2012 Quantum Entanglement

Research Highlights
(With Possible Applications to Mars Missions)

Gary V Stephenson
Seculine Consulting
2014 ISDC, 17 May 2014
_________________S_E_C_U_L_I_N_E_____C_O_N_S_U_L_T_I_N_G_________________
Why a Quantum Entanglement talk?
And why 2012?? Because 2012 was a revolutionary year for
quantum entanglement experiments
Included in this talk are three experiments:
1) Canary Island Long Range Quantum State Teleportation
2) Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in Herbertsmithite
3) Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM)
Twisted Beams
Because it is fun and instructive to speculate on which
applications may be possible and which are not possible
Included in this talk are three possible applications:
1) Frequency Time Standard delivery at a distance
2) Communication at a distance
3) Power coupling at a distance
Action at a distance applications will all hinge on the
extent to which coherence can be maintained and utilized
Part 1: A Summary of Recent
Quantum Entanglement Experiments
Part 1, A Summary Report of Recent Quantum Entanglement
Experiments:
What is Quantum Entanglement?
Experiment #1: Canary Island Long Range Quantum State
Teleportation
Experiment #2: Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in Herbertsmithite
Experiment #3: Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum
(OAM) Twisted Beams

What is Quantum Entanglement?
1) A coupled set of quantum states
Can be a large enough set of coupled
states to result in a macroscopic effect
2) A source of quantum coherence
Can lead to novel behavior such as
super conductivity and super fluidity
3) An example of non-locality
Space-time coordinates are not relevant
to coupled states
Credit: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/quantum_entanglement.gif
Notional two state
entanglement example:
No decay Live cat
Decay Dead cat
A quantum state here
Affects a quantum
state here
Credit: http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/SchrodCat/SchrodCat.html
Both part of
same qubit
Experiment #1: Canary Island Long Range
Quantum State Teleportation
What was the experiment? Attempt to teleport a quantum bit (qubit) from
one island to another
What was the result? When the quantum state of one photon was altered,
the quantum state of the second photon was altered instantaneously,
faster than the speed of light, without even the smallest of delays. Proof
of quantum state teleportation across distances useful in space.
What is the significance? A record distance of 143 kilometers (89 miles)
Photo credit: Ref [3]
Diagram credit:
X-S Ma et al. Nature 000, 1-5 (2012) doi:10.1038/nature11472
Experiment #2: Quantum Spin Liquid
(QSL) in Herbertsmithite
What was the experiment? Used neutron scattering to measure
spin states present within the Herbertsmitite crystal
What was the result? Positively confirmed coherent spin state
structure within the crystal
What is the significance?
Measurement of
macroscopic liquid
quantum entanglement
Inelastic neutron scattering from the spin excitations,
plotted in reciprocal space: ac, Measurements were
made at T = 1.6K on a single-crystal sample of
ZnCu
3
(OD)
6
Cl
2
. Figure 1 from Reference [1]
Herbertsmitite, Photo Credit:
Tianheng Han / MIT
Experiment #3: Entangled Photons in Orbital
Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted Beams
What was the experiment?
Attempt to entangle Orbital
Angular Momentum states of
photon pairs (+OAM with OAM)
What was the result?
Successful conversion of
polarization entangled photons
into OAM entangled photons to
very high OAM numbers
What is the significance?
It is now practical to couple
macroscopic angular momentum
(e.g. via an optical spanner) to
entangled photon states
Photo credit: Fibre-optic spanner
(macro version of EO spanner),
http://images.gizmag.com/hero/fib
er-opticspanner.jpg
Laguerre-
Gaussian
Mode OAM
Entangled
Photon
Output
False-color image of a laser beam exhibiting a superposition of
10 right-handed and 10 left-handed quanta of orbital angular
momenta, making 10 + 10 = 20 bright spots on the inner ring.
Photons in such modes rotate simultaneously clockwise and
anticlockwise. (Courtesy: Robert Fickler, University of Vienna) [2]
Entangled
Polarization
Photon Pair
Input
Polarization
converted to
angular
momentum
using SLM
Credit:http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl
/2012/10/31/338.6107.640.DC1/Fickler.SM.pdf
Part 1 Summary
1) Canary Island Long Range Quantum State Teleportation
demonstrates a new record for the longest separation of a qubit
between two entangled photons: 143 km.
2) Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in Herbertsmithite demonstrates
macroscopically entangled liquid spin states in a solid crystal
3) Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted
Beams demonstrates a light beam with a macroscopic quantity of
entangled angular momentum, and a conversion mechanism from
entangled polarization photons

Quantum Entanglement and quantum coherence may enable new
applications not previously thought possible.
Quantum Entanglement Research Highlights
Part 2: Possible Applications to Mars Missions

Gary V Stephenson
Seculine Consulting
ISDC 2013, 24 May 2013
_________________S_E_C_U_L_I_N_E_____C_O_N_S_U_L_T_I_N_G_________________
Part 2: Possible Applications of
Quantum Entanglement
Part 2, A Summary Possible Quantum Entanglement Applications

Part 2A: The No-No Theorems define what you may not do
No Teleportation Theorem
No Communication Theorem
No Cloning Theorem

Part 2B: Possible action-at-a-distance applications - what you might
be able to do
Application #1: Using Long Range Quantum State Teleportation to
couple atomic clock frequency time reference at a distance
Application #2: Using Herbertsmithite Quantum Spin Liquids to
couple communication signals at a distance
Application #3: Using Quantum Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular
Momentum (OAM) Twisted Beams to couple power at a distance
The No Teleportation Theorem
Description of theorem: A classical information channel can not
transmit quantum information. (By transmit, we mean transmission
with full fidelity.) [4]
Counter-example: Quantum teleportation schemes may utilize both
resources to achieve what is impossible for either alone, per reference [4],
as demonstrated by X-S Ma et al. Nature 000, 1-5 (2012)
doi:10.1038/nature11472.
This channel cant send qubits
but taken together these
two channels can.
The No Communication Theorem
Description of theorem: No communication can be achieved only
via a shared entangled state. Therefore shared entanglement alone
can not be used to transmit any information. [4]
Counter-example: Peacock and Hepburn, Begging the Signaling
Question, arXiv:quant-ph/9906036v1, as referenced in [4]
Photo Credit: Adapted from Quantum Entanglement in Optical Fiber, OSA, March 2008
Quantum Channel
The No Cloning Theorem
Description of theorem: No perfect quantum copies of arbitrary
quantum states are possible. Therefore you cannot clone states. [4]
Counter-example: L.-A. Wu, D. A. Lidar, and S. Schneider, Long-range
entanglement generation via frequent measurements, PHYSICAL REVIEW
A 70, 032322 (2004), Ref. [6]
Application #1:
Frequency Time Standard at a distance
Apply long range teleportation of quantum states to the
transmission of a reference timing signal for a remote frequency
time standard
Source could be a GPS conditioned atomic clock ensemble on Earth
User would be at an arbitrary location such as Mars or a Mars
bound spacecraft
Advantages include less launch mass and higher accuracy
1) Atomic Clock signal coupled to
spin up/down transitions of
entangled photons
2) Down/up spin transitions are
replicated remotely via
quantum entanglement,
reproducing clock signal
(action at a distance)
Application #2:
Communication at a distance
Applying Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in coupled pieces of Herbertsmithite
Crystal to interplanetary Communication:
Dont we now have Instantaneous, Faster Than Light (FTL),
Duplex Communication between Earth and Mars?
Y(t)
Y (t)
1) Entangle QSL in Xtal1:
2) Entangle QSL in Xtal2:
3) Cleave Xtal1 and send
half to Mars
4) Cleave Xtal2 and send
half to Mars
5) Modulate QSL1 spin
with magnetic field:
6) Readout QSL1 spin with
neutron scattering
7) Modulate QSL2 spin
with magnetic field
8) Readout QSL2 spin with
neutron scattering
Application #3:
Power Coupling at a distance
Couple entangled polarization photon pairs into a first pool of Quantum
Spin Liquid (QSL)
Remotely locate a second pool of QSL entangled with the first
Use second pool of QSL to drive an entangled photon pair output
Use entangled photon pair output to create an OAM twisted photon beam
OAM twisted photon beam drives a generator via angular momentum
coupling
Very inefficient: exercise to the reader to think of more efficient quantum
entanglement coupling schemes that are capable of coupling power
(action at a distance)
1) Entangled
Polarization
Photon Pair
Input
2) Polarization
converted to
angular
momentum
using SLM
3) OAM couples
to QSL
4) QSL couples
to OAM
5) OAM twisted
beam rotates
generator
Parts 1&2 Conclusions & Summary
Experiments in 2012 show it is possible to:
Demonstrate Long Range Quantum State Teleportation
Measure a Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in Herbertsmithite
Entangle Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted Beams

Some applications are not possible, but one must be careful in how the
No-No Theorems are applied and NOT over-apply them

Action-at-a-distance applications that may be possible:
Frequency Time Standard delivery at a distance
Communication at a distance
Power Transfer at a distance

Much, much more research must be performed to development methods
for coherence maintenance and to understand the boundaries of quantum
entanglement application
References
[1] Tian-Heng Han et al., Fractionalized excitations in the spin-liquid state of a
kagome-lattice antiferromagnet, Nature, 2012, DOI: 10.1038/nature11659, at
website:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v492/n7429/abs/nature11659.html,
accessed 2/17/2013
[2] http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/nov/01/spooky-action-with-
twisted-beams, accessed 2/17/2013
[3] http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/135561-new-quantum-teleportation-
record-paves-the-way-towards-a-worldwide-quantum-network, accessed 2/17/2013
[4] QE & No-Go Theorems: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_communication_theorem,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-cloning_theorem,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_teleportation_theorem, all accessed 2/17/2013
[5]http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Quantum_Entanglement_Scien
ce_and_Technology_%28QUEST%29.aspx, accessed 2/17/2013
[6] L.-A. Wu, D. A. Lidar, and S. Schneider. Long-range entanglement generation
via frequent measurements PHYSICAL REVIEW A 70, 032322 (2004)
[7] http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-41/issue-
12/features/photonics-frontiers-entangled-photons-lsquospooky-actionrsquo-works-
at-a-distance.html, accessed 2/17/2013