BIOMETRICS

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History
 General system
 Finger Print Recognition
 Hand Geometry
 Iris
 Speaker Verification
 Performance & Application
 Conclusion
 AIMS AT…..
 Forget passwords ...
 Forget pin numbers ...
 Forget all your security concerns ...

WHY USE IT?

 Tokens, such as smart cards, magnetic stripe cardsand physical keys can be
lost, stolen, or duplicated.
 Passwords can be forgotten, shared, or unintentionally observed by a third
party.
 Forgotten passwords and lost smart cards are a nuisance for users and waste
the expensive time of system administrators.
 Can potentially prevent unauthorized access to or fraudulent use of ATMs,
cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer
networks
 WHAT IS BIOMETRICS?
 Automated method -automatic identification of of person using
human body as a password.

 Pattern recognition system -computer systems can record and

recognize the patterns, hand shapes, ear lobe contours, and a host of
other physical characteristics .

 Specific physiological or behavioral characteristics –

Physiological characteristics -> visible parts of the human body which
include fingerprint, retina, palm geometry, iris, facial structure, etc.
Behavioral characteristics ->what a person does which include voice
prints, signatures, typing patterns, key-stroke pattern, gait which is
affected by mood, stress, fatigue, and how long ago you woke up
 HISTORY
 Fingerprints were first used to identify individuals in ancient China
 The Henry Classification system, named after Edward Henry who
developed and first implemented the system in 1897 in India, was the
first method of classification for fingerprint identification based on
physiological characteristics
 First commercial use of biometrics was in the 1960's and 1970's.
 In the late 1960's FBI developed a system for automatically
checking /comparing and verifying fingerprints.
 In early 1970's FBI installed automatic fingerprinting scanning system.
 In late 1970's Idnetiymat installed the first biometrics physical access
control systems in top secret US Government sites. The system was
based on Hand Geometry.
 Late 1970s development of voice recognition systems.
 1980's Biometrics systems using Iris scan and that with face
recognition system developed.
 BIOMETRIC FORMS
• Fingerprints Hand veins
• Voiceprints Retina Scan
• Facial features Signature
• Writing patterns Voice Recognition
• Iris patterns Facial thermograph
• Hand geometry Odor
• Keystrokes Gait
• DNA Ear canal
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Universality: Every person should have the characteristic. People who are
mute or without a fingerprint will need to be accommodated in some way.
 Uniqueness: Generally, no two people have identical characteristics.
However, identical twins are hard to distinguish.
 Permanence: The characteristics should not vary with time. A person's face,
for example, may change with age.
 Collectibility: The characteristics must be easily collectible and measurable.
 Performance: The method must deliver accurate results under varied
environmental circumstances.
 Acceptability: The general public must accept the sample collection routines.
Nonintrusive methods are more acceptable.
 Circumvention: The technology should be difficult to deceive.
BIOMETRIC SYSTEM
 FINGERPRINT
 Oldest form of Biometrics
 Highly Reliable
 Uses distinctive features of fingers

 Finger-scan biometrics is based on the distinctive

characteristics of the human fingerprint
 A fingerprint image is read from a capture device
 Features are extracted from the image
 A template is created for comparison
 FINGER PRINT RECOGNITION
 Global features- you can see with the naked eye.
o Basic Ridge Patterns
o Pattern Area
o Core Point
o Delta
o Line types
o Ridge Count

 Local features- Minutia Points are the tiny, unique characteristics of

fingerprint ridges that are used for positive identification.

 It is possible for two or more individuals to have identical global features but
still have different and unique fingerprints because they have local features -
minutia points - that are different from those of others.
 STAGES
 Fingerprint Scanning

 Fingerprint Matching

 Fingerprint Classification
 FINGERPRINT SCANNING
 It’s the acquisition and recognition of a person’s fingerprint
characteristics for identification purposes
 optical method ->which starts with a visual image of a finger.
 semiconductor-generated-> electric field to image a finger

FINGERPRINT MATCHING
Minutiae-based ->techniques first find minutiae points
and then map their relative placement on the finger.
Correlation-based ->techniques require the precise
location of a registration point and are affected by image
translation and rotation.
 Fingerprint Classification
 It is a technique to assign a fingerprint into one of the several
pre-specified types already established in the literature which
can provide an indexing mechanism
 An input fingerprint is first matched at a coarse level to one of
the pre-specified types and then, at a finer level, it is compared
to the subset of the database containing that type of fingerprints

 An algorithm to classify fingerprints into five classes, namely,

whorl, right loop, left loop, arch, and tented arch.
 An automatic recognition requires that the input fingerprint be
matched with a large number of fingerprints in a database .
 Input fingerprint is required to be matched only with a subset of
the fingerprints in the database
LOOP, ARCH AND WHORL
 IMAGE CAPTURE
 Minutia matching -microscopic approach that
analyzes the features of the fingerprint, such as
the location and direction of the ridges, for
matching
 Global pattern matching- macroscopic
approach where the flow of the ridges is
compared at all locations between a pair of
fingerprint images
MINUTIA MATCHING
 IMAGE CAPTURE
 Optical Scanner - captures a fingerprint image using a light source refracted
through a prism
 Thermal Scanner - very small sensor that produces a larger image of the
finger and is contrast-independent
 Capacitive Scanner - uses light to illuminate a finger placed on a glass
surface and records the reflection of this light with a solid-state camera

Image Processing
image features are detected and enhanced for verification against the
stored minutia file. Image enhancement is used to reduce any
distortion of the fingerprint caused by dirt, cuts, scars, sweat and dry
skin.

Image Verification
At the verification stage, the image of the fingerprint is compared against the
authorized user’s minutia file to determine a match and grant access to the
individual
IMAGE ACQUISITON
PROCESS
FINGERPRINT PC LOCK
FINGERPRINT DOOR LOCK
 ISSUES
 Privacy - Comparison and storage of unique
biological traits makes some individuals feel that
their privacy is being invaded.
 False Rejection- False rejection occurs when a
registered user does not gain access to the
system.
 False Acceptance-False acceptance is when an
unauthorized user gains access to a
biometrically protected system.
 Accuracy- instances where a fingerprint may
become distorted and authorization will not be
granted to the user.
 Hand Geometry
 This approach uses the geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a
user's identity.Individual hand features are not descriptive enough for
identification. However, it is possible to devise a method by combining various
individual features to attain robust verification.
 Hand geometry systems use an optical camera to capture two orthogonal
twodimensional images of the palm and sides of the hand, offering a balance
of reliability and relative ease of use.
 They typically collect more than 90 dimensional measurements, including
finger width, height, and length; distances between joints; and knuckle
shapes. These systems rely on geometry and do not read fingerprints.
 Hand geometry readers can function in extreme temperatures and are not
impacted by dirty hands (as fingerprint sensors can be).
 Hand geometry devices are able to withstand wide changes in temperature and
function in a dusty environment.
 Hand Geometry vs Fingerprints
 Unlike fingerprints, the human hand isn't unique. One can use
finger length, thickness, and curvature for the purposes of
verification but not for identification.
 For some kinds of access control like immigration and border
control, invasive biometrics (e.g., fingerprints) may not be
desirable as they infringe on privacy. In such situations it is
desirable to have a biometric system that is sufficient for
verification. As hand geometry is not distinctive, it is
the ideal choice.
 Hand geometry data is easier to collect. With fingerprint
collection good frictional skin is required by imaging systems,
and with retina-based recognition systems, special lighting is
necessary. Additionally, hand geometry can be easily combined
with other biometrics, namely fingerprint. One can envision a
system where fingerprints are used for (infrequent) identification
and hand geometry is used for (frequent) verification.
IRIS RECOGINITION
 IRIS RECOGNITION
• Pattern recognition technique - Iris
recognition combines computer vision,
pattern recognition, statistics, and the human-
machine interface.

• Identification by mathematical analysis of the

random patterns.

• Based upon the qualities of the Iris.

• Each person has a distinct pattern of

filaments, pits and striations in the colored
rings surrounding the pupil of each eye.
Iris is a protected internal organ whose
random texture is stable throughout life
 IRIS PROPERTIES
 High degree of Randomness
 No two Iris are alike – No two humans have
same iris even one just have different iris in
both eyes.
 Stable in a persons life
 Doesn't vary with changes
 IRIS SCAN
 Camera at close proximity

 Captures photograph

 Uses Infra red light to illuminate

 High resolution photograph

IRIS SCAN IMAGE
 IRIS CODE
 Localization of inner and outer boundaries-
We detect the inner boundary between the pupil
and the iris by means of threshold. The outer
boundary of the iris is more difficult to detect
because of the low contrast between the two
sides of the boundary. We detect the outer
boundary by maximizing changes of the
perimeter- normalized sum of gray level values
along the circle.
 Pattern of 512 bytes
 Complete and Compact description
 More complete than features of DNA
 IRIS SYTEM
Uniform
distribution Stored
templates

Reject
Pre Feature- Identification
processing extraction Verification

Iris scan image Accept

Iris Iris code
capture comparison
localization
 IRIS RECOGNITION

 Database of millions of records

 Iris code generated is compared
 Searching algorithm based on Properties
of Iris
 Order of a few seconds
AVIATION – IRIS DEVICES
 Voice & Signature recognition
 Does not measure the visual features
 In voice recognition sound vibrations of a
person is measured and compared to an
existing sample.
 Dynamic signature verification technology
used.
 Analyzing the shape, speed, stroke, and
pen pressure and timing information
during the act of signing.
 Face & Palm recognition
 In order to recognize a person, one
commonly looks at face, which distinguish
one person from another.
 In palm recognition a 3-dimensional image
of the hand is collected.
 The feature vectors are extracted and
compared with the database feature
vectors.
BIOMETRIC PERFORMANCE
FAR
The FAR is the chance that someone
other than you is granted access to
your account.

Low false acceptance rate is most

important when security is the priority
BIOMETRIC PERFORMANCE
FRR

The FRR is the probability that are not

authenticated to access your account.

A low FRR is required when convenience

is the important factor
FINGERPRINT PERFORMANCE
 FAR - As low as 1 in 1,000,00

 FRR –around 4%
 IRIS PERFORMANCE
 FAR - As low as 1 in 1,000,000

 FRR –around 2%
 APPLICATIONS

 Criminal identification
 Prison security
 ATM
 Aviation security
 Border crossing controls
 Database access
 SOME BIOMETRICS STILL IN
DEVELOPMENT
 Scent

 Ear Shape

 Finger nail bed

 Facial 3D
 REFERENCES
 www.biometix.com
 www.biomet.org
 www.owlinvestigation.com
 www.ddl.ision.co.uk
 www.zdnetindia.com/techzone/resources
 www.biodata.com.au
THANK
YOU