Chap 5

Quasi-One-
Dimensional Flow
5.1 Introduction
Good approximation for practicing gas dynamicists
eq. nozzle flowflow through wind tunnel & rocket engines
5.2 Governing Equations
For a steady,quasi-1D flow
The continuity equation :




2 2 2 1 1 1
A u A u =
}} }}}

c
c
=
s
d
t
s d v
v


The momentum equation :









}} }}} }}} }}
=
c
c
+
s s
s d p d f d
t
v
v s d v
v v

) (
) (
2
2
2 2 2 2 1
2
1 1 1 1
) (
2
1
A u A p A pd A u A p
x
A
A
+ = +
}

Automatically balainced
X-dir
Y-dir
The energy equation

}}} }} }}}
+
v v

s
d v f s d v p d q ) (

}}} }}
+ + +
c
c
=
v

s
ds v
V
e d
V
e
t

)
2
( )]
2
( [
2 2
const h
u
h
u
h = = + = +
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
2 2

p
e h + =
total enthalpy is
constant along the flow
Actually, the total enthalpy is constant along a streamline in any
adiabatic steady flow
P
A
u

P +dP
A +dA
u +du
+d
dx
In differential forms
0 ) ( =
=
uA d
const uA

) ( ) )( ( ) )( (
2
2
dA A du u d dA A dp p
pdA A u pA
+ + + + + +
= + +

0 2
2 2
= + + + uAdu dA u d Au Adp
Dropping 2nd order terms
(1)
0
2 2
= + + d Au uAdu dA u
(2)
0 ) ( = uA d
(1) - (2) = 0 = + uAdu Adp
udu dp =
const
u
h = +
2
2
0 )
2
(
2
= +
u
h d
0 = +udu dh
Eulers equation
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
+
+
du dp
du dp
5.3 Area-Velocity Relation
0 ) ( = uA d
uA
Aud Adu udA

0 = + +
udu
d
d
dP dP
= =

0 = + +
A
dA
u
du d

u
du
M
u a
du u
a
udu d
2
2
2
2
= = =

adiabatic & inviscid

no dissipation mechanism
isentropic
u
du
M
A
dA
) 1 (
2
=
Important information
1. M0 incompressible flow
Au=const consistent with the familiar continuity eq for
incompressible flow
2. 0M1 subsonic flow
an increase in velocity (du+) is associated with a decrease
in area (dA) and vice versa.
3. M>1 supersonic flow
an increase in velocity is associated with an increase in area ,
and vice versa
4. M=1 sonic flow dA/A=0
a minimum or maximum in the area
A subsonic flow is to be
accelerated isentropically
from subsonic to
supersonic
Supersonic flow is to be
decelercted isentropically
from supersonic to
subsonic
Application of area-velocity
relation
1.Rocket engines
2.Ideal supersonic wind tunnel
Diffuser is to slow down the flow in the convergent duct to sonic
flow at the second throat, and then futher slowed to low subsonic
speeds in the divergent duct.
(finally being exhausted to the atmosphere for a blow-down wind
tunnel)
chocking blocking
(When both nozzle
with M=1)
Handout Film Note by Donald Coles
5.4 Isentropic Flow of a Calorically Perfect
Gas through Variable-Area Duct
* * * * *
a u uA A u = =
u
a
A
A
*
0
0
*
*

=
Stagnation density
(constant throughout an isentropic flow)
1
1
2
2
2
*
)]
2
1
1 (
1
2
[
1
) (

+

+
+
=
r
r
M
r
r M A
A
1
1
2
0
)
2
1
1 (

+ =
r
M
r

1
1
1
1
*
0
)
2
1
( )
2
1
1 (

+
=

+ =
r r
r r

) 3 . (
2
1
1
2
1
) (
2
*
2
2
2
*
ch M
M
r
M
r
a
u
=

+
+
=
(1)
(2)
(3)
Area Mach Number Relation
There are two values of M
which correspond to a given
A/A
*
>1 , a subsonic & a
supersonic value
Boundary conditions will
determine the solution is
subsonic or supersonic
) (
*
A
A
f M =
1. For a complete shock-free
isentropic supersonic flow, the
exit pressure ratio Pe /P0 must be
precisely equal to Pb /P0

2. Pe /P
0
Te /T
0
& P
e
/P
0
= f(A
e

/A*) and are continuously
decreasing.

3. To start the nozzle flow, P
b
must
be lower than P
0

4. For a supersonic wind tunnel, the
test section conditions are
determined by (A
e
/A*)P
0
T
0
gas property & P
b


P
b
=P
0
at the beginning there is no
flow exists in the nozzle
Minutely reduce P
b
this small
pressure difference will cause a small
wind to blow through the duct at low
subsonic speeds
Futher reduce P
b
sonic
conditions are reached (P
b
=P
e3
)

P
e
/P
0
& A/A
t
are the controlling
factors for the local flow properties
at any given section

528 . 0 )
2
1
1 (
1
0
*
=

+ =

r
r
r
p
p
for r=1.4
tAtUt m =
Should use dash-line
to indicate irreversible
process
What happens when Pb is further reduced below Pe3 ?
Note: quasi-1D consideration does not tell us much about how to
design the contour of a nozzle essentially for ensuring a
shockfree supersonic nozzle
Method of characteristics
Wave reflection from a free boundary
Waves incident on a solid (free) boundary reflect in like
(opposite) manner , i.e, a compression wave as a compression
(expansion wave ) and an expansion wave reflects as an
expansion ( compression ) wave
5.5 diffusers
Assume that we want to
design a supersonic wind
tunnel with a test section
M=3
A
e
/A
*
=4.23
P
0
/P
e
=36.7
3 alternatives
(a) Exhaust the nozzle directly to
the atmosphere
(b) Exhaust the nozzle into a constent area duct which
serves as the test section
atm P
P
P
P
P
P
e
e
55 . 3 )P
10.33
1
(36.7)(
02
0
0
= = =

the resvervair pressure required to drive the wind tunnel
has markedly dropped from 36.7 to 3.55 atm
(c) Add a divergent duct behind the normal the normal shock
to even slow down the already subsonic flow to a lower
velocity

atm P PP PP P P P e e 04 . 3 )1 1.17 1 )( 10.33 1 (36.7)( 02 2 2 0 0 = = = 3 = M
F
o
r

328 . 0 01 02 = P P04 . 3 328 . 0 1 02 01 = = PP
atm P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
e
e
04 . 3 1
17 . 1
1
)
33 . 10
1
)( 7 . 36 (
02
2
2
0
0
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =

the reservoir pressure required to drive a supersonic wind
tunnel (and hence the power required form the compressors) is
considerably reduced by the creation of a normal shock and
subsequent isentropic diffusion to M0 at the tunnel exit
Note:
3 = M
328 . 0
01
02
=
P
P
04 . 3
328 . 0
1
02
01
= =
P
P
Diffuser - the mechanism to slow the flow with as small a
loss total pressure as possible
Consider the ideal supersonic wind funnel again
If shock-free P
02
/P
01
=1 no lose in total pressure
a perpetual motion machine!! something is wrong
(1) in real life , it hard to prevent oblique shock wave from occuring inside
the duct
(2) even without shocks , friction will cause a lose of P
0



the design of a perfect isentropic diffuser is physically impossible
Replace the normal shock diffuser with an oblique shock
diffuser provide greater pressure recovery
Diffuser efficiency
) (
)
P
P
(
01
02
0
d0
P
P
actual
D
= q
(mostl common one)
If
D
=1normal shock diffuser

for low supersonic test section Me,
D
>1

for hypersonic conditions
D
<1 (normal shock recovery is
about the best to be expected)

Normal shock at Me
Is very sensitive to
A
t2
>A
t1
(due to the entropy increase in the diffuser)
proof: assume the sonic flow exists at both throats
*
2 2
*
2
*
1 1
*
1
a A a A
t t
=
02
01
*
2
*
1
*
2
*
2
*
1
*
1
*
2
*
1
*
2
*
1
*
2
*
1
1
2
) (
P
P
P
P
RT
P
RT
P
a
a
A
A
t
t
= = = = =

02
01
1
2
P
P
A
A
t
t
=
01 02
P P <
always
1 2 t t
A A >
D
q
2 t
A
A
t2

D
=max is slightly larger than (P
01
/P
02
)A
t1

the fix- geometry diffuser will operate at an efficiency less than
D,m
to start properly

D
is low it is because A
t2
is too large
the flow pass though a series of
oblique shock waves id still very
supersonic
a strong normal shock form before
exit of the diffuser
defeats the purpose of are oblique
shock diffuser