PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT
Prepared
by:
Introduction to
personality development
and
human relations
CHAPTER 1
Personality Development What is it?
Personality
came to a Greek term
persona which means mask(a
mask is commonly known by
humans as a device used to
disguise themselves form
anybody whenever and wherever
they go).
the sum of such characteristics
as they impress or tend to impress
others.
it is an excellent or distinctive
trait of character, sociability etc.
Development
the act of developing or the
state or condition of being
developed.
a progressive changes, which
occur as a result of maturation
and experience

Personality Development - refers to sequential changes in the
different aspects of personality, namely: physical, intellectual,
character, temperament or emotional, social and spiritual aspects of
man.
Relations Between Personality
Development and Human Relations
In the real world, personality development and human
relations always go hand-in-hand. The development of
ones personality can affect ones social relations.
Human beings have complexities merely that knowing
intrapersonal development is not enough. Understanding
it at the same time could even give you headache. To
fully understand the complexities surrounding the nature
of man, one needs a thorough and close study of how
human beings interact with the society they live in. thus,
the study of personality development comes in context
with society and its component.
Myths About Personality
1.Personality is nothing but
physical appearance
This is one type of myth
where the opinion of one person
is based on another ones
physical appearance.

2. Personality is nothing but
intellectual prowess
This is one type of myth
where the false opinion of one
person is limited to another
ones intellectual abilities.

3. Personality is nothing but
pseudo science
This one type of myth where
the unproven belief of one
person is attributed to a lot of
pseudo science(Pseudo
Science is also known as Para-
science which uses a method to
judge ones personality).
a.Phrenology - This type of pseudo
science explains that the shape
of ones skull reveals ones
personality.
b.Graphology - This is a type of
pseudo science that explains
how the lines criss-crossing
ones hands reflect ones
personality.
c.Astrology - This is a type of pseudo science that explains how the
location and pattern of heavenly bodies shape ones personality.

d.Physiognomy - This is a type of pseudo science that explains how
the structure and expression on ones physique reveals his/her
personality
e.Numerology - This type of pseudo science explains that the numbers
pertaining to ones birth date have a bearing on ones personality.

It is already a widely-known fact that personality is composed of
many aspects. However, prevent as we may, there are still instances
that we made wrong opinions towards others personality, and these
opinions are what we call myths. Myth is unproven or false belief.
Psychodynamics of Personality
Psychodynamics of Personality
is composed of the Id, Ego,
and Superego which tackle the
individuals inner motivation and
why they are acting in such a
manner

a.Id - The most primitive among
the three forces. Also known as
the pleasure principle. It
always seeks for the satisfaction
of ones desires and urges in life
while disregarding the reality
needs of the individual.

b.Ego - Dominated by social
norms and environmental
standards. Also known as the
reality principle. The individual
governed by this principle is more
apt to good manners and right
conduct to go along with the
demands of the society.

c.Superego - The third psychic
force and known to be ones
conscience. Also known as the
moral principle. A person who is
dominated by this principle is
more rationalized by what is right
and what is wrong, and those of
parental prohibitions, sanctions
and moral concepts.

Objectives of Personality
Enhancement
The enhancement of our personality greatly depends on our ability to
make ourselves beautiful in the eyes of the people around us.
Needless to say, the seasonality of an individual is on his own doing.
Whatever the person is right now, is what he made for himself.
The following are some of the objectives of human on why they are
trying to enhance their personality:
1. Social Acceptance It is everyones wish to be treated in accordance
with who they are at present. The reason that people try to modify their
personality is for them to gain more friends.
2. Social-Satisfaction It is ones desire to feel contented with oneself.
People who are contented with themselves are more positive and
friendly in dealing with others.
3. Self-Confidence It is the ability of a person to deal with anybody on
different situations without hesitation. This is one positive attitude that a
person fosters when he is with somebody.
Agents in Developing
Personality
1. Family - This basic unit of
society is also the basic foundation
of personality development. This is
where all the firsts of a particular
individual evolve. A child learns
everything that he/she needs to
learn before facing the harshness of
reality outside the safety of home.
2. School - This is formalized agent
of personality development which
seeks obedience from its members
for individuals to achieve their goal
of developing humans that possess
a socially-approved knowledge,
skills, values, attitudes and general
orientations of the society.
3. Church This is a different
formalized agent of personality
formation where the rules
stipulated are not made by
humans but by Divine Providence
within which people are expected
to abide.
4. Peer Group This is a type of
agent in the formation of
personality where no specific rules
are laid for the so-called
enjoyment of its members.
5. Mass Media This is another
influential agent in the formation of
ones personality through the use
of some devices such as
television, radio etc. whatever the
widely accepted by known
personalities in the media, the
person influenced by this agent
will imitate.
Aspects
of
Personality
CHAPTER 2
Physical and Intellectual Aspect
Physical Aspect

(also known as biological or
physiological aspect) is
composed of all the external
attributes of an individual such
as hair, skin, eyes, nose, mouth,
ears, height, and others that the
parents can genetically transmit
to their children.

Heredity which is known as
the transmission of genetic
characteristics of parents to
offspring, greatly contributes to
ones physiological attribute.
Intellectual Aspect
(also known as cognitive or
psychological aspect)
describes ones ability to
express himself with his wide
range of ideas, values and
alertness to everything that
surrounds him.
Heredity also allows for the
genetic transmission of the
parents intellect to their children.
This aspect of heredity focuses
on the individuals mental
capacity or Intelligence Quotient
(IQ)

Moral and Temperamental
Aspect
Moral Aspect

Focuses on the knowledge of
what is right and what is wrong. An
individual does not inherit character
soon after he/she is born. Character
is developed as soon as an
individual acquires the ability to
grasp concepts or standards of
good manners and right conduct.
Temperamental Aspect
(also known as emotional
aspect) explains ones
sentiments or feelings towards
something or someone on a
given situation or instances.
Children do inherit some of their
parents emotions but does not
necessarily express the same
emotions the way their parents
do.
Social and Spiritual Aspect
Social Aspect
seen primarily on the extent of a certain individual to deal with
other people around them by observing the protocol of human
relations. Or the so-called social etiquette. That is greatly affected by
his enhanced physiological state, intellectual keenness, emotional
maturity and faith. When properly developed, this aspect could result
to a more socially flexible person who is prepared to meet the various
situations in life.
Spiritual Aspect
This aspect is further developed in the environment through
religious affiliations and practices that molds an individual. It is about
the belief of people in worshipping a Divine Being. It holds that there
is a Divine Power that sees all undertakings here on earth.
Theories
of
Personality
Development
CHAPTER 3
Stages of Development Types
Quantitative Development

Comes from the Latin word
quantus which means how
large. This type of
development involves
quantity or numbers which to
refer to age(a series of
numbers that pertains to how
old a certain individual is from
the time they were conceive
in the womb to the time of
senescence).
Is a stage of chronological
development of humans that
involves numbers.
Qualitative Development

Comes from the Latin word
qualis which means such a
kind. It pertains to ones maturity.
This type of development
involves the level of maturity of
an individual in terms of
cognition, moral reasoning,
psychosocial, and psychosexual
development.
It is the weight of maturity of a
person in all the aspects of
personality.
Quantitative Stages of
Development

Physiological Stages of Development
1. Beginning of Life - Life begins as soon as male sex cell, spermatozoa,
which are produced by the testes and a female sex cell, the ova, which
are produced by the ovaries unite.
2. Babyhood - it is the beginning or the early period of existence as
individual. This stage usually covers the first two years of ones life.
--Infancy is known as the time of true foundation of age. It is known
to be the most critical phase of developing personality because this is the
time when the child learns a lot, acquire skills, and develop emotions.
3. Childhood - this is the stage where a lot of people think that childhood is
the longest among all the stages of development. It is a time when a
child is considered helpless and dependent on others.
--Early Childhood in this stage the child is 3-6 years old. The child
has somehow developed his/her personality and unconsciously acquires
more through the help of those people with whom he/she shows some
interests.

--Late Childhood the childs age range from 7-13 years old. This
stage of development shows the kids in earnest interests with their peers.
4. Adolescence - This stage starts at a time a person reaches the age of 14-
17. This stage is considered as a transitional stage where a person
becomes physically, emotionally, and psychologically mature yet
immature still in a lot of ways. This is known to be a problem age where
adolescents are too eager to improve their personalities in the hope of
advancing their status in the social group they belong and a time for
identity confusion.
5. Adulthood - This is the longest stage among all the stages. It is composed
of 3 stages:
--Early Adulthood this stage extends from the time a person enters
the age of 18-40. this is the stage where people settle down and
reproduce. This often entails a lot of vocational and family pressures on
the individual resulting to a restriction on them to stay at work and with their
family members thus providing a lesser social activities.
--Middle Age this stage extends from the time a person reaches the
age of 41-49. This is a very critical stage to self-evaluation whereby people
realize their achievement and boredom.
--Senescent this stage covers the time a person reaches the age of
sixty to death. This is where physiological and psychological changes lead to
poor adjustments and unhappiness resulting to disengagement in social
gatherings.
Qualitative Stages of
Development
Jean Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor Stage - This stage starts from birth to 2
nd
year of an
individuals life. This is the stage where an infants medium of
learning is through senses, such as what the baby sees, hears,
feels, smells, and tastes. The muscle coordination of the
babies also develop.
2. Preoperational Stage - This stage covers 2
nd
- 7
th
year of ones lifespan.
The children get increased intellectual abilities and motor coordination.
They acquire the capacity to reason out and see the relationship of the
things around them.
3. Concrete Operational Stage - This stage covers 7-11 years. This is the time
where learning widens, children start to enter school and ambiguous or
tenuous concepts during childhood become specific and concrete.
4. Formal Operational Stage - The individual is at this stage when he/she
reaches the age ranging from eleven to the time before death. This is
where people have reached the stage of intellectual development where
they are fully capable to solve certain problems and can reason on the
basis of hypothesis or propositions.
Lawrence Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Reasoning
1. Preconventional Morality- Moral development at this level is very low since children at
this phase are not yet fully developed when it comes to their intellectual abilities.
Their limited intellectual abilities leads them to confusion in grasping abstract
principles of right and wrong.
--Punishment Stage the child is bound by obedience and punishment
orientation where they judge actions as right or wrong in terms of the
punishment they will get if they dont obey.
--Reward Orientation the children obey rules to get rewards.
2. Conventional Morality- This level is also known as the morality of conventional rules
and conformity .
--The Good boy/Good girl Orientation children conform to rules just to win the
approval of others and maintain harmonious relationship.
--The Authority Orientation children conform to laws set by the authorities
because they are socially accepted and followed to avoid social disapproval
and censure.
3. Postconventional Morality- The third level of moral development where an individual
establishes self-imposed principles.
--Social Control Orientation the individual believes that there should be flexible
moral beliefs which one can modify to work harmoniously with other group members
whose sense of morality is opposite his/hers.
--Ethical Principle Orientation individuals try to internalize ideals in order to
avoid self- condemnation rather than social censure by conforming to socially
accepted standards. Known as the stage of respect for others over personal
desires.
Eric Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development
He once stated that Childhood is the scene of mans beginning as man,
the place where our particular virtues and vices slowly but clearly develop
and make themselves felt. With this he means that the manner by which
the child is brought up during his childhood years determines what he will
become in the future.
As the child grows, his environment widens. The wide environment entails a lot of
virtues to keep him going. Whatever quality he have acquired at home will eventually
be revealed when he faces the world outside.
In the latter part of childhood, he begins to search for his identity. As explained by
Erickson Identity means a sense of being able to function as a separate person but
with a close relationship to others.
When early adulthood sets in, intimacy or isolation begins where man and
woman feel the need for a companion or someone to be with. This is the stage when
adults establish warm, intimate relationship with others, and make better personal
and social adjustment.
By the time an individual reaches middle age, which is known as the time of
achievement, he said that people would either enter generativity(tendency to
produce) or stagnation(tendency to stand still). People will either continue to work
and produce more achievement or stay where they are and accomplish nothing.
Whatever an individual learn during his middle age, she will bring until old age for
the lessons become the guiding virtue to whether a person will exude respect and
integrity or despair and regret in old age.
Sigmund Freuds Psychosexual Stages of Development
1. Oral Phase - This is the first stage of psychosexual development. It describes
the childs development during the first 18 months of life. It is called oral
phase as it describes that an infants pleasure centers in the mouth.
2. Anal Phase - The next stage is centered around the rectum, but can also
include bladder function. This phase usually covers one year to three years of
age. In this stage, children learn to control the expulsion of waste causing
their sexual desire to become focused in this area.
-- a child with Expulsive Character does the malicious excretion either just
before he is place on the toilet or jest after he is removed form the toilet.
-- a child who has a Retentive Character takes pleasure in holding in the
feces in spite of his parents training.
3. Phallic Phase - at 3-6 years of age, the sexual energy shifts from the anal
region to the genital region. At this phase, the Oedipus or Electra complex
develops. The Oedipus complex is the central psychoanalytical dynamic in
this period for men; the Electra complex for women.
4. Latency Phase - This period begins when the child reaches the age of 6 and
ends with puberty starts. The child begins to make connections to siblings,
other children, and adults. This phase is typified by a solidifying of the habits
that the child developed in the earlier stages.
5. Genital Phase once puberty starts, the genital stage commences,
allowing the child to develop opposite sex relationships with the
libidinal energy again focused on the genital area. According to Freud,
if any of the stages are fixated on, there is not enough libidinal energy
for this stage to develop untroubled.
Physical Aspect:
An Analysis
CHAPTER 4
Visual Poise and Figure Control
Visual Poise -a person who
exudes confidence moves with
so much ease and grace.

1. Standing - The graceful way of
standing, most especially for ladies,
is achieved through the basic foot
position or the basic hesitation
position because it relaxes the legs.

2. Walking - Do not forget to maintain
proper body alignment when you
start to walk and always step off
with your front or show foot.

3. Sitting - Always sit and rise with
the help of your thigh muscles.
Figure Control

Understanding your body.
To bear with good posture, one
must first understand his body
and how it is formed. If an
individual knows his body
mechanisms, the task of each
muscle and how his body
generally works, he will know
what will happen if any of the
body part does not perform
properly


Types of Muscles and Types of Posture
Problems
Types of Muscles
1. Striated Muscles - these muscles are
called as such because of its striped-
liked feature. These voluntary muscles
primarily work for the skeletal system,
that is why they are also known as
skeletal muscles.
2. Smooth Muscles - These muscles are
known for its fairly smooth surfaced
feature. These involuntary muscles
primarily work for the internal organs
of the body.
3. Cardiac Muscles they are called
cardiac muscles because their
primordial responsibility is only
intended for the heart. This muscles
has the strongest quality of muscles
because it contracts more slowly but
its response lasts relatively longer.
Types of Posture Problems
1. Kyphosis - a posture problem
showing symptoms such as head
thrusting forward and shoulders
drooping or hunched forward.
2. Lordosis a posture problem
showing symptoms such as
stomach protruding and buttocks
protruding in back, like a back
porch
3. Scoliosis and Buttocks Protruding a
posture problem showing the most
symptoms among the three such as
head thrusting forward, shoulders
drooping or hunching forward, bust
line drooping, chest spear to be
caved-in etc.
Ways to have a Better Diet
1. Eat slowly
2. Eat when you are hungry
3. Less food on your plate
4. Drink a glass of water or more
5. Omit salt or use it scarcely
6. Dont use sugar in beverages
7. Never use butter, margarine,
oil, cream, fats, mayonnaise, or
rich dressing unless prescribed
in your diet
8. Avoid concentrated rich food
9. Taste the forbidden food but
dont eat it
10. No second helping
11. More activity, less sleep
12. Beware of saying I eat like a
bird
13. Day of deprivation
14. Stop at your idea weight
15. Speak up Im on a diet

Make-Up and The Inside
Beauty
Make-Up
Everybody has his or her
unique facial features that need
not be concealed by any facial
colorings. There are only a few
people who have the ability to stay
attractive minus all the colorings
of the so-called make-up. People
use make-up for several reasons
like:
1. It helps some people to hide the
flaws they have in their facial
features.
2. Use it out of curiosity.
3. Enhance the beauty they
already have.
The Inside Beauty
Make-up definitely modifies
ones facial beauty, specifically
the external physical beauty of a
person. The inside beauty of a
person is the only thing that
make-up cannot change
because no matter how beautiful
the application of make-up, it
can never compensate with
ones inner beauty.

Layers of the Skin and Types of
Skin
Layers of the Skin - The skin is
the primary part of the human body
that serves defense against
diseases and injury.
1. Epidermis - it is the outer covering. The
characteristic of this layer is mark with
wrinkles, ridges, and furrows, and
obscured with openings called pores
through which perspiration passes out of
the body.
2. Dermis - this layer contains nerve cells,
blood vessels, connective tissues,
sebaceous glands, and some of the hair
follicles and fats.
3. Hypodermis - inner layer of the skin,
otherwise known as subcutaneous
tissue, which consist of fatty tissues,
blood vessels, sweat glands, and
smooth muscles.
Types of Skin
1. Normal - This type of skin is
characterized by velvety, smooth
and clear texture, although perfect,
this skin must be kept thoroughly
clean so that no problem will ever
arises.
2. Oily - this skin type is often
abrasive in texture with a possibility
to produce large pores around the
nose that often result to blackheads
or blemishes.
3. Dry - This type of skin is often
coarse or papery to touch that
relatively becomes flushed or tender
and manifests wrinkles easily
around the eyes and mouth.
Wardrobing
Psychology of Colors
1. Red - It expresses hostilities, fury, violence, hate, anger, and sin. But it
also represents love, beauty, happiness and cheerfulness.
2. Yellow - this expresses weakness, jealousy and envy. Also suggest
positivism, magnificence, intelligence, gold and prosperity.
3. Blue - a calm, humble color illustrating divinity, reputation, and honesty. It
has diminishing qualities that suggest depression or loneliness, often referred
to as the blues.
4. Green it is soothing to the eyes and nerves as it symbolized healthy
environment, youth, contentment, success and serenity.
5. Purple - Presents regality, grief, sorrow, exhaustion, or somberness.
6. White- is the insignia of hope and love, denoting the beauty, happiness,
innocence and decency
7. Black - is bitter, sad, depressing and mysterious, expressing distress, grief
and insecurity.
Color Harmony
1. Hue/Tone - This is the interchange with color
2. Primary colors - Represents the three fundamental hues.
3. Secondary colors - result when two primary colors are combined in equal
amounts.
4. Intermediate colors - represents hues resulting from the combination of primary
colors and secondary colors.
5. Staple colors - tones of fundamental clothing
6. Neutral colors - tones of fundamental clothing
7. Warm colors - colors that advance and which make objects appear larger
8. Cool colors - colors that recede and make objects appear smaller
9. Cast - the inclination toward a color as the underlying color within a color
10. Under tone - the stronger, more dominant color within an intermediate color
11. Dark colors - hues with a lot of black than colors
12. Deep colors - full strong hues, no absence of color, and little or no black.
Factors to Consider in Selecting Colors
*Skin tone
*Hair color
*Eye color
*Figure
*Personal choice

Laws of Having a Good Style
Memorize every angle of your
body.
Never repeat clothing that does
not flatter your figure
Use clothing with lines & colors
that give a perfect impression
Make sure that your clothes fit
Basic Wardrobe Lines
1. Plain Lines - basic wardrobe line that
is commonly used for all type of
figures and heights.
2. Princess Lines - gives illusion that a
certain figure has a pleasing shape
and height.
3. Vertical Lines - gives illusion that an
individual has taller and slimmer
figure.
4. Horizontal Lines - gives an illusion that
an individual has shorter and fuller
figure
5. Vee Lines - curve line that gives an
illusion that an individual has taller
and slimmer figure
6. Inverted Vee Line - curve line that
gives an illusion that an individual has
shorter and fuller figure.
Hair Styling
Hair Myths
1. Everyday shampooing of
ones hair is bad.
2. Brushing your hair every
evening for 100 times is good.
3. Vigorous massaging of scalp
is good.
4. Providing the hair externally
with vitamins and minerals is
good.
5. Vigorous drying of your hair
with towel is good.

Solutions to Hair Problem
1. Dull and lifeless hair- to restore luster to
dull and lifeless hair, your need to have a
good health, do gentle brushing, use lots of
conditioners and hair protection and
thoroughly rinse hair after shampooing.
2. Split Ends - if you dont have time to go to
the parlor for a trim, try to mix equal parts of
mayonnaise and soy sauce. Rinse
thoroughly after half an hour.
3. Dandruff - This is a scale formed by dead
cells that are about to peel off. For you to
get rid of it, you have to gently brush the
areas with dandruff and rinse your hair
thoroughly.
4. Falling Hair - There is no need to be afraid
when you see hair falling because it is
normal. But, if your hair is falling into
groups from the same area, you have to
consult a dermatologist.
Intellectual Aspect:
An Analysis
CHAPTER 5
Techniques in Gaining Intellectual
Growth
Acquiring Positive Thinking
1. Act, walk, talk and think like the
person you wish to become.
2. Seize successful, positive
thoughts in your wits.
3. Exude an air of well-being,
confidence, and purpose.
4. Deal with everyone as the most
important person on earth.
5. Let others feel needed, important,
and appreciated.
6. Think that everyone is best.
7. Dont brag about your bad health.
8. Look everywhere for best new
ideas.
9. Avoid pettiness.
10. Cultivate a spirit of giving.
Outlining a Better Vision
1. Identify your vision.
2. Analyze your present life condition.
3. Substitute all the little options for the
one big vision.
4. Modify your personal growth to your
vision.
5. Expose yourself to successful people.
6. Frequently express your belief in your
vision.
7. Expect resistance to your vision.
8. Eliminate negative thinkers as close
friends.
9. Discover every possible opportunity to
fulfill your vision.
10. Surpass normal expectations.
11. Assist others who have a similar
vision.
Outlining a Better Goal
1. Crystallize your mindset.
2. Create a plan for acting your
goal and a deadline for its
achievement.
3. Cultivate a sincere desire for
the things your want in life.
4. Produce supreme confidence
in yourself and your own
abilities.
5. Build a dogged determination
to follow through on your plan.
Time Management
1. Learn to walk in blocks of
time.
2. Avoid daydreaming,
procrastination, and laziness.
3. Determine your priorities.
4. Maintain your priorities.
5. Act on your priorities.
Stress, Frustrations, and Conflict
What is Stress?
A physical, mental, and emotional strain causing people to feel depressed
and frustrated.

Stress Factors
1. Physical Factor - involves strain on the biological or external attributes resulting to
hindrance in attaining ones goal.
2. Mental Factor - involves apprehension of a person in intellectual ability to complete
ones task.
3. Social Factor involves incapability of a person to harmoniously relate or interact
with other people.
What is Frustration?
Is the result of ones impediment or incapability to completed his desired
goals or ambitions that is caused by stressful events or conflicts.
What is Conflict?
The instance where we have to choose between two or more
synchronized appearance of incompatible or mutually special goals or
desires.

Types of Conflict
1. Double-approach conflict - also known as approach-approach conflict. People are
faced with both choices that appear to them a mutually positive.
2. Double-avoidance conflict - also known as avoidance-avoidance conflict. People will
have to think harder or else they will come up with the worst effect because the choices
that appear at once are both incompatible or negative.
3. Approach-Avoidance conflict also known as negative-positive conflict. People will
have to choose between negative or positive valences of choice or get stuck with a
choice that results to a bad choice.
4. Multiple conflict - also known as double approach-avoidance conflict. The most difficult
among types of conflict. You will think it unbelievable but people usually come up upon
this type.
Pointers to Overcome Stress,
Frustrations and Conflict
1. Cultivate a proper outlook.
2. Stop running from risks.
3. Succeed in your areas of
strength.
4. Prevent the rat race.
5. Dismount from the path of
overwork.
6. Produce strong conviction.
7. Give up your rights.
8. Reprogram your mind.
9. Turn your focus outward.
10. Unload stressful events to
someone.
11. Find a fun way to release
stress.
Defense Mechanism
Defense Mechanism
unconscious attempts of an individual to guard himself against the risk of
breaking down of the ego and to alleviate the tension and anxiety resulting
from unsolved frustrations and conflicts.
Types of Defense Mechanism
1. Compensation - a type where the individual concentrates on a certain
activity with an increased vigor in an attempt to make up for some feeling of
real or imagined inadequacy.
--Direct Compensation is where an individual conceives vigorous
yearning to succeed in an area with which he experienced failure or
inferiority.
--Indirect Compensation is where the individual tries to excel in a
different field when there has been a failure in another.
2. Fantasy - known as daydreaming. An individual makes some imaginary
activities that provide escape to some poor and frustrating reality which give
satisfaction as he obtains imagined achievement and success.
3. Identification - this is where an individual relates or associates himself
closely with the behavior of another individual or groups. It is also the
mechanism in which the individual boosts his confidence by designing
himself after another person.
4. Projection - an individual characterizes his own unfavorable traits or
impulses to another.
5. Repression - an individual unconsciously eliminates an undesirable
memory or excludes disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses form
consciousness.
6. Regression - an individuals action or behavior is like a trait of earlier stage.
7. Procrastination - an individual delays or puts off an unpleasant task.
8. Displaced Aggression - the individual switches a less intimidating object for
the original object or an impulse.
9. Rationalization - an individual uses logical reason whenever an action or
event hurts them.
-- Sweet Lemon process where the individual says that what he has is just
what he wants.
-- Sour-Grape process where the individual says something bad to objects
thae he cannot have but actually like.
--Escape Goat process where the individual tries to avoid the problems
which unendingly bug him.
10. Denial - an individual refuses to recognize the presence of danger or
threatening condition.
11. Reaction Formation - the individual expresses overstated ideas and
emotions that are contradictory to the present disturbing unconscious
impulses and desires.
12. Sublimation - individual re-channels sexual and aggressive energy into
pursuit that society considers acceptable and even admirable.
Techniques in Gaining Intellectual
Respect
Communication
the act of communicating;
exchange of ideas, conveyance
of information, etc.
Is a continuous two-way
process of transmitting
information from one person to
another with the use of
speaking, listening, reading, and
writing.
Classification of Communication

1. Intrapersonal communication
a person tries to communicate
with himself or herself and tries to
learn something about oneself.

2. Interpersonal communication
a person needs to have
significant others to learn and
converse with.

People Involved in the
Communication Process

1. Sender - This person is also
known as the speaker, transmitter,
lecturer. This person is the person
that initiates the communication
process.
2. Receiver - this person is known as
the listener, audience, crowd, etc.
This is the person that responds and
gives feedback to the person who
initiates the conversation.
Symbols in the Communication
Process

1. Verbal - Words and languages
primarily presented this type of
symbol. It represents speaking per
se.
2. Non-Verbal- presented by all types
of expressions, gestures, sign
language, writing, drawing, and
body languages. It doesnt need
speaking to express ones emotions,
idea or opinion towards something.
Aspects in the Communication
Process
Speaking
Language is the Rubicon that
divides man from beast. It is the
key factor that separates man from
animal.
1. Identify what you want to say.
2. Control fear.
3. Stop talking and Listen.
4. Think before you talk.
5. Believe in your message.
6. Repeat major points.
7. Find out what your listener wants.

Listening
To make an effort to hear, to
pay attention, as to warning or
advice. The hardest part one has to
achieve is the art of listening.
1. Prepare to listen.
2. Focus on the speaker.
3. Screen-out distractions.
4. Concentrate on the message.
5. Listen to tapes while you
commute

Components of Writing More
Effective Letters
1. Write a purpose statement.
2. Get to the point quickly.
3. Explain abstract words.
4. Use gender neutral language.
5. Express emotion.
6. Keep it simple.
7. Be concise.
8. Use short sentences.
Writing
keeping a journal is like having a
heart to heart talk with yourself.
1. Keep a journal.
2. Use an outline.
3. Write personal notes.
4. Write more effectively.
Reading
helps you gain more information and it will surely help you in proper speaking
and writing.
1. Read.
2. Keep up with current events.
3. Read something inspirational
4. Use the internet.
The Power of Motivation
Motivation
Is a continuous process that drives a person to act on something in order
to satisfy their needs.
Classification of Motives

1. Lower order need - Physiological need is the other name for this type of
order need. It is known as the lower order need since it represents the
primordial need of people which satisfies all the basic needs of human
such as food, shelter, etc.
2. Higher order need - Otherwise known as the Psychosocial need where
the need for satisfaction does not focus on the survival needs of human. It
is called as such since it focuses itself in gratifying the needs of human for
love and belongingness, accomplishments, etc.
Hierarchy of Needs
1. Physiological needs
known as the basic biological need. This type of need focuses on the
survival needs of human.
2. Safety and Security needs
this type of need concerns itself with all the needs of human to
harmoniously cope with its society.
3. Love and Belongingness needs
also known as social need since it concerns itself with the need of humans
to be a part if a certain group with which they will feel belong and loved.
4. Self-esteem needs
this type of need can only be achieved if an individual has successfully
passed the lower order needs of human and has experienced to love and be
loved.
5. Self-actualization needs
this is the highest and longest to achieve since it focuses on ones need to
self-realize everything that he have gone through and achieved in life.
Reinforcement that Motivates
Reinforcement
is a stimulus that strengthens or
weakens the behavior that produced
it. These actions for people to either
continue or eliminate the action.
1. Positive Reinforcement - the action
of a certain individual is rewarded
for them to maintain and continue it.
2. Negative Reinforcement - involves
aversive behavior in order to
eliminate or discard a wrong action
done by an individual.

Factors that Appeal for Motivation

1. Physical Factor- also known as
biological factor. People will do anything
to make themselves attractive and
prettier.
2. Psychological Factor - a person
hungers for personal growth.
3. Social Factor - prioritizes the need for
achievement, fulfillment, recognition, and
attention.
4. Moral Factor - this is where people
work hard on something in answer to
their beliefs, interests and intentions.
5. Spiritual Factor- factor with which an
individual is guided by a supreme being
as he works hard to achieve what is
expected of him.

Leadership Abilities
Leadership
is the process by which a person
leads and directs somebody
towards the achievement of a
specific goal. Leader is the person
who leads and directs others.
Follower the person whom the
leaders are directing and leading.
Steps in Becoming a Leader
1. Know thyself.
2. Develop a model of leadership
you can strive to achieve.
3. Learn from everything.
4. Create a feedback-rich
environment.
5. Find a mentor.
Leadership Factors

1. Consideration- attitude of a leader
who shows concern for his
constituents.
2. Structure - ability of a leader in
setting goals and identifying work
schedules and methods.
3. Production Emphasis - leaders
ability in accomplishing the specified
work correctly and on time.
4. Sensitivity - ability of a leader in
keeping all of his team happy and
working harmoniously.


Leadership Styles
1. Dominating Leader - the person leading the team focuses his attention on
getting things done according to his plan by giving orders.
2. Negotiating Leader - the person that leads a specific group tries to negotiate
with this followers on the basis of a win-win situation.
3. Persuading Leader- a person leading the team must possess vision, good
communication, and powerful motivating skills since he has to produce a
feeling that can be convincing to everybody.
4. Modeling Leader - Modeling has an enormous impact on people. If people
greatly admire somebody with a positive character, and they know how and
why they act as such, they might eventually follow.
5. Empowering Leader - the best and highest form of leadership style. The
leader builds relationship with this people, communicates his positive vision to
them, motivates them to believe they can achieve it, and equips them to
accomplish it.
Characteristics of a Leader
1. Leaders enlist the support of
others+.
2. Leaders walk their talk.
3. Leaders put their people first.
4. Leaders leverage their
resources.
5. Leaders know their followers.
6. Leaders lead.
Steps in Decision-Making
1. Relax, think things over.
before deciding , weight things out
first and be sure that you know the
consequences of your action.
2. Acknowledge the obvious.
sometimes the simplest and palpable
choice is the one least considered.
3. Evaluate the Consequences.
make sure that you have thought all
things through or youll end up miserable
and frustrated.
Decision-Making is the process by which decisions are made, especially
important decisions affecting others and made by virtue of ones office or
position;
the power or ability to make decisions of consequences.
Moral Aspect:
An Analysis
CHAPTER 6
Habit
Habits
the unconscious but ingrained actions of humans to things
around them in similar point in time. A tendency toward an action or
condition, which by repetition become involuntary.
Ways to Eradicate Negative Habits
1. Observe social impression about you.
2. Intensify personal observation of actions.
3. Amplify work loads.
Attitudes
Attitude
Is the first quality that marks a
successful man. If he has a
positive attitude and is a positive
thinker, who likes challenges
and difficult situations, then he
has half his success achieved.
a state of mind, behavior, or
conduct, it is indicating ones
feelings, opinions, or purposes.
1. Intend to improve.
2. Visualize.
3. Be flexible.
4. Be likable.
5. Commit to being truthful.
6. Empathize.
7. Dont take yourself too
seriously.
8. Eliminate negative feelings.
9. Be receptive to new ideas.
10. Take responsibility.
11. Respect others points of
view.
12. Recognize the impact of
stress.
13. Be real.
14. Check your attitude.
Behavior, Interest and
Principle
Ways to Improve Behavior
1. Laugh.
2. Use good manners.
3. Recognize manipulative
behavior.
4. Recognize condescending
manners.
5. Avoid words that hurt.
6. Change abrasive behavior.
7. Handle disagreements with
tact.
Interest
a feeling of attraction or
curiosity about something.

Principles
a set of moral standards or
rules of conduct, especially,
superior standards or rules.

Behavior
a manner of ones conduct,
deportment, any observable
response of an organism to
stimuli. It is the result of ones
need to catch the attention of the
people around them and be
recognized.
Values
Values
something regarded as desirable,
worthy, or right, as a belief or ideal. It
is the epitome of what is considered
as standard and ideal form living.
The Filipino Values System
1. Bahala na (Fatalistic Outlook) a type
of Filipino values that upholds the belief
that in every problem, which cannot be
solved by human ability, there is Divine
Being who will interfere.
2. Utang na Loob (Sense of Gratitude)
returning a favor that others have
extended to a certain individual.
3. Pakikisama (Desire for Interpersonal
Relation) a person initiatively extends
his help or favor to others to keep lasting
friendship.
4. Hiya (Shyness Orientation) very
evident among people who are new in a
certain environment where they cannot
let others see their real personality.
5. Amor Propio (Egotism) a person
presents a stature that does not really
describe his present status.
6. Bayanihan (Group Help) shows the
Filipinos willingness to extend help to
those people who are in need.
7. Maana Habit (Procrastination) a
Filipino values that tends to delay the
completion of work required.
8. Ningas-Kugon (Putting off tomorrow
what you can do for today) Filipinos
postpone the things that they plan to do
for the next day.
9. Pampalubag-loob (Euphemism)
explains the way an individual sys or
does unpleasant truths with
pleasantness.
10. Gaya-gaya (Imitating others) shown
when people imitates others ways which
they think may be good for them.
Temperamental
Aspect:
An Analysis
CHAPTER 7
Emotion
Emotion
came from a Latin term emoverse meaning to stir up or to move. A
strong feeling of some kind that impels a person to do something. It is one
factor that motivates a person to move and it can be either desirable or
undesirable and is said to either make or break a person.
Major Kinds of Emotion
1. Fear - arises when there is suddenness and unfamiliarity of situation
where the person involved has difficulty in making decision or action.
2. Anxiety - the person anticipates something that has not existed yet.
3. Worry - grows out of fear. A repetitive action that produce no adjustment
whatsoever, since it involves no plan of activity.
4. Anger - arises when the needs of a certain individual is thwarted.
5. Love - arises when a certain individual exudes affection of passion for
something or someone.
Effects of Emotion
Psychological Effect
Emotion is one of the
responsibilities of the brain. If there
are strong emotions that are not
fully satisfied, something might
happen to ones psychosocial
processes;
1. Positive Effect- emotions can help
an individual improve himself
and build lasting relationship.
2. Negative Effect- if the emotion is
too strong and cannot be
controlled by oneself, it may
result to negative attitude of an
individual.

Physiological Effect
Emotion also affect the biological
functioning;
1. Galvanic Skin Responses
2. Blood changes in pressure,
volume, and composition.
3. Respiration or breathing cycle.
4. Pupillary responses.
5. Salivary gland secretion is
impeded.
6. Muscle tension and tremor.
7. Pilomotor responses or goose
bumps.
8. Gastrointestinal motility.
9. Metabolic rate increase
10. Glandular activity increase.
Preventing Emotional
Outburst
1. Accept responsibility and achieve work without prejudice.
2. Respect and love others as you respect and love yourself.
3. Be sensitive to the needs and rights of other people.
4. Be flexible and use time, money, and effort in a constructive way.
5. Have a sense of humor and do not take everything seriously.
6. Follow directions and accept criticisms without being offended.
7. Admit that you are currently having an intense emotion.
8. Do not let others know that you experiencing a powerful emotion.
9. Incorporate your emotions with your intellect and determination
for you to learn and grow as a person.
Social Aspect:
An Analysis
CHAPTER 8
Social Relation: What is
it?
Social
Comes from the Latin word socius
which means ally (an ally that is
commonly known by humans as society
or associate undergoes a series of
interaction to result in some form of
bonding). It is composed of people
undergoing an interaction in relation to
their environment.
Relation
Comes from the Latin word relatus
which means to bring into connection
or relation. It is the connection or
interaction of group of individuals in a
particular environment.
Social Relation
the art of getting along well with other
people whenever they interact with each
other on a given situation in a particular
environment.
Building Harmonious Relationship
with Others
1. Speak your mind freely.
2. Dont fight over something that
was already shared.
3. Listen empathically to others.
4. Dont dominate the discussion.
5. Dont let the discussion get away
from your.
6. Join in a friendly disagreement.
7. Strike while the iron is hot.
8. Try to act what you are saying.
9. Be sensitive to the needs of
others.
10. Most especially, try to develop
the rarest and hardest art of
interaction-the art of LISTENING.
Social vs Real Self

Everyone has a personality.
Therefore, everyone wears a
mask. In Greek, Personality
came from the term persona
meaning mask. A mask is
anything that you can wear for
disguise. A mask refers to ones
social self. It is the self that
others see and is projected by
people to hide their real self .
Friendship
The one that multiply our joy and
divide our grief. They are the ones
who build us up when we are about
to quit on something that we are not
capable to achieve. Some ways to
practice the art of friendship;
1. Reach out.
2. Let friendship a priority.
3. Let friends know that you care.
4. Limit criticisms.
5. Evaluate before adding.
6. Never gossip about a friend.
7. Practice loyalty.
8. Be a real friend.
Spiritual Aspect:
An Analysis
CHAPTER 9
Standards for Social
Relations
The Greatest Commandments
1. Thou shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul,
and with all thy mind.
a. Thou shall have no other gods before me.
b. Thou shall not make unto three any graven image, or any likeness of anything
that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth.
c. Thou shall not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will
not hold him guiltless that take his name in vain.
d. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
2. Thou shall love thy neighbors as thyself.
a. Honor thy father and thy mother.
b. Thou shall not kill.
c. Thou shall not commit adultery.
d. Thou shall not steal.
e. Thou shall not bear false witness against thy neighbor.
f. Thou shall not covet thy neighbors house, thou shall not covet thy neighbors
wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any
thing that is thy neighbors.
Love as Part of Social
Relations
Love
generally includes an emotion of
intense attraction to either another
person, a place, or thing; and may
also include aspect of caring for or
finding identification with those
objects including self-love.
Types of Love
1. Courtly love- type of love prescribing
certain conduct and emotion for ladies
and their lovers.
2. Erotic love - the desire is characterized
by sexual urges.
3. Familial love - intertwined with concepts
of attachment and bonding.
4. Free love- sexual relations are present
according to choice and unrestricted by
marriage.
5. Platonic love- there is a close
relationship but the absence of sexual
desire.
6. Puppy love- the romantic affection that
is present is not mature or not true.
7. Religious love- love that reflects a
devotion to ones deity or theology.
8. Romantic love- the affection is
characterized by a mix of emotional and
sexual desire.
9. True love- love without condition, motive
or attachment.
10. Unrequited love- the affection and
desire is not reciprocated or returned.

Multiply your Happiness
Happiness
Is a prolonged or lasting emotional or affective state that feels good or
pleasing.
The following will help you have a positive vibes;
1. Appreciate people.
2. Allocate time with people.
3. Impart knowledge and ideas.
4. Share friendship.
5. Share kindness.
6. Share experience.
7. Share enthusiasm.
Manners
And
Etiquette
CHAPTER 10
Manners and Etiquette
Etiquette
is a French word meaning
ticket. A conventional rule of
behavior.

Manners
Is based on kindness to and
consideration for others, which
results from the heart of
courteous behavior. It is an
indicator if a certain individual is
civilized or not.
Good manners and right conduct should be
observe in the following places/situation:
1. in the FAMILY.
2. In PUBLIC places.
3. In DATING.
4. During MEAL (table manners)
5. During INTRODUCTIONS.
6. Answering telephone CALLS.

Evaluating
Personality
CHAPTER 11
Types of Evaluation
Techniques
1. Observation
the most basic and common form
of evaluating personality where the
only tool a person uses is his
senses to obtain information.

Two Types
a. Participatory Observation- the person
evaluates the personality of another
person participates in all his activities.
b. Non-Participatory Observation - the
person who evaluates the personality of
another person tries to observe him/her
from a distance.
2. Interview
Distinct type of evaluating
personality wherein the person who
is going to measure ones
personality uses cross-examination
to obtain information.

Two types
a. Structured interview- the interviewer
follows a certain format and questions to
make sure that all the needed details are
covered.
b. Unstructured interview- interviewer
does not follow a certain format and can
ask the person under examination
anything under the sun.
3. Test
the most distinct type of assessing personality since it has a standard set
of questions printed, evaluated, and proven reliable and valid by experts on
a given field.

1. Objective Test- known as paper and pencil test which follows a definite
scoring key.
--Intelligence Test measures ones intellectual abilities.
--Personality Test measures ones personality traits.
2. Subjective Test- test that does not have a definite answer, and scoring
depends on the expertise of a certain individual.
--Teacher-made test subjective test done primarily by teachers in relation
to their subject.
--Projective test composed by experts where the primordial objective is
for the individual to cast or to give an idea about their personality through their
responses in a more or less unstructured test.
Factors in Job Hunting
1. Interest
2. Location
3. Schedule

Components of Resume
1. Personal Information
2. Educational Background
3. Work Experience
4. Seminars, Conference,
Workshops
5. References
Preparing for an Interview
1. Physical Attributes- how
applicant carries himself.
2. Intellectual Attributes how
you answer the questions of the
interviewer.
The ABCs of Interviewing
1. A for Attitude- positive
attitude towards work.
2. B stands for Behavior- air of
confidence.
3. C for Compatibility- the job
fits you.
The world is so empty if one thinks only of mountains, rivers,
and cities, but to know someone here and there who thinks
and feels with us and who, though distant, is close to us in
spirit, makes the earth a garden.

-Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe
Thank you!.,
; )