The Time Value of Money

Medha Joshi, Ph.D.

What is Time Value?
It is that money has a time value
because that money can be invested
with the expectation of earning a
positive rate of return
In other words, a rupee received today
is worth more than a rupee to be
received tomorrow
That is because todays rupee can be
invested so that we have more than one
rupee tomorrow
The Terminology of Time Value
Present Value - An amount of money today,
or the current value of a future cash flow
Future Value - An amount of money at some
future time period
Period - A length of time (often a year, but
can be a month, week, day, hour, etc.)
Interest Rate - The compensation paid to a
lender (or saver) for the use of funds
expressed as a percentage for a period
(normally expressed as an annual rate)
Abbreviations
PV - Present value
FV - Future value
Pmt - Per period payment amount
N - Either the total number of cash
flows or the number of a specific period
i - The interest rate per period
Timelines
0 1 2 3 4 5
PV FV
Today
A timeline is a graphical device used to clarify the
timing of the cash flows for an investment
Each tick represents one time period
Calculating the Future Value
Suppose that you have an extra Rs. 100 today that
you wish to invest for one year. If you can earn 10%
per year on your investment, how much will you
have in one year?
0 1 2 3 4 5
-100 ?
( )
FV
1
100 1 010 110 = + = .
Calculating the Future Value (cont.)
Suppose that at the end of year 1 you decide to
extend the investment for a second year. How much
will you have accumulated at the end of year 2?
0 1 2 3 4 5
-110 ?
( )( )
( )
FV
or
FV
2
2
2
100 1 010 1 010 121
100 1 010 121
= + + =
= + =
. .
.
Generalizing the Future Value
Recognizing the pattern that is developing,
we can generalize the future value
calculations as follows:
( )
FV PV i
N
N
= + 1
If you extended the investment for a third
year, you would have:
( )
FV
3
3
100 1 010 13310 = + = . .
Compound Interest
Note from the example that the future value is
increasing at an increasing rate
In other words, the amount of interest earned each
year is increasing
Year 1: Rs. 10
Year 2: Rs. 11
Year 3: Rs. 12.10
The reason for the increase is that each year you are
earning interest on the interest that was earned in
previous years in addition to the interest on the
original principle amount
Compound Interest Graphically
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Years
F
u
t
u
r
e

V
a
l
u
e
5%
10%
15%
20%
3833.76
1636.65
672.75
265.33
The Magic of Compounding
On Nov. 25, 1626 Peter Minuit, a Dutchman,
reportedly purchased Manhattan from the Indians
for $24 worth of beads and other trinkets. Was this a
good deal for the Indians?
This happened about 371 years ago, so if they could
earn 5% per year they would now (in 2009) have:
If they could have earned 10% per year, they would
now have:
383
24(1.10) = 947654000 $171241749
383
24(1.05) = .24 3131214255 $
Thats about 171241 Trillion dollars!
171241
Non-annual Compounding
So far we have assumed that the time period is equal
to a year
However, there is no reason that a time period cant
be any other length of time
We could assume that interest is earned semi-
annually, quarterly, monthly, daily, or any other
length of time
The only change that must be made is to make sure
that the rate of interest is adjusted to the period
length
Non-annual Compounding (cont.)
Suppose that you have Rs. 1,000 available for
investment. After investigating the local banks, you
have compiled the following table for comparison. In
which bank should you deposit your funds?
Bank Interest Rate Compounding
Bank of India 10% Annual
State Bank of India 10% Monthly
Central Bank 10% Daily

Non-annual Compounding (cont.)
To solve this problem, you need to determine which
bank will pay you the most interest
In other words, at which bank will you have the
highest future value?
To find out, lets change our basic FV equation
slightly:
FV PV
i
m
Nm
= +
|
\

|
.
|
1
In this version of the equation m is the number of
compounding periods per year
Non-annual Compounding (cont.)
We can find the FV for each bank as follows:
( )
FV = = 1 000 110 1100
1
, . ,
FV = +
|
\

|
.
|
= 1 000 1
010
12
1104 71
12
,
.
, .
FV = +
|
\

|
.
|
= 1 000 1
010
365
110516
365
,
.
, .
Bank of India
State Bank of India
Central Bank:
Obviously, you should choose the Central Bank
Continuous Compounding
There is no reason why we need to stop increasing
the compounding frequency at daily
We could compound every hour, minute, or second
We can also compound every instant (i.e.,
continuously):
F Pe
rt
=
Here, F is the future value, P is the present value, r is
the annual rate of interest, t is the total number of
years, and e is a constant equal to about 2.718
Continuous Compounding (cont.)
Suppose that the Fourth National Bank is offering to
pay 10% per year compounded continuously. What
is the future value of your Rs.1,000 investment?
( )
F e = = 1 000 110517
0 10 1
, , .
.
This is even better than daily compounding
The basic rule of compounding is: The more frequently
interest is compounded, the higher the future value
Continuous Compounding (cont.)
Suppose that the Fourth National Bank is offering to
pay 10% per year compounded continuously. If you
plan to leave the money in the account for 5 years,
what is the future value of your Rs.1,000 investment?
( )
F e = = 1 000 1 648 72
0 10 5
, , .
.
20
Suppose you have invested Rs. 70,000 with
Bank. The rate of interest is 8% p.a. what
will be the value of your investment after 5
years.
Rs. 5000 is invested at 8% p.a. interest,
compounded quarterly. How much will the
investment amount to in 3 years?
What will be the compound interest on Rs.
5000 at 4% per annum for 2 year, the interest
being compounded half-yearly?
Find out the rate of interest per annum if a
sum of money invested at compound
interest, amounts to Rs. 440 in 2 years and to
Rs. 460 in 3 years.
21
Calculative effective rate of interest if
Rs. 10000 deposited with a bank @ 12%
p.a. payable annually, half yearly,
quarterly, monthly, weekly and daily
You want to take a housing loan of Rs.
1 lakh which you have to repay in 10
years. The rate of interest is 12% p.a.
Calculate Equated Monthly
Instalments

Calculating the Present Value
So far, we have seen how to calculate the
future value of an investment
But we can turn this around to find the
amount that needs to be invested to achieve
some desired future value:
( )
PV
FV
i
N
N
=
+ 1
Present Value: An Example
Suppose that your five-year old daughter has just
announced her desire to attend college. After some
research, you determine that you will need about Rs.
200,000 on her 18th birthday to pay for four years of
college. If you can earn 8% per year on your
investments, how much do you need to invest today to
achieve your goal?
24
( )
58 . 539 , 73
08 . 1
000 , 200
13
= = PV
Annuities
An annuity is a series of nominally equal payments
equally spaced in time
Annuities are very common:
Rent
Mortgage payments
Car payment
Pension income
The timeline shows an example of a 5-year, Rs.100
annuity
0 1 2 3 4 5
100 100 100 100 100
The Principle of Value Additivity
How do we find the value (PV or FV) of an
annuity?
First, you must understand the principle of
value additivity:
The value of any stream of cash flows is equal to
the sum of the values of the components
In other words, if we can move the cash flows
to the same time period we can simply add
them all together to get the total value
Present Value of an Annuity
We can use the principle of value additivity to find
the present value of an annuity, by simply summing
the present values of each of the components:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
PV
Pmt
i
Pmt
i
Pmt
i
Pmt
i
A
t
t
t
N
N
N
=
+
=
+
+
+
+ +
+
=

1 1 1 1
1
1
1
2
2
Suppose Pmt

t
= 100 and discount rate i =10% what
will be PV
A
of 5 year annuity.
Present Value of an Annuity (cont.)
Using the example, and assuming a discount rate of
10% per year, we find that the present value is:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
PV
A
= + + + + =
100
110
100
110
100
110
100
110
100
110
379 08
1 2 3 4 5
. . . . .
.
0 1 2 3 4 5
100 100 100 100 100
62.09
68.30
75.13
82.64
90.91
379.08
Present Value of an Annuity (cont.)
Actually, there is no need to take the present
value of each cash flow separately
We can use a closed-form of the PV
A
equation
instead:
( )
( )
PV
Pmt
i
Pmt
i
i
A
t
t
t
N
N
=
+
=

+

(
(
( =

1
1
1
1
1
Present Value of an Annuity (cont.)
We can use this equation to find the present
value of our example annuity as follows:
( )
PV Pmt
A
=

(
(
(
=
1
1
110
010
379 08
5
.
.
.
This equation works for all regular annuities,
regardless of the number of payments
The Future Value of an Annuity
We can also use the principle of value additivity to
find the future value of an annuity, by simply
summing the future values of each of the
components:
( ) ( ) ( )
FV Pmt i Pmt i Pmt i Pmt
A t
N t
t
N
N N
N
= + = + + + + +

1 1 1
1
1
1
2
2
The Future Value of an Annuity (cont.)
Using the example, and assuming a discount rate of
10% per year, we find that the future value is:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
FV
A
= + + + + = 100 110 100 110 100 110 100 110 100 61051
4 3 2 1
. . . . .
100 100 100 100 100
0 1 2 3 4 5
146.41
133.10
121.00
110.00
}
= 610.51
at year 5
The Future Value of an Annuity (cont.)
Just as we did for the PV
A
equation, we could
instead use a closed-form of the FV
A

equation:
( )
( )
FV Pmt i Pmt
i
i
A t
N t
t
N
N
= + =
+

(
(

1
1 1
1
This equation works for all regular annuities,
regardless of the number of payments
The Future Value of an Annuity (cont.)
We can use this equation to find the future
value of the example annuity:
( )
FV
A
=

(
(
= 100
110 1
010
61051
5
.
.
.
Annuities Due
Thus far, the annuities that we have looked at begin
their payments at the end of period 1; these are
referred to as regular annuities
A annuity due is the same as a regular annuity,
except that its cash flows occur at the beginning of
the period rather than at the end
0 1 2 3 4 5
100 100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 100 5-period Annuity Due
5-period Regular Annuity
Present Value of an Annuity Due
We can find the present value of an annuity due in
the same way as we did for a regular annuity, with
one exception
Note from the timeline that, if we ignore the first cash
flow, the annuity due looks just like a four-period
regular annuity
Therefore, we can value an annuity due with:
( )
( )
PV Pmt
i
i
Pmt
AD
N
=

+

(
(
(
(
+

1
1
1
1
Present Value of an Annuity Due (cont.)
Therefore, the present value of our example
annuity due is:
( )
( )
PV
AD
=

(
(
(
(
+ =

100
1
1
110
010
100 416 98
5 1
.
.
.
Note that this is higher than the PV of the,
otherwise equivalent, regular annuity
Future Value of an Annuity Due
To calculate the FV of an annuity due, we can
treat it as regular annuity, and then take it
one more period forward:
( )
( )
FV Pmt
i
i
i
AD
N
=
+

(
(
+
1 1
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pmt Pmt Pmt Pmt Pmt
Future Value of an Annuity Due (cont.)
The future value of our example annuity is:
( )
( )
FV
AD
=

(
(
= 100
110 1
010
110 67156
5
.
.
. .
Note that this is higher than the future value
of the, otherwise equivalent, regular annuity
Deferred Annuities
A deferred annuity is the same as any other
annuity, except that its payments do not
begin until some later period
The timeline shows a five-period deferred
annuity
0 1 2 3 4 5
100 100 100 100 100
6 7
PV of a Deferred Annuity
We can find the present value of a deferred annuity
in the same way as any other annuity, with an extra
step required
Before we can do this however, there is an important
rule to understand:
When using the PV
A
equation, the resulting PV is
always one period before the first payment occurs
PV of a Deferred Annuity (cont.)
To find the PV of a deferred annuity, we first
find use the PV
A
equation, and then discount
that result back to period 0
Here we are using a 10% discount rate
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 100 100 100 100 100
6 7
PV
2
= 379.08
PV
0
= 313.29
PV of a Deferred Annuity (cont.)
( )
PV
2
5
100
1
1
110
010
379 08 =

(
(
(
(
=
.
.
.
( )
PV
0
2
379 08
110
31329 = =
.
.
.
Step 1:
Step 2:
FV of a Deferred Annuity
The future value of a deferred annuity is
calculated in exactly the same way as any
other annuity
There are no extra steps at all
Uneven Cash Flows
Very often an investment offers a stream of
cash flows which are not either a lump sum
or an annuity
We can find the present or future value of
such a stream by using the principle of value
additivity
Uneven Cash Flows: An Example (1)
Assume that an investment offers the following cash
flows. If your required return is 7%, what is the
maximum price that you would pay for this
investment?
0 1 2 3 4 5
100 200 300
( ) ( ) ( )
PV = + + =
100
107
200
107
300
107
51304
1 2 3
. . .
.
Uneven Cash Flows: An Example (2)
Suppose that you were to deposit the following
amounts in an account paying 5% per year. What
would the balance of the account be at the end of the
third year?
0 1 2 3 4 5
300 500 700
( ) ( )
FV= + + = 300 105 500 105 700 155575
2 1
. . , .