UMTS Optimization PDF

UMTS Optimization
WCDMA Features
Idle Mode Behavior (Air interface review)
Power control
Handover
Capacity management
Channel switching
3G KPIs Monitoring and analysis
HSDPA
CQI

Course Content
WCDMA Radio Network Features
Idle Mode Behavior

PLMN selection
Air interface Review
Cell Selection / Reselection
Paging
Location Update and Routing area update
System Information
UE in IDLE MODE has the following properties :
UE is Powered ON , while it doesn't have connection to the Radio Network
UE is synchronized with Radio Network and can read broadcast information , Accordingly UE
can access the Network.
UE is registered on the network , updating Network with its LAC , Accordingly reachable
What is Idle Mode?
Normal Service
When the UE select accepted level cell in its HPLMN
Limited Service
UE didnt find any accepted level cells at its HPLMN it selects any accepted level cell at any
other PLMN
Operator reserved services
Operator can reserve any cell for testing only and this through two parameters cell
reserved and Access classNbarred
Services Types in Idle Mode
PLMN Selection
PLMN Selection
What is it ?
And When it happens ?
What are the types of PLMN selection?

PLMN Selection is the process in which the UE decide which PLMN it should register in

Happens when the Mobile turned on or when the mobile returned back from limiting service

Automatic PLMN selection
Manual PLMN selection
When the mobile powered on
The mobile uses information about the last registered PLMN (Freq)
Mobile search the strongest signal cells and read its system information to get (MCC and MNC)
If the chosen cell is accepted the mobile try to do the registration
If the last chosen PLMN not available or there is no stored info in the mobile USIM then the
mobile might select any accepted PLMN
In the automatic selection if no last register PLMN exists or available the Mobile will select the
PLMN that is available as follow
HPLMN
Each PLMN in User controlled PLMNs list in the USIM, in order of priority
Each PLMN in operator controlled PLMN list in the USIM, in order of priority
Other PLMNs according to the high quality criteria randomly the minimum CPICH RSCP
power is 95dBm
Other PLMNs that dont fulfill high quality criteria
Initial Cell Selection Automatic Mode
Manual PLMN Selection
UE displays all the available PLMNS after carriers scanning
All the available PLMNs will appear regardless it is allowed or not
Roaming
UE will be able to obtain services from another PLMN
Same country (national roaming)
Another country (international roaming)
Every 30 minutes the UE try to reselect its home PLMN
Air Interface
TDMA TRANSMITTER
Sync.
Bits
Control/
Signaling
Data
Vocoder
Error
Protection
Error
Protection
Error
Protection
Error
Protection
Error
Protection
Vocoder
Vocoder
Vocoder
Data
Multiplexer
Filter + RF
Modulator
Sync.
Bits
Control/
Signaling
Data
Vocoder
Error
Protection
Error
Protection
Error
Protection
Error
Protection
Error
Protection
Vocoder
Vocoder
Vocoder
Linear
Summation
Filter + RF
Modulator
Channelization
code 1
Channelization
code 2
Channelization
code 3
Channelization
code N
Scrambling
Code
Scrambling
Code
Scrambling
Code
Scrambling
Code
WCDMA TRANSMITTER
In all radio systems the air interface will add noise to the signal This will produce a distortion in
the received signal.

Analog Cellular

Digital Cellular

In the case of an analogue cellular system the human ear perform error correction of this
received signal and noise.

However in digital systems we do not have this case, This noise will result in bit errors,
ologic 1 could be interpreted as a logic 0
ologic 0 could be interpreted as a logic 1.

All digital systems must have some method of overcoming these errors.
CRC for Error Detection
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) coding is used in error detection.

CRC is used to calculate Block Error Ratio (BLER).

Transmitter
Receiver
IF mismatching in check sum
The is an error
Error Correction
1-Send the information a number of times

Receiver could select which message is most correct by a best out of three decision.
The more times the data is transmitted the better is the error protection.
However the bandwidth is also increased proportionally
There are two basic types of FEC available, block or continuous codes
Block Codes (Hamming Codes, BCH Codes, Reed-Solomon Codes)

Continuous Codes (Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes)
LOGICAL CHANNELS
1-LOGICAL CHANNELS

Logical channel types are classified into two groups:
Control channels for the transfer of control information
Traffic channels for the transfer of user information.
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Downlink channel for broadcasting system information.

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Downlink channel that transfers paging information and is used when the UE is in idle
mode.

Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Used by the UE needs to access the network.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between
UE and the network.

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for transferring user
information. A DTCH can exist in the uplink and downlink.
Transport CHANNELS
Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH)
The dedicated transport channel carries all the information intended for the given user
oService data, such as speech frames
oHigher layer control information, such as handover commands or measurement
reports from the terminal.
Common Transport Channels
oBroadcast Channel
oForward Access Channel
oPaging Channel
oRACH
oDSCH
2-Transport CHANNELS
2-Transport CHANNELS (Contd)

Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Continuous transmission of system and cell information

Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Control signaling during call setup
Packet data transmission in low rates

Paging Channel (PCH)

When the network wants to initiate communication with the terminal.

RACH
The RACH is an uplink transport channel used to make requests to set up a
connection

DSCH
The DSCH is always associated with a downlink DCH.

Physical CHANNELS
Common Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Channels
Downlink Indication Channels

Common Physical Channels

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (DL)
-Broadcasts cell information

SCH Synchronization Channel (DL)
- Fast Synch.

S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (DL)
-Carries both the Paging Channel (PCH) and the Forward Access Channel (FACH).

P-CPICH Primary Common Pilot Channel (DL).
Aids channel estimation (handover and cell selection).

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) UL
This channel is used to carry access requests
Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL/UL)
-Transmits user dedicated data to RBS
-Used for sending dedicated data

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL/UL)
-Signaling and control to UEs
oTransmit Power Control (TPC) bits

Downlink Indication Channels

AICH Acquisition Indication Channel
-Acknowledges that RBS has acquired a UE Random Access attempt

PICH Page Indication Channel
Informs a UE if it should monitor the Paging Channel
Layers generate channel types
Layer 3
RRC
Control Plane
Layer 2
RLC
MAC
User Plan (User data)
SRB
Logical Channels Logical Channels
Transport Channels
RB
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Uu interface
Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels

The different transport channels are mapped to different physical channels.

There exist physical channels to carry only information relevant to physical layer procedures.
oSynchronization Channel (SCH)
oCommon Pilot Channel (CPICH)
oAcquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
[Are not directly visible to higher layers]

A DCH is mapped onto two physical channels.
oThe Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
oDedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

Physical Channel Layer Structure

A physical channel consists of a three-layer structure
oSuper frames,
oradio frames, and
otime slots.

oSuper frame
A Super frame has duration of 720ms and consists of 72 radio frames. The super frame
boundaries are defined by the System Frame Number (SFN)
oRadio frame
A Radio frame is a processing unit of 10ms length, which consists of 15 time slots.
oTime slot
A Time slot is a unit that consists of 2560 chips that represent the information
symbols. The number of symbols per time slot depends on the physical channel.
Primary Common Control Physical
Channel (PCCPCH)
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Transport Channel
Physical Channel
RBS
Channel mapping
Secondary Common Control
Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(PDSCH)
Forward Access Channel
(FACH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
RACH
DSCH
DCH
UE
Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (DPCCH)
DCCH /DTCH
Paging Control Channel
(PCCH)
Common Control
Channel (CCCH)

Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)

Physical Common Packet Channel
(PCPCH)

Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(DPDCH)
Logical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
Frame Structure of the Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCCH)
DPCCH Pilot TPC TFI
Data
DPDCH
Frame 1 Frame 2
Radio Frame
Frame i
14 0
Frame 72
720 ms
Slot 0 Slot 14

Radio Frame
10 ms
Cell selection
Cell selection procedure
Squal = Qqualmeas qQualMin (For WCDMA)

Qqualmeas is CPICH Ec/No
qQualMin is minimum required Ec/No

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas qRxlevMin (for all cells)

Qrxlevmeas is CPICH RSCP
qRxlevMin is minimum required RSCP
The cell consider as accepted if

Squal > 0 and Srxlev > 0
Cell selection occurs when

When UE is switched on
When UE in idle mode has had a number of failed RRC connection request
When a UE returns to idle mode from the connection mode on common channel
(cellFACH)
UE returns to idle mode from connected mode (cellDCH)
When a UE returns to idle mode after an emergency call on any PLMN
Cell selection procedure(Contd)
Cell Re-selection
Cell reselection procedure
When it occurs
When cell on which it is camping is no longer suitable
When there is any neighbor with better quality than the selected one
When the UE in the limited service state on an acceptable cell
When the UE is in cell _FACH state
3G F1 3G F2 GSM
3G F1

1- Intra frequency measurements starts when

Squal <= Sintrasearch

SintraSearch : Controls when intrafrequency measurements are performed

Qqualmeas qQualMin <= Sintrasearch

Qqualmeas <= Sintrasearch + qQualMin

2. Inter frequency measurements starts when

Squal <= SinterSearch

Sintersearch : Controls when intrafrequency measurements are performed

Qqualmeas qQualMin <= SinterSearch

Qqualmeas <= SinterSearch + qQualMin

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)
3. GSM measurements starts when

Squal <= sRatSearch

Qqualmeas <= sRatSearch + qQualMin

Qqualmeas <= sRatSearch + qQualMin

OR Srxlev <= SHcsRat

sRatSearch : Controls quality Threshold at which GSM measurements are performed
SHcsRat : Controls Signal Strength Threshold at which GSM measurements are performed
GSM measurement
Time
Qqualmin
-18
-14
Qqualmeas

SRAT Search=4dB
GSM measurement
Time
Qrxlevmin
-115
-112
QRxlevmeas

SHcsSearch=3dB
When the UE triggers a cell reselections procedure it starts ranking for the cell satisfy
Scriteria (Squal > 0 and Srxlev > 0) and the ranking will be according Rcriteria

R(serving)= Qmeas(s)+qHyst(s)
R(neighbor)= Qmeas(n)qOffset(s,n)
Qmeas: is the quality value of the received signal which is derived from
oCPICH Ec/No or
oCPICH RSCP

qHyst(s): hystersis value sent to mobile in system information used to delay the reselection
oqHyst1 if the ranking based on CPICH RSCP
oqHyst2 if the ranking based on CPICH Ec/No
qOffset(s,n): is the offset between the serving and the neighbor cell also used to shift the cell
boarder
qOffset1sn : if the ranking based on RSCP.
qOffset2sn : if the ranking based on Ec/No

qualMeasQuantity is the parameter that determine if we will do the ranking based on RSCP or
Ec/No

The UE reslect the better cell if it stay better for time interval more than Treselection
Time
Qmeas

R(S)
qHyst2=4
R(n)
Qmeas(S)
Qmeas(n)
qOffset2SN=o
TreSelection
Cell Re-Selection to Neig
R(n) >R(S)
UMTS to UMTS cell
Time
Qmeas

R(S)
qHyst1=4
Qmeas(n) (GSM)
qrxlevmin
+SHcsSearch
Qmeas(S)
Qrxlevmin
GSM measurements
Scriteria
Srxlev > 0
Srxlev > Qrxlevmeas qRxlevMin
Qmeas(S)< qrxlevmin+SHcsSearch
R(N)
qoffset1SN
R(N)>R(S)
TreSelection
Cell Re-Selection to Neig (GSM)
UMTS to GSM cell Reselection
Location Update and Routing area update
If the LAI or RAI read on system information has been changed then the UE tries to do RA
or LA registration Update
During the idle mode when the UE changes its location or routing area it should do LAU or
RAU
LAU and RAU managed by CN
1
1-The UE reads from system information that the LAI is not the same as that stored in the USIM. This triggers
the UE to update the location area.

2-The UE tries to access the network and sends a request message to the RNC, via the RBS
The RNC checks if it is possible to allocate a dedicated channel to the UE.

3- Resources in the RBS and over the Iub interface are reserved by the RNC and are ACK by the RBS

4. Information about the new channel is sent to the UE with a setup message.

5. Synchronization is achieved between the UE and the RBS, and the UE sends a complete message.

2
2
3
4
5
RNC
Example :LOCATION UPDATING
1
2
2
3
4
5
VLR
RNC
MSC
6
6-The UE sends the request to update the location information to the CN.
oThis message also carries the IMSI and old LAI.
oIu signaling bearer is set up between the RNC and the CN.
oThere is now a signaling connection between the UE and the CN.
oAs this is the first time the UE accesses this service area the subscriber is unknown in the VLR.

7-The VLR sends a request to the subscribers HLR for Authentication Information.

8- The HLR sends this information to the VLR.

9-MSC/VLR starts to authenticate the subscriber.
oThis message is transparent over WCDMA RAN.

10-After Authentication, the VLR asks the HLR to update its Location information for the IMSI and with the
new VLR address

11- VLR receives an acknowledgement from the HLR.

12-The MSC/VLR transmits an acceptance to the UE, UE updates the location information in the USIM.

13- The signaling connection is released. First the UE is told to release the connection then the RBS
HLR
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Location Update and Routing area update(Contd)
Types of Updates

Periodic
oOccurs periodically after timer T3212 for LAU or T3312 for RAU
oThe value of the timer sent to the UE over BCCH in the IMSI attach or in RAU
oCN parameter.
owhen the UE is in connected mode and the timer expired then the UE wait until enter idle
mode again to perform the periodic LA

Normal
oOccurs when the UE change its LA or RA, the UE discover the changes after comparing the new
Cell RAC or LAC with the stored values in the USIM
Location Update and Routing area update(Contd)
IMSI attach and detach

IMSI attach occurs when the UE activated and the detach occurs when UE deactivated
This function used to prevent unnecessary paging for the off UEs
IMSI attach is an optional function and it is managed by cell parameter called ATT sent to UE
over BCCH
If ATT set to 1 it means the UE should do IMSI attach and detach
Paging
Is the process through it the CN inform the UE there is a service request or RAN inform all the
UEs that the System information has been updated

Paging occurs in the following states
Idle
URAPCH (SRB)
CellFACH (SRB and RAB)
CellDCH
Paging in Idle mode and URAPCH
oPICH and SCCPCH are used to page the UE
oPICH used to tell the UE when to read SCCPCH
oSCCPCH used to carry RRC message type1 which includes actual paging info and the
number of times the WCDMA RAN will retransmit the paging
Paging in cellFACH and cellDCH
oWhen the establish connection between UE and RAN is existing Paging type 2 message
are sent to the user it is carried on DCCH so it is only for one user.
Power Control
b
C
o
b
R
R
I
C
N
E
+ =
No
o
b
N
E
b
E
c
E
Power
Freq
To achieve the required BLER for each service their must be Eb/No requirements

WCDMA is based on QPSK modulation technique
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-12

10
-10

10
-8

10
-6

10
-4

10
-2

10
0

Eb/No (dB)
P
e

(
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

o
f

b
i
t

e
r
r
o
r
)

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
2
1
N
E
erf c P
b
e
1 Carrier (5MHz)
Power
Signal (Eb/No)
Interference (No)
Eb/No <Eb/No Required

Cant decode
Signal (Eb/No)
Interference (No)
1 Carrier (5MHz)
Power
Eb/No = Eb/No Required

OK I can Decode
Power control is on Both links:-
DL power control ( Capacity issue )
UL power control ( Coverage issue )
DL power control (Capacity issue)
1 Carrier (5MHz)
Eb/No > Eb/No Required
Eb/No = Eb/No Required
Power
Power Interference
Capacity
Max TX power
Eb/No required
Freq.
Power
Cell Breathing
UL power control (coverage issue)
WCDMA power control procedure consists of 3 Loops
1- Open-loop
2- Inner-loop
3- Outer-loop
UL Power Control
1- Open-loop power control(UL)
oAt beginning of a connection in order to provide initial power
oMS estimates an initial minimum required power
oIf no response received from Node-B, MS retries with a slightly higher power until
acknowledgement received

Power
Pini
Ack
2- Inner-Loop Power Control (UL)
SIR received is compared to target SIR
SIR > Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to decrease its power to reach target
SIR< Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to increase its power to reach target
Note:
Power control commands reaches up to 1500 command per second able to over come fast
fading

PC Introduction(Contd)
BLER
3- Outer-Loop Power Control(UL)
BLER > blerQualityTarget
SIR target is increased
hence sent power control commands
to MS to increase its power so that
BLER decreased
BLER < blerQualityTarget
SIR target is decreased
hence sent power control commands
to MS to decrease its power (able to
achieve SIR target with lower power )
BLER increase
RNC
BLER
SIR Target
BLER Decrease
MS Power
RNC
BLER
SIR Target
MS Power
PC Introduction(Contd)
1-Downlink Open Loop Power Control
2-Downlink Inner Loop Power Control
UL and DL Inner Loop Power Control aim to
maintain a required SIR target for
each connected UE.
3-Downlink Outer loop Power Control
CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=not CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=not CRC=OK CRC=OK
SIR target SIR target
Time
Time
ulSirStep
Ratio
ulSirStep
ulSirStep
BLER
BLER
BLER
Two alternative algorithms for uplink Outer Loop Power control can be implemented.

Constant Step Regulator algorithm Jump Regulator algorithm
Parameters
ulSirStep
ulSirStep = 10 { 0..50 }
Size of up step of SIR target for 10 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
ulSirStepTti2
ulSirStepTti2 = 5 { 0..50 }
Size of up step of SIR target for 2 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
sirMax
sirMax = 100 { -82..173 }
Maximum allowed SIR target for 10 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
sirMaxTti2
sirMaxTti2 = 173 { -82..173 }
Maximum allowed SIR target for 2 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
sirMin
sirMin = -82 { -82..173 }
Minimum allowed SIR target.
Unit: 0.1 dB
ulOuterLoopRegulator
The parameter determines the algorithm to be used in UL Outer loop power control
0 CONSTANT_STEP
1 JUMP

Each node-B in the active set listen to the same sequence of TPC commands from the UE.

Received TPC commands may be affected by different errors, due to the different radio propagation
conditions experienced by each of links.

Consequently, the transmitted power at different RBSs will start to drift

Power Balancing prevents this power drift problem
Power Drift
BS Power BS Power
Downlink Power Balancing is configured to work on an eight frame cycle.
At the beginning of the cycle reference power is calculated
Reference power = average of all Radio Link (RL) powers
Over the next eight frames the power of each RL is adjusted back to this reference
Power Drift Reference value (average)
BS Power
RNC
P(k) = P(k-1) + Pbal
Parameter dlPcMethod defines the selected Power Balancing method.
dlPcMethod Comment
FIXED Both Power Balancing and downlink Inner Loop Power Control are disabled
NO BALANCING Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is active, but Power Balancing is never started
BALANCING
Power Balancing is activated and runs in parallel with downlink Inner Loop Power
Control when more than one Radio Link Set (RLS) is involved in the connection
between the UE and UTRAN.
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is always active.

FIXED
BALANCING
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is active as long as one single RLS is involved in
the connection between the UE and UTRAN.
As soon as an additional RLS enters the active set, downlink Inner Loop Power
Control is disabled, and Power Balancing is activated
Handover
Inter-System Handover
Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA system
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected

Hard Handover
When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during the
Handover
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected

Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two
BSs
Handover should be less noticeable

Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Missing Neighbour Problem
Cell A Cell B A & B must be neighbor cells
Cell B Cell C A & B must be neighbor cells

Cell C Cell D A & B must be neighbor cells

Cell D Cell E A & B must be neighbor cells

Cell E Cell F A & B must be neighbor cells

2G Missing Neighbour Problem
Cell A Cell B A & B must be neighbor cells
Cell B Cell C A & C are not neighbors
Cell B Cell D B & D are not neighbor
Cell B Cell E A & E must be neighbor cells
Cell E Cell F E & F must be neighbor cells

A B C
D E F
Missing Neighbor Cells
2G Missing Neighbour Problem(Contd)
3G Cell1
3G Cell 2
3G All have the same frequency
Power
Signal (Eb/No) < Required Cant Decode
Interference (No)
Interference Figure at 3G cell 2
3
G

C
e
l
l

2

U
s
e
r

3G cell 1 user
3G Cell 2 User
Interference (No)
Signal (Eb/No) = Required Eb/No Can Decode
3G cell 1 user
BS[1]
BS[2]
RNC RNC
Network takes advantage of having several simultaneous radio links
UL power of UE can be lowered reducing UL interference and increasing system capacity
RNC RNC RNC RNC
When the UE is in soft handover it receives (possibly different) TPC commands from all cells in its active set.

All of these commands are combined, yielding a single combined TPC command that tells the UE to increase
or decrease the transmit power
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
Without Soft/Softer Handover
At the edge of the node-B
oUE entering a new cell area without being power controlled by the detected cell
oAt the edge UE would transmit on full power for UL.
oThe UE transmitting on full power would cause UL interference in other node-Bs.
oReducing the capacity of other node-Bs.
Protection from UEs becoming severe disturbers.
oIn 3GPP UE can report Detected Cells.
oIf the detected cell quality measure exceeds the quality measure of the best cell in the Active Set by
the amount of releaseConnOffset dBs
oConnection will be released in order to avoid the UE staying in that cell area without being power
controlled by the Power Control function of that cell.
Field Example
Soft/Softer Handover
Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BSs
Handover should be less noticeable

Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Node-B 1
Node-B 2
Node-B 1
Soft/Softer Handover(Contd)
Detected Neighbor
Soft/Softer Handover(Contd)
Handovers in 3G consists of two parts
oEvaluation part
UEs designed to evaluate and send measurement reports to the system when certain events
occur.

Evaluation part triggers the corresponding handover execution part.
oExecution part.
Triggered by the evaluation results, allocates resources and performs the actual Handover

SRNC
MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE
measurement criteria

Measured cell
(X)
fulfilled the
threshold
Event
Triggered
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event occurred
which cells fulfilled the event criteria

Hysteresis and Time to Trigger Concept

Due to fluctuations we need to limit the amount of event-triggered reports
Hysteresis parameter should be considered with reporting event.
The value of the hysteresis is given to the UE in the reporting criteria field of the MEASUREMENT CONTROL
message that SRNC sends.
In general, The condition to trigger the event is that
Meas. Signal > or < threshold +or (H/2)
Meas. Signal > or < threshold +or (H/2) during a time equal or greater than the corresponding time
to trigger.

SRNC

Filtering, Offsetting, and Weighting before Reporting
Filtering
The measured values are filtered by the UE before comparing the result values with the event report
criteria. .
The layer 3 filter formula is as follows:

Where,
Fn Result of current measurement filter.
Fn-1 Result of last filter.
Mn Current measurement result.
a =1/2^(k/2) Filter coefficient calculated based on the filter factor K (FilterCoeff (Intra)).

Offsetting
Offset can be assigned to each cell. Either positive or negative,
Offset is added to the measurement quantity before the UE evaluates whether an event has
occurred or not.
The UE receives the cell offsets for each cell in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message sent from the
SRNC to the UE.
Weighting
Weighting factor is used to include active set cells other than the best in evaluation criteria for
reporting events.
Measurement
quantity
time
P_CPICH
best cell
reportingRange1a
Hysteresis1b/2
Hysteresis1b/2
P_CPICH cell 1
Hysteresis1a/2
Hysteresis1a/2
TTT1a
Event 1A
reportingRange1b
TTT1b
Event 1b
Series of events are defined in 3GPP to trigger criteria for Soft/Softer(HO)

Event 1a (add)
o When a cell, not included in the Active Set, enters the reporting range.

Event 1b(delete)
oWhen a cell, included in the Active Set, leaves the reporting range,
Event 1a condition

R1a:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1A.
H1a:
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1A.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of the new cell outside the active set.
CIONew:
Offset of cell outside active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation standards.
( ) ( )
2
1
1
a H
a R AS bestcell
N
Ec
NotAS New
N
Ec
o o
+ >
Event 1b condition

R1b:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1B.
H1b :
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1B.
MOld:
Refers to measurement of cell in the active set.
CIOOld:
Refers to offset of cell in active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Refers to the weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation
standards.
( ) ( )
2
1
1
b H
b R AS bestcell
N
Ec
AS old
N
Ec
o o
s
Measurement
quantity
time
AS Cell 1
AS Cell 2
AS Cell 3
Hysteresis1c/2
Hysteresis1c/2
Cell 4
TTT1C
Event 1C
Event 1c

oWhen a cell, not included in the Active set, becomes stronger than the weakest cell in the Active
set,
oThe UE sends an event 1c report to the RNC. If the reported cell is :
Valid neighbor
Active Set is full
o Reported cell is proposed as a replacement for the weakest cell in the Active set.
Event 1C condition
H1c
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1C.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of cell outside the active set.
MInAS:
Refers to the cell with poorest quality in the active set.
CIONew:
Refers to offset of cell outside the AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation).
CIOInAS:
Refers to offset of cell with poorest quality in AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
( ) ( )
2
1c H
AS Poorest
N
Ec
notAS new
N
Ec
o o
+ >
Measurement
quantity
time
AS Cell 1
AS Cell 2
AS Cell 3
Hysteresis1d/2
Hysteresis1d/2
TTT1d
Event 1d
Event 1d
oWhen any (Active Set, Monitored set, and Detected) cell becomes stronger than the best cell in
the Active Set, during a time at least equal to timeToTrigger1d, event 1d occurs
Event 1d condition
MNotBest:
Refers to the measurement of cell within or outside the active set.
CIONotBest:
Refers to the offset of cell within the active set (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)) or outside the active set
(CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)) in relation to other cells.
CIOBest:
Refers to offset of cell in the active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the cell in the active set.
H1d:
Refers to Event 1D report hysteresis
( ) ( )
2
1
_ / _ _
d H
AS best
N
Ec
AS notAS notbest new
N
Ec
o o
+ >
SRNC

Measured cell
(X)
fulfilled the
threshold
Event
Triggered
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event occurred
which cells fulfilled the event criteria

RNC
Evaluation
Radio Link
Add/Removal/Replace
Active Set Update
Active Set Update Complete
Radio Link
Add/Removal/Replace
Evaluation
Evaluates which cells should be proposed
to be added, removed, or replaced in the Active Set

Execution
Take Action
Summary
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM
WCDMA TO GSM
INTER RAT
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO GSM
Measurement
Quantity
2d Threshold
2F threshold
hysteresis2d/2
2d event
UMTS Cell
GSM Cell
3A GSM Threshold
3A UTRAN Threshold
Hysteresis 3A/2
Hysteresis 3A/2
3A event
Go to 2G
2F event
Hysteresis 2F/2
Go back to 3G
2
Threshold 3A UTRAN _ 3
3 H A
o
Cell G
N
Ec
s
2
Threshold GSM 3A _ _ 2
3 H A
Cell meas G + >
&
Trigger Event 3A and 3G to 2G
execution start
Start Compressed
Mode
INTER RAT (Contd)
SRNC CN/UMSC
Target BSS
UE
evaluating the
report
evaluating the
report
Relocation Required
GSM Handover Request
GSM Handover Request Ack
Relocation Command
GSM Handover Complete
Connection Release
Dedicated radio link release
Node-B
GSM HO access
Handover from UTRAN Command
Measurement Report (Event 3A)
Measurement control message
measurement criteria 3A Event
Compressed Mode Control
Measurement Report (Event 2d)
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO GSM(Contd)
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
Measurement
Quantity
Currently used frequency
2d Threshold
Non-used frequency
2d event
Start Compressed
Mode
nonusedFreqThresh4_2b
Hysteresis 2b/2
Hysteresis 2b/2
usedFreqThresh4_2b
2b event
Inter Freq HO
2F event
Go back to 3G
Hysteresis 2F/2%
2
Used_Freq Threshold _ 2 _
2 H b
o
b Freq Used
N
Ec
s
&
Trigger Event 2b and IF execution start
2
eq NonUsed_Fr Threshold _ 2 _
2 H b
o
b Freq NonUsed
N
Ec
+ >
2F threshold
INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Contd)
SRNC
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Perform
Measurement
UE Evaluation
Measured cell (X)
fulfilled the
threshold
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event 2b
Radio Link Release
Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete

Execution
Take Action
INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Contd)
Inter-frequency Handover sequence
Inter-frequency Handover Tactic
INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Contd)
INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Contd)
Event 2A: The best carrier frequency changes.
2
2 H A
o o
Best
N
Ec
NonBest
N
Ec
+ >
Event 2C: The quality of non-working carrier
frequency is higher than a threshold.
2
NonUsed Threshold _ 2
3 H C
o
C NonUsed
N
Ec
+ >
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode

Certain idle periods are created in radio frames during which the UE can perform measurements on other
frequencies.
Compressed mode must be initiated for Inter-RAT/inter-frequency measurement.
Two different methods are used to create these idle periods
SF/2
HLS
Halving of Spreading Factor (SF)
Current SF = (Used SF )/2
Consume more radio resources to transmit the normal amount of user data.
Power
Code
Higher Layer Scheduling
The amount of data scheduled during compressed frames is reduced ,so that it can fit in the decreased
number of available slots.

Some timeslots in a radio frame are assigned for inter-frequency/Inter-RAT measurement and some are
assigned for data transmission.

This strategy is used for non-real time services with low requirements for delay,

Compressed Mode (Contd)
0 14 0 14
Radio Frame Radio Frame
10 ms
Rc Chip Rate =3.84 Mcps

Number of Chips in TS= (3.84Mcps*10ms)/15 = 2560 chip

SF = Chip Rate/ Bit Rate

# Bits = # Chips / SF

# of bits =2560/128 =20 *2 = 40 bit

With in the Frame 40*15 = 600 bit
# of bits =2560/64 =40 *2 =80 bit

With in the Frame 80*7.5=600 bit
0 14 0 14
Radio Frame Radio Frame
Ex.1 SF=128
Ex. 2 SF= 64
WCDMA Service Integrity
Channel Switching
Channel Switching is applied only to best effort packet data traffic

Channel Switching is activated in connected mode and handles switches between the different
states or to idle mode.

There are two states in connected mode:

Dedicated state (Cell_DCH)
Dedicated resources
common state (Cell_FACH)
Common resources
Low bit rate services
The switches between dedicated and common states are handled by WCDMA RAN without the
involvement of the Core Network.
Cell_DCH EUL/HS
Cell_DCH 384/HS
Cell_DCH 64/HS
Idle mode
Cell_DCH 64/384
Cell_DCH 64/64
Cell_FACH
Cell_DCH 64/128
SHO can initiate a switch if
it fails to add a RL
Down switch based on
throughput or inactivity
or coverage
Dedicated to common
based on UL/DL user
throughput
No activity
Upswitch
based on throughput
Activity
Common to Dedicated
based on buffer size
or activity
Dedicated Channels
Common Channel
The Channel Switching algorithm consists of the following sub-algorithms:

Common to Dedicated Evaluation

Dedicated to Common Evaluation

Common to Idle Evaluation

Dedicated to Dedicated Up switch Evaluation

Dedicated to Dedicated Down switch Evaluation

Multi-RAB Up switch Evaluation

Multi-RAB Down switch Evaluation
Channel Switching uses the below as input to the algorithms.

Buffer load

Throughput

Transmitted Code Power

Switching Counters

pmNoOfSwDownNgCong
Shows number of down switches from a dedicated channel to a common channel initiated
by congestion control.

PmNoOfSwDownNgAdm
Shows number of down switches within dedicated channels initiated by admission control
Buffer load(UP Switch)

The Common to Dedicated Evaluation algorithm monitors the amount of user data buffered in
the RNC or UE.

dlRlcBufUpswitch or
ulRlcBufUpswitch
Time (s)
RLC buffer size (bytes) (UL/DL)
Parameter Name Default Value Value Range Resolution Unit
dlRlcBufUpswitch 500 0..2000 100 bytes
ulRlcBufUpswitch 256 8; 16; 32; 64; 128; 256; 512; 1024; 2048; 3072; 4096; 6144; 8192 bytes
Throughput (Down Switch)
The Dedicated to Common Evaluation algorithm monitors the transmitted user data.

Time (s)
downswitchThreshold
downswitchTimerThreshold
downswitchTimer downswitchTimer stops
No downswitch
downswitchThreshold 0 0..32 1 kbps
downswitchTimerThreshold 0 0..64 1 kbps
downswitchTimer [1] [0..100] [0.5] [s]
downswitchTimer
Downswitch request
Throughput (kbps)
(UL/DL)
Cell A
Cell B
Transmitted Code Power
The Coverage Triggered Down switch Evaluation algorithm monitors the DL code power

Max Code Power
Max Code Power
Power alarm
threshold
Power alarm
threshold
Transmitted DL
Code Power
Transmitted DL
Code Power
downswitchPowerMargin
downswitchPowerMargin
Coverage
Timer
Coverage
Timer
Down switch
Down switch
downswitchPwrMargin [1] [0 ... 10] [0.5] [dB]
coverageTimer [1] [0 ... 10] [0.1] [s]
Time (s)
Time (s)
Load Control
Load Control
Load Control (Contd)

PUC (potential user control)

Based on the cell load PUC works

oIf the load becomes heavy ,PUC modifies cell selection and reselection parameters and
broadcast them ,PUC leads UEs to neighboring cells with less load

oIf the cell load becomes normal PUC uses the parameters configured

oIf the cell load becomes light ,PUC modifies cell selection and reselection parameters and
broad cast them ,PUC leads UEs to this cell
ICAC (intelligent call admission control)

UE access control procedures
1-UE send a connection setup request

2-RNC and CN negotiate the service rate according to the requested

3-RNC judges whether the cell resource allow the access
oIF yes RNC admits the UE
oIF no the RNC go to step 4

4-RNC judges whether pre-emption is allowed
oIf yes RNC performs pre-emption ,if pre-emption succeed ,the RNC admit the UE
oIf no the RNC go to step 5

5-RNC Judges weather queuing is allowed
oIf yes ,the RNC perform queuing ,if queuing success the RNC admit the UE

6-RNC performs DRD
oIf the DRD success ,the RNC admit the user

7- RNC reject the access request


The admission decision is based on
oCell available code resource
oCell available power resource
oNode-B resource state
oAvailable IUB transport layer resource

The algorithm Chooses UEs for Pre-emption

oThe pre-emption capability of the request
Indicating whether this request can preempt a lower priority radio connection or not in
case of resource shortage.

oPre-emption results in the release of one or more RABs according to their priority

oThe priority level (1.. 15) where value 15 means 'no priority' and 1 is highest priority.

oThe pre-emption capability indicator (PCI) which consists of two values,
(Indicates the pre-emption capability of the request)
o'shall not trigger pre-emption'
o'may trigger pre-emption'.

oThe pre-emption vulnerability indicator (PVI) with the values
onot pre-emptable
opre-emptable
PVI indicates whether a RAB in the connection can be released due to the admission of a higher
priority (pre-emption capable request) or not.

LDR load reshuffling
oWhen the cell is in basis congestion RNC can take one of the following steps
Inter-frequency load handover
Rate reduction
CS inter RAT
PS inter RAT

OLC over load control
oWhen the cell is highly over loaded may lead to instability and dropped calls
oOLC can rapidly reduce the load
Admission and congestion
control
1- Admission control

Function
blocks new incoming calls
block handover attempts

When
High load on the air interface

How
Measurements of uplink interference
Downlink output power
Actual number of users.

2- Congestion control

Function
Reduces bit rates of existing connections
Removes existing connections.

When
In case of overload (increased power
requirement of the user)

How
It uses Power measurements

Example
When the Cell load rises due to the increased power requirement for UE that is moving away
from the RBS.
When this load reaches a defined limit the RBS reduce it by delaying Best Effort (BE) packets.
This is achieved by switching BE users to lower rate common channels.

Best effort packets
Little quality of service (not guaranteed bit rate),i.e. WAP, Email and MMS ,
118
RTWP
IFHYST
IFHYST
Congestion
Congestion resolved
IFCong
Uplink Congestion Control
Time
DL transmitted power
Pwrhyst
Congestion
Congestion resolved
Downlink Congestion Control
Time
PWRAdm
PWROffset
Pwrhyst
The following set of system resources are relevant within the Capacity Management scope:

o Per Cell:
1-Downlink channelization codes
2-Downlink transmitted carrier power
3-Air Interface Speech Equivalents (ASE) in uplink and downlink
4-Uplink Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP)
5-The number of radio links per DL Spreading Factor
6-The number of radio links per UL Spreading Factor
7-The number of radio links in compressed mode
8-The number of serving HS connections
9-The number of serving EUL connections
10-The number of serving 2 ms TTI EUL connections
11-The number of non-serving EUL connections

o Per Hardware Pool:
1-RBS hardware utilization

System Resource
Key Performance Indicators
KPIs
Main 3G KPIs
Traffic (CS)
R99 RABs Establishment success rate
RRC success rate
Call drop Rate
HS establishment rate
R99 & HS & EUL throughput
Handover

IRATHO
Success
Rate 100*<HOSUCC>/<HOTT>
HS to
FACH 100*(<pmPsIntHsToFachSucc>/<pmPsIntHsToFachatt>)
CDR
HSDPA
NEW
100*((<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>)/(<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoNor
malRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoSuccRbReconfPsIntDch>+<pmPsIntHsToFachSucc>))
CDR_CS
_SP
100*(<pmNoSystemRabReleaseSpeech>/(<pmNoNormalRabReleaseSpeech>+
<pmNoSystemRabReleaseSpeech>))
CDR_C
S_VIDE
O
100*<pmNoSystemRabReleaseCs64>/(<pmNoNormalRabReleaseCs64>+<pmNo
SystemRabReleaseCs64>)
FACH
to HS (<pmupswitchFachHsSuccess>/<pmupswitchFachHSAttempt>)*100
HS2DC
H
If <pmHsToDchAttempt>=0 Then 1 Else
(<pmHsToDchSuccess>/<pmHsToDchAttempt>)
RAB_H
SDPA_
EST_RA
TE
100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractiveHs>/<pmNoRabEstablishAtte
mptPacketInteractiveHs>
RAB_P
KT_EST
_SUC%
100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractive>/<pmNoRabEstablishAttemp
tPacketInteractive>
RAB_S
PE_EST
_SUC%
100*(<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessSpeech>/<pmNoRabEstablishAttemptSpeech>
)
RAB_VID_EST_SUC%
100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessCs64>/<pmNoRabEstablishAttemptC
s64>
RRC_CON_SUC% 100*<pmTotNoRrcConnectReqSuccess>/<pmTotNoRrcConnectReq>
SHO_Succ_Rate 100*<SHO_Success>/<SHO_Attempts>
DCH to HSDPA
Success Rate %: 100*(<pmDlUpswitchSuccessHs>/<pmDlUpswitchAttemptHs>)
HSDPA
Why HSDPA?
Gain more throughput per cell and higher bit rate per user.

HSDPA is based on the following features
Higher-order modulation
Shared channel transmission
Short transmission time interval (TTI)
Fast link adaptation
Fast scheduling
Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ)
Dynamic Power Allocation

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (Contd)
HSDPA features
1- Short TTI (2 MS)
One reason for a shorter TTI is to reduce the air-interface delay by reducing the RTT
This will improve the end-user performance since shorter TTI improves the interaction with
TCP/IP.
Old releases
10 ms
20 ms
40 ms
80 ms
HSDPA 2 ms
2- Shared Channel Transmission

Certain amount of radio resources of a cell (code space and power) is seen as a common are
dynamically shared between users in the time domain.

The main benefit with DL shared channel transmission is to reduce the risk for code-limited
capacity and power limited capacity
Shared channel transmission(Contd)
SF
1

2

4

8

16

32
TTI=2ms
time
Shared
channelization
codes
TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms
HSDPA features (Contd)
Channelization codes allocated
for HS-DSCH transmission
8 codes (example)
3- Higher-Order Modulation
R99 is based on QPSK modulation
To support higher data rates, higher-order data modulation, such as 16QAM
Higher-order modulation is more bandwidth efficient, i.e. can carry more bits per Hertz.
Higher-order modulation is also less robust and typically requires higher energy per bit for a
given a given error rate
4-Fast Link Adaptation

Radio-channel conditions will typically vary significantly, both in time and between different
positions

Reasons for these variations in channel conditions:

Different positions within the cell, due to distance dependent path loss and location-
dependent shadowing

Variations in the interference level.
The interference level will depend on:
The position within the cell, with typically higher interference level close to the
cell border.
The instantaneous transmission activity of neighbor cells.
Own-cell interference

Multi-path fading, The rate of these variations depends on the speed of the mobile
terminal.

Multi-path propagation
Time dispersion
h(t)
t t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3

t
0

t
1

t
2

t
3

Direct Signal
Reflected Signal
Combined Signal
Combined Signal
time (mSec)
Composite
Received
Signal
Strength
Deep fade caused by destructive summation
of two or more multipath reflections
msec
Fast (Rayleigh) Fading due to Multipath relctions
Deep fade caused by destructive summation
of two or more multipath reflections
Fast link adaptation(Contd)
Fast adjustment of the data rate every TTI (2 ms).
b
C
o
b
R
R
I
C
N
E
+ =
5- Fast Channel Dependent Scheduling
User 1
User 2
TTI=2ms
TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms
Scheduled User
Scheduling algorithms

Max C/I Ratio
oAssign the channel to the user with the best channel quality
oHigh system throughput but not fair(if user is on cell border)
Round Robin (RR)
oCyclically assign the channel to users without taking channel conditions into account
oSimple but poor performance
Proportional Fair (PF)
oSchedules all users in the cell but prioritize users with better channel quality
oBut ensure that all users receive a guaranteed minimum throughput. It gives rather
High throughput, fair
6- Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ)
P1
P1
P2
P2
P3
P3
7-Dynamic Power Allocation
Power
Max cell power
time
CCH power

DCH Power
HSDPA power
HSDPA will take the power left after CCHs and DCHs have taken their parts

Average power utilization will increase in the network with HSDPA
HSDPA Mobility
HSDPA introduction
3GPP Release 5 extends the WCDMA specification with a new downlink transport channel for packet data,
the High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
The HS-DSCH utilizes the remaining transmission power which is not used for the dedicated and common
channels.
With shared channel transmission, a certain amount of the channelization codes and transmission power in
a cell are considered a common resource that is dynamically shared among the users.
CCH power
Max Cell Power
DCH Power
HSDPA power
time
Power
HSDPA Mobility
HS-DSCH - High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel
Mapped on one or several (HS-PDSCHs) which are simultaneously received by the UE.
In the 3GPP standard, there are up to 15 HS-PDSCHs per cell with the spreading factor fixed 16. The number
of HS-PDSCHs per cell is configurable and depending on the license, each cell has up to 5, 10, or 15 HS-
PDSCHs.

High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Carries control information to the scheduled UE.
The control information required for each 2-ms TTI
UE ID
Codes
Modulation
Coding%

High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
The UE uses this channel to :
oRequest retransmission of the incorrectly received blocks on the HS-DSCH (ACK/NACK)
oReport CQI is used by the scheduling and link adaptation functions
HSDPA Mobility (Contd)
HS-DPCCH

CQI Request
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH

Control Information
UE ID, codes, Modulation ,Coding%
HS-DPCCH

ACK/NACK
User data +
Over head bits
HS-DSCH
User data
User data
Transport Channel Physical Channel
A-DCH
User data
RBS
The dedicated uplink and downlink channels use soft handover.
HS-DSCH do not use soft handover as it is shared transport channel.
Mobility for the HS-DSCH is called HS-DSCH cell change
HS-SCCH carries control signaling for the HS-DSCH, and is never in soft handover.
HS-DPCCH only capable of softer handovers since it is terminated in the RBS

RNC RNC
RBS
RBS
IUR
IUB
IUB
Soft /Softer HO
Softer HO
Cell Change
Serving cell change is triggered when:
oChange of the best cell within the Active set (event 1d HS).
oCurrent serving cell should be removed or replaced from the Active set (event 1b or 1c).

When HSDPA is started, an extra MEASUREMENT CONTROL related to the event 1d HS , is
sent to the UE having another MEASUREMENT ID
The reason for having a separate event 1d HS is to be able to
oUse different hysteresis
oUse different time to trigger parameters to trigger serving HS-DSCH. It
oUse a different quality criteria

HS-DSCH mobility can be divided into the following parts:
oServing HS-DSCH Cell Change triggered by change of Best Cell within the Active Set.
oServing HS-DSCH Cell Change triggered by removal of the serving HS-DSCH cell from the Active Set.
oCoverage triggered IF or IRAT HO attempts,
oHS-DSCH Cell Selection.
Serving HS-DSCH
Cell Change Evaluation
Change of best cell
event 1d HS
Cell
Change
Allowed ?
hsCellChangeAllowed
Yes
Target. Cell
Support
HS
Yes
No
Target
Cell
DRNC
with IUR?
RNC attempt to
reconfigure to DCH
RNC Execution
No
Yes
IUR link
Support
HS?
No Yes
No (No Suitable
HS cell is found)
TRUE
False
Fail in Execution
Transition
to
DCH is
allowed?
hsToDchTrigger
OFF
RNC will take no more
actions
Admission
Control
ON
HS to DCH
When a serving HS-DSCH Cell Change is triggered by change of best cell
RNC selects the best of
the active set cells
blocked
Serving HS-DSCH
Cell Change Evaluation
supports HS-DSCH
Removal of the current serving cell
event 1b
Cell
Change
Allowed ?
hsCellChangeAllowed
Yes
Target. Cell
Support
HS
Yes
No
Target
Cell
DRNC
with IUR?
RNC attempt to
reconfigure to DCH
RNC Execution
No
Yes
IUR link
Support
HS?
No Yes
No (No Suitable
HS cell is found)
TRUE
False
Fail in Execution
Transition
to
DCH is
allowed?
hsToDchTrigger
OFF
RNC shall release the
connection
Admission
Control
ON
HS to DCH
Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change triggered by removal of the serving HS-DSCH cell from the
Active Set.
RNC selects the best of the
other remaining active set
cells
blocked
Coverage Triggered IF or IRAT HO attempt
event 2d /6d
IF/IRAT
Mobility
HSDPA
Active?
IF or IRAT HO attempt
might start
HoYType GSM_PREFERRED
IFHO_PREFERRED
Compressed Mode
no defined
GSM neighbors
no defined
IF neighbors
IF
handover
can not be
done
IRAT
handover
can not be
done
Yes
NO
Yes
Yes
NO
RNC attempt to
reconfigure to DCH
Transition
to
DCH is
allowed?
hsToDchTrigger
Admission
Control
ON
HS to DCH
RNC will take no more
actions
OFF blocked
No
Execution
Support
HS
Yes
NO
CQI
CQI report
oUE sends a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) on the uplink (HS-DPCCH)
oCQI
Estimates the number of bits that can be transmitted to the UE using a certain assumed HS-
PDSCH power with a block error rate of 10%
UE receiver performance
Good UE receiver can report that it can receive more bits than a Bad UE receiver
implementation for the same channel conditions.

PCPICH_RX Received power of the P-CPICH

Measurement Power Offset MPO
Cell level parameter hsMeasurementPowerOffset

Reference power adjustment
Given by Table 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D, 7E, 7F or 7G depending on
the UE category.
CAT6
CQI
Value
Transport Block
Size
Number
of HS-
PDSCH
Modulation Reference Power
Adjustment
1 137 1 QPSK 0
2 173 1 QPSK 0
3 233 1 QPSK 0
4 317 1 QPSK 0
5 377 1 QPSK 0
6 461 1 QPSK 0
7 650 2 QPSK 0
8 792 2 QPSK 0
9 931 2 QPSK 0
10 1262 3 QPSK 0
11 1483 3 QPSK 0
12 1742 3 QPSK 0
13 2279 4 QPSK 0
14 2583 4 QPSK 0
15 3319 5 QPSK 0
16 3565 5 16-QAM 0
17 4189 5 16-QAM 0
18 4664 5 16-QAM 0
19 5287 5 16-QAM 0
20 5887 5 16-QAM 0
21 6554 5 16-QAM 0
22 7168 5 16-QAM 0
23 7168 5 16-QAM -1
24 7168 5 16-QAM -2
25 7168 5 16-QAM -3
26 7168 5 16-QAM -4
27 7168 5 16-QAM -5
28 7168 5 16-QAM -6
29 7168 5 16-QAM -7
30 7168 5 16-QAM -8
Physical layer procedures (FDD), 3GPP TS 25.214
CQI algorithm indicates
Transport block size
Number of HS-PDSCH codes
Modulation Type
HS-PDSCH Power
HSDPA Scheduler algorithm indicates
Which UE to transmit to in the TTI,
Available HS-PDSCH transmission power,
Available number of HS-PDSCH codes.
It does not indicate how much data to
transmit.
Why CQI !
Why CQI
Back to Developing Basics
PN 1
PN 2 PN 3
PN codes (distinguish each Base Station)
Not orthogonal
High cross correlation properties
PN1 * PN2 0 (mini. output)

Channelization Codes (distinguish data channels Coming from each Base Station)
Orthogonal Codes
OC1 * OC2 = 0

OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2
OC5, OC6, OC7
OC1, OC2
Back to Developing Basics
PN 1
PN 1
PN 2
PN 3
PN 4
Ec/No=-11 dB
CQI=27
Ec/No=-11 dB
CQI=20
Back to Developing Basics (Contd)
Ec/No for most of us is quality measurement metric.
It gives us how good or bad the link quality is.
However by definition it is confusing
RSCP
Received signal code power
Received power level of pilot channel of a one cell (dBm/mW)
Using RSCP we can compare different cells
Using RSCP handover and cell reselection decisions can be taken
RSSI
Signal power over the complete 5MHZ carrier which include all components received
Signal from the current cell and neighboring cells on the same frequency
Theoretically in an isolated cell having only CPICH power with no other channels
RSSI CPICH power
RSSI will change if the carrier use the DCH or the common channels
CPICH Ec/No
Pilot channel quality ,energy per chip over total received power spectral density
Ec/No= RSCP/RSSI
The Better this value the better the signal can be distinguished from the over all nosie
Always negative
Using Ec/No we can compare different cells
Using Ec/No handover and cell reselection decisions can be taken
No
Noise power spectral density
Interfering power
Non interfering power
Thermal noise
Test bed being served by single cell
Ec/No of UE is
oMeasure of PCPICH =RSCP
oMeasure of total wide band power =RSSI


Non consumed power
CPICH Power
Assume that UE is in Test bed being served by single cell`
Cell MAXTXPOWER 20 watt (43 dBm)
Assuming that 10 % of the cell power is dedicated for CPICH 2 watt (33 dBm)
If you have no DCH or HS channels
Ec/No= 10 log (CPICH Power/Total transmitted power)
Ec/No=10 log (2w/2w)= 10 log 1 = 0
20 watt
Power
2 watt
Assume that you start HS session
Ec/No= 10 log (CPICH Power/Total transmitted power)
Ec/No=10 log (2w/20w)= -10 dB (Poor value)
Ec/No will always give a false value for an HSDPA user

HSDPA Power
Why CQI
Deviating CQI reports lead to faulty decisions
CQI accuracy will continue to vary depend on :
UE model
UE vendor

Deviating CQI
oUE that consistently overestimates the channel quality
Scheduled too often, at the price of other users.
Experience a block error rate that is higher than the target 10%, with more retransmissions and
reduced system throughput and increased service delay
oUE instead underestimates the channel quality
Scheduled too seldom.
Experience a Block error rate will be lower than 10%, which will lead to lower transmitted data
rates than possible and hence reduced system throughput.

In both cases, both system throughput and end-user experience of the service is negatively impacted.

1 26 30 29 28 27 21 20 19 18 25 24 23 22
Transport block Size increase
CQI Adjustment
Number of codes increase
Higher order Modulation technique
More probability of Scheduling
Why CQI
To avoid the negative system impact due to inaccurate CQI reports,
CQI adjustment algorithm
RBS works on the ACKs and NACKs received from the UE to determine if the UE is overestimating or
underestimating the channel quality.
The algorithm make every effort to achieve a block error rate of 10%

The output from the adjustment algorithm is CQIadjusted,
The CQI adjustment algorithm is an optional feature and can be enabled on cell level through
parameter cqiAdjustmentOn.

BLER =10%
BLER
Decrease CQI Increase CQI
Why CQI
Thank you
Thanks

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