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1
Parallel data transfer:
Many bits (usually 4 or 8) are sent at a time over many wires in the cable.
- Faster
- Limited to small distances
- Data skew: The difference in arrival time of bits transmitted at the
same time.
- Slower
- Cheaper 2
• To interface a microcomputer with serial data lines, the data must be
converted to and from serial form.
• A parallel-in-serial-out shift register and a serial-in-parallel-out shift
register can be used to conversion.
3
Terms in serial data transmission
• Simplex
– Transmit data only in one direction
– Eg: radio station, earthquake sensor
• Half-duplex
– Communication can take place in either direction between two
systems, but can only occur in one direction at a time.
– Eg: walky-talky, push to talk (PTT) devices
• Full-duplex
– Full-duplex means that each system can send and receive data at the
same time.
– Eg: phone conversation.
4
Serial transmission
Asynchronous
-Each byte is encoded for transmission with Start and stop bits
Synchronous
-Sender and receiver must synchronize
Done in hardware using phase locked loops (PLLs)
-Expensive
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6
ALWAYS LOW ALWAYS HIGH
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8
Format of asynchronous transmission (One byte of async data)
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Pin Configuration of the 8251 USART
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Pin Number Description
4 GND - Ground
11 CS - Chip Select
11
16 SYNDET/BD - Refer Data Sheet
20 CLK - Clock
21 RESET - Reset
13
D0 to D7 (l/O terminal)
This is bidirectional data bus which receives control words and transmits data from the
CPU and sends status words and received data to CPU.
WR (Input terminal)
It receives a signal for writing transmit data and control words from the CPU
into the 8251.
RD (Input terminal)
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It receives a signal for reading receive data and status words from the 8251.
C/D (Input terminal)
• It selects data or command words and status words when the 8251 is
accessed by the CPU.
CS (Input terminal)
In "synchronous mode," the terminal is at high level, if transmit data characters are no
longer remaining and sync characters are automatically transmitted.
3. In "asynchronous mode," this is an output terminal which generates "high level” output
upon the detection of a "break" character if receiver data contains a "low-level" space
between the stop bits of two continuous characters.
17
DSR (Input terminal) : Data Set Ready
• This is an input signal for MODEM interface. The input status of the terminal can be
recognized by the CPU reading status words.
• This is an output signal for MODEM interface. It is possible to set the status of DTR
by a command.
• This is an input signal for MODEM interface which is used for controlling a
transmit circuit. CTS=0 then terminal is ready to transmit data.
RTS (Output terminal): Request To Send data
• This is an output signal for MODEM interface. It is possible to set the status RTS by
a command.
18
The 8251 functional configuration is programmed by software. Operation between the
8251 and a CPU is executed by program control. Table below shows the operation
between a CPU and the device.
19
Interfacing 8251 with 8086
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21
RS-232 Interface:
RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and was given by
the EIA (Electronic Industry Association), Bell Laboratories in the year
1969.
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• RS232 on DB9 (9-pin D-type connector)
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Signals
Commonly-used signals are:
• Firstly, the interface pre-supposes a common ground between the DTE and
DCE.
-- This is a reasonable assumption where a short cable connects a DTE and DCE
in the same room, but with longer lines and connections between devices
that may be on different electrical busses, this may not be true. We have
seen some spectacular electrical events causes by "uncommon grounds".
• Secondly, a signal on a single line is impossible to screen effectively for noise.
-- By screening the entire cable one can reduce the influence of outside noise,
but internally generated noise remains a problem.
-- As the baud rate and line length increase, the effect of capacitance between
the cables introduces serious crosstalk until a point is reached where the data
itself is unreadable.
26
TTL to RS 232C conversion
• The TTL side is a 9-pin female connector, and the RS-232 side is
a 9-pin male connector.
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High-Speed serial communication
• RS-422:
A high-speed system similar to RS-232 but with differential signaling
• RS-423:
A high-speed system similar to RS-422 but with unbalanced signaling
• RS-449 :
A functional and mechanical interface that used RS-422 and RS-423
signals - it never caught on like RS-232 and was withdrawn by the EIA
• RS-485:
A descendant of RS-422 that can be used as a bus in multidrop
configurations
• MIL-STD-188:
A system like RS-232 but with better impedance and rise time control
32
• TIA-574:
standardizes the 9-pin D-subminiature connector pinout for use with
EIA-232 electrical signaling, as originated on the IBM PC/AT
• SpaceWire
high-speed serial system designed for use on board spacecraft
33
High-Speed serial communication standards
IEEE 1394 interface:
• The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed
communications and isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently used by personal
computers, as well as in digital audio, digital video, automotive, and aeronautics
applications.
• The ISOCHRONOUS (ISOC) format for data transmission is a procedure or protocol
in which each information CHARACTER or BYTE is individually synchronized or
FRAMED by the use of Start and Stop Elements (bits).
• This interface is also known by the brand names of FireWire (Apple Inc.), i.LINK
(Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments).
• IEEE 1394 has been adopted as the High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance
(HANA) standard connection interface for A/V (audio/visual) component
communication and control.
• FireWire is also available in wireless, fiber optic, and coaxial versions using the
isochronous protocols
• It can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400 Mbit/s half-duplex
data rates (the actual transfer rates are 98.304, 196.608, and 393.216 Mbit/s,
• Cable length is limited to 4.5 metres (14.8 ft), although up to 16 cables can
be daisy chained using active repeaters.
35
The 6-circuit and 4-circuit alpha
FireWire 400 connectors
The alternative Ethernet-style
cabling used by 1394c
• The 1.6 Gbit/s and 3.2 Gbit/s devices use the same 9-
circuit beta connectors as the existing FireWire 800 and
will be fully compatible with existing S400 and S800
devices.
39
Comparison to USB
1. Aircraft
2. Automobiles
40
USB-Universal Serial Bus
• USB is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel
ports.
• USB can connect computer peripherals such as
– mice
– keyboards
– PDAs
– gamepads
– joysticks
– scanners
– digital cameras
– printers
– personal media players
– flash drives
– external hard drives.
• As of 2008, there are about 2 billion USB devices sold per year,
and about 6 billion total sold to date.
41
• The design of USB is standardized by the USB Implementers Forum
(USB-IF), an industry standards body incorporating leading
companies from the computer and electronics industries.
• Year created: January 1996
• Created by: Intel, Compaq, Microsoft, Digital Equipment
Corporation, IBM, Northern Telecom
• A USB host may have multiple host controllers and each host
controller may provide one or more USB ports.
•
• Up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a
single host controller.
• USB devices are linked in series through hubs. A physical USB device
may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device
functions. 45
• A single device may provide several functions, for
example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in
microphone (audio device function). Such a device is
called a compound device in which each logical device is
assigned a distinctive address by the host and all logical
devices are connected to a built-in hub to which the
physical USB wire is connected.