Solids, Liquids, Gases

Tangerines, snakes and

fireflies “Oh My”
 Tangerines = Solid


 Snakes = Liquid


 Fireflies = Gases

 A Molecular View of Water
• All matter is made of atoms.
atoms
• Elements are made of only one kind of atom.
• There are ~90 naturally occurring elements.
• Water is an example of a compound–
compound a pure
substance made of atoms of 2 or more
elements joined together chemically in fixed
proportions.

 Molecules
• The smallest part of a pure substance that
still has all of its properties is called a
molecule.
molecule
• Atoms within molecules are joined
together by chemical bonds.
bonds
• One molecule of water is made of 2
hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen
atom, or H2O.
• A molecule of ammonia (NH3) will always
be made of 1 nitrogen atom & 3
hydrogens
 The Electrical Nature of Matter
• How do bonds form?
• Everyone experiences the electrical nature
of matter.
– Socks that stick together in the clothes
dryer
– Walking across a rug and then touching
someone and getting shocked
• Summary of electrical properties of matter:
– Like charges repel
– Opposite charges attract
 Causes of positive & negative
charges
• Atoms are neutral
– Nucleus has positively-charged protons and
neutrons with no charge at all
– Orbiting the nucleus are an equal number of
negatively-charged electrons that cancel-out the
charge of the protons
• Attractions between the oppositely-charged
particles hold the atoms together
• Attractions between the + charged particles in
one atom and the - charged particles in
another atom hold multiple atoms together to
form molecules
Ions & Ionic Compounds
• Molecules are one type of compound
• Compounds made of electrically-charged
atoms or groups of atoms are ionic
compounds.
compounds
• Ionic compounds have no net electrical
charge
• Ex: Na Cl (sodium chloride) had =
numbers of Na+ and Cl - ions arranged in
a 3-D crystal
•
•
Ions in Solution
• When ionic cmpds. are dissolved in water,
the ions separate (disassociation)
disassociation and
spread throughout the water.
• Writing the ionic formula NaCl with the
symbol (aq) after it shows that it’s
dissolved in water (aqueous)
aqueous solution
• The + ion in the cmpd. is called the cation
(Na+) and the – ion is called the anion
 (Cl-).
– Ex: CaCl2, AgCl, FeO



Writing Ionic Formulas
• Ions can be single atoms, like a sodium
cation (Na+) or a group of bonded atoms
like an ammonium cation (NH4+).
• When an ion is made of more than one
atom, it is a polyatomic ion.
• When you write a compound formula, you
always write the cation’s symbol first and
the anion’s symbol second.
• In a correct formula,
formula the # of + & - ions
will be equal, making the net charge of
the compound zero.
Writing Ionic Formulas
• Polyatomic ions formulas have one main
difference: w/ more than one ion, they must be
put in ( ), with a subscript to show how many
ions there are.
– Ca(NO3)2
• The written names of ionic cmpds. have two
parts: cation + anion.
• Many ionic cmpds.’ cation names are the same
as their original elements’.
• Single-atom anions have the ion name w/the
suffix –ide on the end.
• Ex: KF is potassium fluoride
•
Investigating the Cause of
the Fish Kill
Solubility of Solids
• Could something dissolved in the Snake
river have caused the fish kill?
• To know whether or not it could have
caused a problem, it is necessary to
know about how solutions form and what
affects them.
Factors Affecting Solubility

(How much of a solute will

dissolve in a solvent)
“A covalently bonded
substance typically disperses
in the solvent as individual
molecules, while an ionic
substance usually dissolves
as individual ions among one
or more solvent molecules.”
Basic Chemistry
Temperature
• Gases in water:
water As
temperature
increases, the
solubility of a gas in
water decreases.
• Solids in liquids:
liquids
Solubility usually
increases when the
temperature
increases, with
some exceptions.
(?)

Pressure
• Henry’s Law:
Law the solubility of a gas
in a liquid is directly proportional
to the partial pressure of the gas
above the liquid.
– Ex: If the partial pressure of the
gas above the liquid is doubled,
the solubility of the gas in the
liquid is doubled; if the partial
pressure is halved, then the
solubility is also halved.
– Effervescence:
Effervescence the rapid escape
of a gas from the liquid in which it
is dissolved

Properties
• Many ionic compounds dissolve readily in
water because of water’s polarity.
(Adhesion)
• Ionic compounds do not dissolve well in
non-polar compounds, because their
own + and – ions are more strongly
attractive than a neutral molecule.
• General rule: “Like dissolves like”.
If the solubility of a gas in water is 0.77g/L
at 3.5 atm of pressure, what is its solubility
(in g/L) at 1.0 atm of pressure and a
constant temperature of 25° C?
S
1 = S2
P1
 P2
S2 = 0.77 g/L X 1.0 atm


 3.5 atm


 = 0.22g/L



Factors Affecting Rate of
Dissolution
(How quickly solutes dissolve
in solvents)
Particle size
• Smaller particles of
solute expose a
greater total surface
area to the solvent
than larger
particles.
• The greater the
surface area
exposed, the more
quickly a solute
dissolves.
A Stirring tribute:
• Stirring a solution creates more
opportunities for undissolved particles of
solute to come into contact with solvent
molecules.

Getting energized:
• Raising the temperature
increases the rate of
solubility by increasing
the kinetic energy of
the solute and solvent
particles.
• The greater their kinetic
energy, the more
opportunities they have
to collide and interact.
• The higher the
temperature, the more
quickly the solute will
dissolve.
Concentration of Solutions
• Concentration-
Concentration a measure of the amount
of solute in a given amount of solvent or
solution
• “Dilute” means that there is just a relatively
small amount of the solute in a solvent.
• “Concentrated” means that there is a
relatively large amount.
• A solution that is saturated is holding all of
the solute that it can hold at that
temperature.
Molarity
• Molarity- the number of moles of solute in
one liter of solution.
• Ex: a 1M solution of NaOH contains 1
mole of NaOH in every liter of solution
• Molarity (M) = amount of solute (mol)
mol

volume of solution
(L)
•
• You have 3.50 L of solution that contains
90.0g of NaCl. What is the molarity of
the solution?
• Mass of solute = 90.0 g NaCl
• Volume of solution = 3.50 L
• Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol
 90.0g NaCl x 1.00 mol NaCl = 1.54
mol NaCl 58.44g NaCl


 1.54 mol NaCl = 0.0440 M NaCl

 3.50 L of soln.

Molality
• Molality is the concentration of a solution
expressed in moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent.
• 1 mol of NaOH dissolved in 1 kg of solvent
is a 1molal soln.
• molality (m) = moles solute (mol)
mol

mass of solvent (kg)
kg
 0.500 mol NaOH = 0.500m

NaOH
 1kg H20

• Mass of solute = 17.1 g C12 H22 O11
• Mass of solvent = 125 g H20
• Molar mass of C12 H22 O11 = 342.34 g/mol
• Unknown = molal concentration of
C
12 H22 O11


17.1g C12 H22 O11 x 1mol C12 H22 O11 = 0.0500



 342.34g C12 H22 O11 mol

 C12 H22 O11

125gH2O/1000g/kg= 0.125 kg H2O 0.0500 mol


•
 STOP AND THINK

Examples
Definition (in own
words)

Non-
?
(in own examples
life) (in own
life)

Situation Situations
s SOLUTIONS (in rest of
(in own world)
life)

Careers Skills

Characteristics