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Review
4-1 Past participle
4-2 Forms of the present perfect
4-3 Meanings of the present perfect
4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect
4-5 Using since and for
4-6 Present perfect progressive
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect
4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore
4-9 Past perfect



CONTENTS
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Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max.

Jennas grandfather ____ Max to her. Her

grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter.

Jenna _____ very good care her dog.

He __ a great dog.
loves
be
Review and Preview

PRESENT AND PAST VERBS
love give find take
gave
found
takes
is
is
be
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4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

She has forgotten his name.
4
4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

REGULAR
VERBS
IRREGULAR
VERBS
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
finish
stop
wait
see
make
put
finished
stopped
waited
saw
made
put
finished
stopped
waited
seen
made
put
past perfect tense
present perfect tense
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4-1 LETS PRACTICE

SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
stop
go
take
write
stopped
went
took
wrote
stopped
gone
taken
written
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

He has finished all his work.
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(a) I have worked very hard this year.

(b) The students have worked hard.

(c) Alex has worked very hard.
STATEMENT: have/has + past participle
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(d) Ive/Youve/Weve/Theyve gone home.

(e) Shes/Hes gone home.

(f) Its been hot all week.
CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ve
pronoun + has =ks
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NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle


4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(g) I have not gone home yet.

(h) Fatima has not gone home.

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NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

NEGATIVE CONTRACTION:
have + not = havent
has + not = hasnt

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(g) I havent gone home yet.

(h) Fatima hasnt gone home.

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(i) Have you read
the report?
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(j) Has Marcy gone home?

(k) How long have you worked there?
QUESTION :
have/has + subject + past participle
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(l)
SHORT ANSWER:
have/havent

Have you read all
of this article?
No, I havent. I
have only read a
few pages.
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(m)
SHORT ANSWER:
has/hasnt

Yes, she has. She
did it after school.
Has Kyung
finished her
homework?
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___________________ a snake?
4-2 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
Have you ever touched
you
touch
ever
16
________________




4-2 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
Ive never touched

touch
never

No,
a snake.
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_________________ a shark?
4-2 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
Has Justin ever seen
Justin
see
ever
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Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town,
4-2 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
has
South Africa.
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
Tyler has taken his
first steps.
Zoe hasnt walked
by herself yet.
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED
BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME
PRESENT PERFECT
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.

(b) Zoe hasnt walked by herself yet.

(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
occurred before now or
sometime in the past
MEANING #1
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasnt walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
n
o
w

t
i
m
e
?

X
before now
X
MEANING #1
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.

(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

activity repeated
before now, unspecified past times
MEANING #1
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

n
o
w

X
before now
X X X
MEANING #1
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN
IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE
PRESENT.
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(f) Weve been working since 8 oclock.

(g) I have played the violin for six years.
I learned to play six years ago, and I still
play it.
present perfect +
since
for
past present
MEANING #2
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2:
x x
x
8
:
0
0

n
o
w

(f) Weve been working since 8 oclock.
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4-3 LETS PRACTICE

MEANING #1: Something happened before
now at an unspecified time.
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present.
Kyung has already taken the test.
OR ?
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4-3 LETS PRACTICE

MEANING #1: Something happened
before now at an unspecified time
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present
Ive been studying since 8 AM.
OR ?
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4-3 LETS PRACTICE

MEANING #1: Something happened
before now at an unspecified time
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present
Rosa has been to Italy three times.
OR ?
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
I had an angel fish
when I was a child.
I have had many other
fish since then.
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) They have already completed the game.
specific time
unspecified time
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.
specific time
unspecified time
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) Eli has been camping for 9 days. (f) Eli has been camping since last Monday.
for activity began & ended in past
for / since activity began & continues
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4-4 LETS PRACTICE

SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
We have been in Tokyo
many times.
OR
UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT
PERFECT
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4-4 LETS PRACTICE

SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
Barry has never been to Tokyo.

OR
UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT
PERFECT
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4-4 LETS PRACTICE

SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
Gina went to Tokyo
last month.

OR
SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
I have been here since 6:00 AM.
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(a) I have worked here
since noon.
since Wednesday.
since April.
since 2006.
since May 9, 2007.
since yesterday.
since last week.
Since Specific point in time
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.
present perfect + since
present progressive NOT used
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.
present perfect + since
simple present NOT used
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.
present perfect + since
simple past NOT used

INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(f) I have known her since I was fifteen.
MAIN CLAUSE
(present perfect)
SINCE-CLAUSE
(simple past)
(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.
Since time clause
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(h) I have worked here
for fifty minutes.
for five hours.
for ten days.
for about six weeks.
for almost two months.
for many years.
for a long time.
For length of time
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(i) I have worked here for twelve years.
I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it.
(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.
present perfect + for + length of time

past present
simple past
past present
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4-5 LETS PRACTICE

Mary has been playing the piano
since ___________.

3 hours
she was six

she was six
Mary has been playing the piano
for ___________. three hours
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4-5 LETS PRACTICE

Alejandro has studied English
since ________________.

he started school
15 years
he started school
Alejandro has studied English
for __________________.
fifteen years
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4-5 LETS PRACTICE

I have driven a taxi _____ 2006.
for
since
since
My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years.
for
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Dee has been working
for ten hours.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) Dee has been working since
6 oclock.

(b) She has been working for
ten hours.
STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(c) How long has she been working?
QUESTION FORM:
have/has + subject + been + -ing
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
in progress right now
duration of time not mentioned
Mary has been playing the piano right now.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(e) Mary has been playing since noon.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
began in past
in progress right now
time expressed
Mary is playing the piano since noon.
(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.
(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.
(i) CORRECT: She has owned it
for one month.
(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning
it for one month.
non-action verbs progressive tenses
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4-6 LETS PRACTICE

My sister _________ the phone.


use
is using
has been using
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
She _____________ it for three
hours. I need to make a call.

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4-6 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Her parents __________.

They ________________
together for over thirty years.

dance
are dancing
have been dancing
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4-6 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Where are you _______for
the summer holiday?

I am ______ to the beach.

I ______________ to the beach

go
going
going
have been going
every summer since I was a child.
58
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
These guys are hiking.
They have been hiking for several days.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
They have been hiking for several days.
repeated activities
unspecified times in the past
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
duration of present activities,
action verbs
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking
many mountains.
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing
each other for ten years.
(d) The guys have known each other for
ten years.
duration of present activities,
non-action verbs
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(f) I have been studying medicine for one year.

OR

(g) I have studied medicine for one year.

4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
same meaning
63
(h) Rolf has been running every day since he
was a child.

OR

Rolf has run every day since he was a child.

4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay
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(i) Ive been studying Spanish ever since I
visited Mexico.

OR

Ive studied Spanish ever since I visited
Mexico.

4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay
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4-7 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
How long ___ your family ______ here?

We __________ here for ten years.


live
lived
have lived
has
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4-7 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
How long ___ your family _________ here?

We _____________ here for ten years.


live
been living
have been living
has
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
I already fed the dog.
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ALREADY
(a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago.
I already fed the dog.
happened before now
Position: midsentence
69
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
YET
(b) I usually feed the dog, but I havent
fed him yet.
did not happen before now
Position: end of sentence
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(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.

(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.

(e) It hasnt rained all week. It still isnt
raining.
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
STILL


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(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasnt rained all week. It still isnt
raining.
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
STILL
situation continues to exist
Position: midsentence


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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ANYMORE
(f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired.
I dont work anymore.
does not continue
Position: end of sentence
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ALREADY
(a) I already fed the dog.
affirmative
sentences
YET
(b) I havent fed him yet.
negative
sentences
ANYMORE
(f) I dont work anymore.
(c) He is still hungry.
(e) It still isnt raining.
STILL affirmative
or negative
sentences
74
4-8 LETS PRACTICE

already
yet
still
anymore
She doesnt have any money.

She _______ spent it all.
already
75
4-8 LETS PRACTICE

already
yet
still
anymore
I did some homework, but I

______ have more to do. still
76
4-8 LETS PRACTICE

already
yet
still
anymore
We used to be friends, but we had an argument.
We dont like each other ________.

anymore
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
When they arrived
at the store, it had
already closed.
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
(a) When they arrived at the store, it had
already closed.
two events in the past
1
st
event - Past Perfect
2
nd
event Simple Past
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
(b) The store had already closed when
they arrived.
FORM: had + past participle
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
(c) Itd closed.
Shed gone home.
Hed gone home.
Theyd gone home.
Wed gone home.
Youd gone home.
CONTRACTION:
I / you / she / he / it / we / they + d
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT
X X X X
b
e
f
o
r
e

n
o
w

n
o
w

(d) Im not cooking now.
Ive already ordered
pizza.
b
e
f
o
r
e

n
o
o
n

n
o
o
n

(e) I was not cooking at noon.
I had already ordered
pizza.
occurred before now,
at an unspecified time
occurred before another
time in the past
82
4-9 PAST PERFECT
PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT
X X
(f) I was waiting when
the pizza arrived.

p
i
z
z
a


a
r
r
i
v
e
d

(g) The pizza had arrived
when he came home.
in progress at a particular
time in the past
completed before a
particular time in the past
h
e

c
a
m
e

h
o
m
e

p
i
z
z
a

a
r
r
i
v
e
d

b
e
g
a
n

w
a
i
t
i
n
g

X X
83
4-9 PAST PERFECT
1st
2nd
I had already gone to bed
when it started snowing.
a. it started snowing ____

b. I went to bed ____
1st
2nd
84
4-9 PAST PERFECT
1st
2nd
I tried to go shopping, but the
store had closed.
a. store closed ____

b. tried to go shopping ____
1st
2nd
85
4-9 PAST PERFECT
1st
2nd
A friend called to suggest a good movie.
She had seen it last Friday.
a. the friend saw the movie ____

b. the friend called ____
1st
2nd
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