QHSE-HIV-Level 2

Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007

INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
ELECTRICITY
All of us agree the importance of electricity in our daily lives.
But what is electricity?
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electrostatic Charge
The charge on an ion is called an Electrostatic Charge
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electrical Conductors and Insulators
Electrical conductors are materials that can move electrons
easily.
Good conductors include metals. Copper is the best electrical
conductor.

Electrical nonconductors (insulators) are materials that do not
move electrons easily.
Examples: are wood, rubber etc.

Semiconductors are materials that sometimes behave as
conductors and sometimes behave as insulators.
Examples: are silicon, arsenic, germanium
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Measuring Electrical Charges
The fundamental charge is the electrical charge on an electron
and has a magnitude of 1.6021892 X 10
-19
C (Note that the
electrical charge is measured in coulombs).
The magnitude of an electrical charge (q) is dependent upon
how many electrons (n) have been moved to it or away from it.

Mathematically:



where e is the fundamental charge.
e n q =
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Coulombs Law
Electrical force is proportional to the product of the electrical
charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
This is known as Coulombs law.

Mathematically,
2
2 1
d
q q
k F =
Force Fields:
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electrical Potential
An electrical charge has an electrical field that surrounds it.
In order to move a second charge through this field work must be
done
The Potential Difference (PD) that is created by doing 1.00 joule
of work in moving 1.00 coulomb of charge is defined as 1.00
volt.
A volt is a measure of the potential difference
between two points,
q
W
PD =
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electric Circuit
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electric Current
The rate at which an electrical current (I) flows is the charge (q)
that moves through a cross section of a conductor in a give unit of
time (t),
t
q
I =
the units of current are coulombs/second. A coulomb/second is an
ampere (amp).
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electrical Resistance
Electrical resistance is the resistance to movement of electrons
being accelerated with an energy loss.
Resistance is a ratio between the potential difference (V) between
two points and the resulting current (I).





The ratio of volts/amp is called an ohm ().
I
V
R =
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Resistors in Series
Resistors can be connected in series; that is, the current flows
through them one after another.
R equivalent = R1 + R2 + R3
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Resistors in Parallel
Resistors can be connected such that they branch out from a
single point (known as a node), and join up again somewhere else
in the circuit. This is known as a parallel connection
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
R R R R
equivalen
+ + =
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
MAGNETISM
All of us are familiar with magnets
A North seeking pole is called the North Pole.
A South seeking pole is called the South Pole.

Like magnetic poles repel and unlike magnetic poles attract.
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Magnetic Fields
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Source of Magnetic Fields
Permanent Magnets:

Moving electrons produce magnetic fields.

In most materials these magnetic fields cancel one
another and neutralize the overall magnetic effect.

In other materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, the
atoms behave as tiny magnets because of certain
orientations of the electrons inside the atom.

These atoms are grouped in a tiny region called the
magnetic domain.
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electric Currents & Magnetism
In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted, a
Danish physicist and chemist, and a
professor, placed a compass needle
near a wire through which he could
make electric current flow.
When the switch was closed, the
compass needle moved just as if the
wire were a magnet.
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electric Currents & Magnetism
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electric Currents & Magnetism
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Electric Currents & Magnetism
The forces can be attractive or repulsive depending on the
direction of current in both wires.
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Applications of Electromagnets
Electric Meters:

The strength of the magnetic field
produced by an electromagnet is
proportional to the electric
current in the electromagnet.

A galvanometer measures
electrical current by measuring
the magnetic field.

A galvanometer can measure
current, potential difference, and
resistance.

QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Applications of Electromagnets
Electric Motors:

An electrical motor is an electromagnetic device that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy.

A motor has two working parts - a stationary magnet called a
field magnet and a cylindrical, movable electromagnet called an
armature.

The armature is on an axle and rotates in the magnetic field of the
field magnet.

The axle is used to do work.
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Principle of the Electric Motor
An electric motor uses electromagnets to convert electrical
energy into mechanical energy.

The disk is called the rotor because it can rotate.

The disk will keep spinning as long as the external magnet is
reversed every time the next magnet in the disk passes by.

One or more stationary magnets reverse their poles to push and
pull on a rotating assembly of magnets
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are
extremely useful because
they efficiently change
voltage and current, while
providing the same total
power.

The transformer uses
electromagnetic
induction, similar to a
generator.
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
TRANSFORMERS
A relationship between voltages and turns for a transformer
results because the two coils have a different number of turns.
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
RLC CIRCUITS
The AC analysis of circuits with inductors is also easy, with the
effective resistance (impedance) of an inductor equal to i*L.
From a phasor point of view this means that the inductor leads
the resistor by 90 degrees.
High pass and low pass filters can be made from inductors as
well. However the inductors are usually bulkier and relatively
expensive compared to capacitors (and more difficult to make in
an integrated circuit) so are not used as commonly.
Another limitation is that they are far from ideal. The impedance
is usually RL+i*L, which means that in order to find the
breakpoint you use f = L/(2*(RL+R)).
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Series LRC Circuit
R
V
in

C
L
L i Z
L
e =
C
i
C i
Z
C
e e

= =
1
V
out

First find the total impedance
of the circuit
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
C
L i R Z
e
e
1
Using a voltage divider
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
C
L i R
R
V
V
in
out
e
e
1
The phase shift goes from
90to -90.
|
.
|

\
|

=

C
L
R
e
e
|
1
tan
1
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Parallel LRC Circuit
R
V
in

C
V
out

( ) LC
L
i R
L
C
i R Z
2
1
1
1
e
e
e
e

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
LC
L
i R
R
V
V
in
out
2
1 e
e

+
=
LC
RC
f
f
Q
dB
peak
=
A
=
3
LC
f
valley
t 2
1
=
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Transients in Series LRC Circuit
R
V
in

C
L
V
out

We can start by using Kirchoffs
laws again.
C
Q
R
dt
dQ
dt
Q d
L
C
Q
dt
dI
L IR V V V V
C L R
+ + =
+ + = + + =
2
2
0
This is a second order differential
equation that can be solve for the
general and particular solutions.
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007
Transients in Series LRC Circuit
R
V
in

C
L
V
out

0
1 1
2
= + +
LC
x
RC
x
The solutions to the quadratic above
determine the form of the solutions.
We will just state the solutions for
different value of R, L and C.
Overdamped :
2 1
LC
RC
>
|
.
|

\
|
damped Critically :
2 1
LC
RC
=
|
.
|

\
|
ed Underdamp :
2 1
LC
RC
<
|
.
|

\
|
QHSE-HIV-Level 2
Rev. Date: 30 Jan 2007