionic
emission
(Pancaran
termion) is the
emission of
electrons
(Pemancaran
electron) from
the hot metal
surface in
vacumm.
A vacuum diode (Tiub Vakum) consists of a glass bulb
containing two electrodes.
One we called anode and the other is the cathode
The cathode made up of a tungsten filament
The cathode can be heated by a small current connected to the
filament
This filament when heated will release electrons from its surface
These electrons can be attracted to the anode when there is a
high potential difference applied between the anode and the
cathode.
The beam of electrons (Alur elektron) moving from the cathode to
the anode is called cathode rays (sinar katod)
Cathode rays consist of electrons that travel at high speed after
being accelerated (menambah kelajuan) through a high potential
difference.
Thermionic emission
Refer figure 4.1.1 (Thermionic diode)
Properties of cathode rays
1. Consist of electrons traveling at high
speeds in a straight line
2. Are deflected (pemesongan) by a
magnetic field
3. Are deflected by an electric field
4. Cause fluorescent material (Bahan
berpendarfluor) to emit light
Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O)
Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O)
The structure of the Cathode-Ray
Oscilloscope (C.R.O) can be divided into
three main sections:
1. The electron gun
2. The deflection system
3. The fluorescent screen

Uses of theCathode-Ray
Oscilloscope (C.R.O)
1. To measure potential difference
(menyukat beza keupayaan)
2. To measure short time interval
(menyukat sela masa yang singkat)
3. Display waveform (memapar bentuk
gelombang)
4.2 Understanding semiconductor
Describe semiconductor
Differentiate between n-type & p-type of
semiconductor
Working principle & uses of diodes
Describe the use of capacitor:
1. smoothing out output current
2. Smoothing out output voltage
in rectifier
Understanding semiconductor Diodes
Semiconductors have resistance between
that of metals and insulators. Example:
carbons and germanium
In a pure semiconductor, the numbers of
negative charge carriers (free electrons)
and the positive charge carriers (holes)
are the same.

When a semiconductor is doped
(added an impurity) it becomes
a) A n-type which has more free electrons
than holes. Impurity of valency 5, arsenic
or phosphorus, is added
b) A p-type which has more holes than free
electrons. Impurity of valency 3, indium
or gallium, is added

Semiconductor diode consists
of p-n junction as shown below
p n
+ -
p-n junction
a) Structure
+ - + -
Band
b) Symbol c) Actual diode
An ideal diode
a) Allows current through when connected
in forward bias. Its resistance = 0

+
+
Current
Forward bias (Pincang ke depan)
-
Refer experiment 4.4 in practical book
b) Does not allow current through when
connected in reverse bias
Its resistance is infinite.
An ideal diode
+
+
-
No Current
Reverse bias (Pincang Songsang)
Refer experiment 4.4 in practical book
A diode is used as rectifier to
convert a.c to d.c
a) Figure shows half-wave rectification.
- Current only flows through the diode during the +
half cycle.
- The voltage across the resistor, V
R
is direct voltage
+
a.c
V
-
V
D
V
R
R

V
V
R
V
D
Half-wave rectification
b) Figure shows a capacitor connected across
the resistor to smoothen the voltage,
V
R
+
a.c
V
-
V
D
R

Smoothing capacitor
V
R
Homework
Draw full-wave rectification

Send on Tuesday ( 17/7/2007)
4.3 Understanding transistors
Characteristic of transistors terminal
Working principle of transistor as a
1. current amplifier
2. Automatic switch

TRANSISTORS
Transistor are solid state semiconductor devices
that are used to amplify (mengawal) current and
voltage.
The transistor is the fundamental building block
of the circuitry that governs the operation of
computers, cellular phones, and all other
modern electronics.
Transistors may be packaged individually or as
part of an integrated circuit, which may hold a
billion or more transistors in a very small area.
The first
transistor
Modern
transistors
Types of semiconductor transistors
There are two types of semiconductor transistor
Collector (+)
Pengeluar
Base
Tapak
Emitter (-)
Pengeluar
N-P-N transistors
The n-p-n
transistors
has a thin
layer of p-
type silicon
sandwiched
between two
layers of
n-type silicon
P-N-P transistors
Emitter (+)
Pengeluar
Collector (-)
Pengeluar
Base
Tapak
The p-n-p
transistors
has a thin
layer of n-
type silicon
sandwiched
between two
layers of
p-type silicon
Collector, Based , Emitter
The transistor has three leads (terminal)
connected to the emitter, base and collector.
The emitter emits or sends charge carriers
through the thin base layer to be collected by the
collector.
In n-p-n transistor the emitter sends negative
electrons to the collector.
In p-n-p transistor the emitter sends positive
holes to the collector
The output current of a transistor flows between the
emitter and the collector.
The output current only flows when the transistor is
switched on.
The current in collector lead is called the collector
current.
The base current is used to control the collector current
through the transistor.
The base current can be used to switch the collector
current on or off.
In this way, the transistor can be used as a switch.
Transistor also can acts as a current amplifier.
Transistor as
a switch
Transistor as a current amplifier
QUIZ
6 V
4 W
X
The figure shows a transistor circuit.
Resistor W has a resistance of 4 k. R is a
fixed resistor and X is a variable resistor
a) Name the terminals
B,C and E
b) What is the function
of R?
c) In order to light the
bulb, the potential
difference across A R
must be at least 4 V.
i) How much is the
resistance of X when
the bulb lights?
ii) What happens to
the bulb if X has a
resistance of 1 k?
d) What must be done to
the circuit so that the
bulb is switched off
in the bright light and
on in the dark?
D
Solution
a) B = base , C = Collector and E = Emitter
b) To limit the amount of current flowing into the base
terminal.
c) i) Let the resistance of X = a
a / (4 + a) x 6 = 4
6a/ (4+ a) = 4
6 a = 4 (4 + a)
6a = 16 + 4a
2a = 16
a = 8 k
ii) The potential difference across AR
1/ (1+4) x 6 V
1.2 V
Since the potential difference is 1.2 V, which is less than 4V,
the bulb does not light.
d) X is replaced with a light dependent resistor (LDR)

Formula:-
V
AR
= R
AR
x Total Potential difference
R
AR
+ R
DA
4.4 Analysing logic gates
Differentiate the logic gate base
on truth table & symbols
1. AND
2. OR
3. NOT
4. NAND
5. NOR

Build up truth table for logic gates ( two inputs)
Application of logic gate as control systems


Analysing Logic Gates
LOGIC GATES
1. Logic gates are electronic switches
with one or more inputs and one
output.

Logic Operation
Input
Output
Logic Gates
2. Input is data fed into a processor. The processor
will process the inputs by using the operators of
logic gates. The result of these operations are
called the output.
3. The output depends on:-
i) the input
ii) the type of logic gate
4. Logic gates are operate on a binary input. This
means each input or output either 0 or 1.
TRUTH TABLE
(Jadual Kebenaran)
Input Output
A X
0
1
Input Output
A B X
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
The truth table shows the
electrical state of the inputs
and outputs in each case
(remember 0 means low
voltage and 1 means a high
voltage). In a truth table, all
possible inputs are included.
TYPES of Logic Gates
There are seven types of logic gates:
a) NOT gate TAK
b) AND gate DAN
c) OR gate ATAU
d) NAND gate TAKDAN
e) NOR gate TAKATAU
Analysing Logic Gates
Logic gates are switching circuits in
computers and other electronic devices.
A logic gate has one or more inputs but
only one output. The action of a logic gate
is summarized by an equation in Boolean
algebra or a truth table.
NOT logic gate
AND and
NAND
logic gates
OR and
NOR logic
gates
Get Logik
Types of
Gates
Symbol Truth
Table
Boolean
Algebra
AND
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
X = A.B
OR
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

X = A+B

NOT
A X
0 1
1 0
X = A
A
B
X
A
B
X
A
X
Get Logik
Types of
Gates
Symbol Truth
Table
Boolean
Algebra
NAND
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

X=A . B

NOR
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

X=A+B
A
B
X
A
X
B
EXAMPLE
Q
C
D
A
B
A B C D Q
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
EXAMPLE
A B C D
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
C
D
A
B
Alat pengesan
asap
Alat pengesan
haba
Question
Complete the truth table for the combination of
logic gates shown in figure 8.