JOHN HARRY RAMREZ SNCHEZ

ING. DE PETRLEOS
UNIVERSIDAD SURCOLOMBIANA
RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISMS
After the well has been completed, the hydrocarbons
flow from the reservoir to the surface. This first period in
the producing life of a reservoir is called primary
recovery or primary production.

During this stage, natural energy in the reservoir often
displaces the hydrocarbons from the pores of a
formation and drives it toward the wells and up to the
surface.

RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISMS
In order of importance, the three natural forces that move the
fluids in a reservoir are;

Water drive -when there is enough energy available from free
water in the reservoir
Gas drive -dissolved-gas drive
(Some hydrocarbons in the oil become gaseous when
the well releases pressure from the reservoir.)
-gas-cap drive
(Gas forms a cap on top of the oil. When there is an
escape route for the oil in the reservoir, the pressure of
the gas cap pushes the oil.)
Gravity drainage- (Gravity causes oil to migrate upward, because
water is heavier than oil.)


RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISMS
Gas-cap drive reservoir
Water drive reservoir
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
When pressures in the oil
reservoir have fallen to the
point where a well will not
be produced by natural
energy, some method of
artificial lift must be used.

Artificial lift uses oil well
pumps and high pressure
gas to lift the oil from the
reservoir.
The most common method of
pumping oil in land-based
wells is beam pumping.
The beam pumping creates
an up-and-down motion to a
string of rods called sucker
rods.
The top of the sucker rod
string hangs down inside the
tubing. A sucker rod pump is
located near the bottom of
the well.
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
WELL STIMULATION
Sometimes, petroleum exists in a formation but it is
unable to flow readily into the well, because the
formation has very low permeability.
If the formation is composed of rocks that dissolve by
acids, such as limestone or dolomite, then a technique
known as acidizing may be required.
Acidizing a well consists of injecting acid (usually
hydrochloric acid) into the well. In limestone or
carbonate formations, the acid dissolves portions of the
rock in the formation, opening up spaces to allow for
the flow of petroleum.
WELL STIMULATION
When sandstone rock contain oil or gas in commercial
quantities but the permeability is too low to permit good
recovery, a process called fracturing may be used to
increase permeability to a practical level.
Fracturing consists of injecting a fluid down the well
and into the formation under great pressure. Pumping
continues until the formation literally cracks open.
In addition to the fluid being injected, 'propping
agents' are also used to prop open the newly widened
fissures in the formation. Hydraulic fracturing involves
the injection of water into the formation.
Uses additional high pressure gas to
supplement formation gas. Produced fluids
are lifted by reducing fluid density in
wellbores to lighten the hydrostatic column,
or backpressure, load on formations.
Is the only lift method that fully utilizes
formation gas energy. External gas, injected
into special gas-lift valves at specific design
depths, mixes with produced fluids and
decreases the pressure gradient from the
point of injection to surface.
Generally the most economical artificial lift
method if a cost-effective gas supply is
available.
Reservoir pressure, suplemented by gas
injected into tubing valves at specific depths
to lighten the fluid column.
In gas lift systems, downhole equipment and
surface facilities are closely related. Because
well parameters and conditions like reservoir
pressure are dynamic, producing operations
change over time.
The productivity changes with time and
specific problems like water or sand influx.
Well factors include tubing and casing size as
well as depth and completion configuration,
type of gas-lift valves, wellbore hydraulics
and fluid flow regimes.
Gas-lift infrastructure includes compressors,
separators, manifolds, field flow lines and
export pipelines, which are closely related to
subsurface equipment operation and
performance. Changes in facility or reservoir
performance influence both systems.
Electric submersible systems use multiple
centrifugal pumps stages mounted in series
within a housing, mated closely to a
submersible electric motor on the end of
tubing and connected to surface controls and
electric power by an armor protected cable.
Design and installation of ESP combine
hydraulic, mechanical and electrical
components in a complex subsurface
environment.
High GOR fluids can be handled, but large gas
volumes can lock up and destroy pumps.
Corrosive fluids are handled by using special
materials coatings.
If the reservoir allows sand and abrasive
particles to be pumped without adverse
effects.
Operating submersible pumps at temperatures
above 350F (177C) requires special high
temperatures motors and cables.

Historically, ESP were used in high water, low
oil producers that perform like water wells.
Wells deeper than 12000 ft can be produced
efficiently with ESP.
Depth and high GOR restrict capacity and
efficiency.

Can lift high volumes of fluids.
It manages high courts of water.
It can operate to speeds of pumping variable.
The surface team requires little space.
Applicable OFF SHORE.
The investment is low in shallow wells and
with high rates of production.
It can be used to inject fluids to the
formation.

It required to control the team in each well.
Susceptible to the production of water, gas
and sand.
The electric cable is sensitive to the
temperature and handling. It is highly
expensive.
it needs electric current.
Their design is complex.
PCP are based on rotary fluid displacement.
This spiral system consists of a rotor turning
eccentrically inside a stationary stator. (See
fig.) the rotor is a small diameter screw with
deep round threads and extremely long
pitch-distance between threads peaks.
The stator has one more threads and longer
pitch than the rotor, which forms cavities that
progress in a rotating motion to create
almost pulsation-free linear flow.

Progressing cavity pumps produce up 1700
BPD and are used to depths of about 4000 ft
(1200m). Elastomeric components operating
temperatures to between 212 and 302F
(100-150C) may not be compatible with
some chemicals or H2S.
MUCHAS GRACIAS
EL ROTOR ES UNA TORNILLO DE DIAMETRO
PEQUEO CON ONDULACIONES PROFUNDAS
ALREDEDOR Y DE DISTANCIAS SUMAMENTE
LARGAS ENTRE LOS PICOS...
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