Presentation on

SUB STATION BASIC : PART – I

 Single Line Diagram 
 Bus Bar Arrangement 
 Sub Station Layout 

1
 Introduction

 The economics of generation of electrical

energy and the huge demands for power in
the modern times requires creation of bigger
POWER STATIONS.
 The power stations may be far from the load
centre / consumers and so long high voltage
transmission lines are necessary for transfer
of bulk power from power station to different
load centres.
 In between power station and ultimate
consumers a number of transformation and
switching stations are to be created. Such
stations are known as Sub Station.

2
Concept of Power System

3
 What is Sub Station
?
 A SUBSTATION is a subsidiary station of an
electricity Generation, Transmission and
Distribution system where voltage is
transformed from high to low or vise versa
using transformers.
 Electric power may flow
through several
substations between
generating plant and
consumer, and may be
changed in voltage in
Aseveral steps.
Step-up transformer increases the voltage
and proportionally decreases the current,
while a step-down transformer decreases the
voltage and proportionally increases the
current for domestic and commercial
distribution. 4
 House
BUS BAR STRIPS 3-Φ & 1-Φ
Electrification
MCBs

SOURCE CABLE (Incoming)

3-Φ LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

1-Φ LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

1-Φ LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

1-Φ LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

DISTRIBUTION BOARD
5
 TR. LINE TR. LINE General
(INCOMER /
OUTGOING)
(INCOME
R) Arrangement

LIGHTNING
ARRESTOR
CAP. VOLTAGE POWER
TRANSFORMER TRANSFOR
MER
WAVE
TRAP
SUB
CURRENT STATI
TRANSFORMER ON
EARTH
SWITCH
ISOLATOR POTENTIAL
TRANSFOR
MER
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
BUS
BAR ISOLATOR

6
 Single Bus Bar
Scheme
SUB POWER LOAD
STATION STATION CENTRE

Faulty

BUS BAR

Faulty

7
 Advantage & Disadvantage
SINGLE BUS BAR (UPTO 33kV SS)
Advantages
 Lowest cost
 Small land area required
 Easily expandable
 Simple in concept and operation
Disadvantages
 Lowest reliability
 Failure of a circuit breaker causes loss of the
feeder
 Bus fault causes loss of the entire substation8
 Improvement

Main Disadvantage ?
 Loss of the entire Sub Station in case of Bus
fault.
Requirement ?
 Avoid loss of entire bus i.e., entire Sub Station
in Bus fault.
How to Achieve ?
 By Sectionalizing the Single Bus Bar.
Arrangement ?
 Sectionalisation of Single Bus Bar
Arrangement.
9
 Sectionalization of Single Bus Bar
Scheme
SUB POWER LOAD
STATION STATION CENTRE

Faulty

BUS SECTION - I BUS SECTION - II

Faulty
SECTIONALIZING
CB 10
 Advantage & Disadvantage
SECTIONALIZATION BUS BAR (33kV & 66kV SS)
Advantages
 Flexible operation
 Higher reliability than single bus scheme
 Isolation of bus sections for maintenance
 Loss of only part of the substation for a bus
fault
Disadvantages
 Loss of circuit for breaker failure
 A sectionalized bus arrangement has a higher
cost than a single bus scheme as additional
circuit breaker and isolators are required for
11
 Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
 Circuit Breaker failures are more than Bus
fault. Thus, we loose important feeder in case
of Circuit Breaker outage.
Requirement ?
 Avoid loss of important circuit in case of
Circuit Breaker outage.
How to Achieve ?
 By by-passing the faulty circuit breaker.
Arrangement ?
 Main and Transfer Bus Bar Arrangement.
12
 Main and Transfer Bus Bar
Scheme
SUB POWER LOAD
STATION STATION CENTRE

TRANSFER
BUS
COUPLER
(TBC)

Faulty

MAIN BUS
I
Faulty
TRANSFER
BUS
13
 Advantage & Disadvantage
MAIN & TRANSFER BUS BAR (132kV SS)
Advantages
 Circuit breaker outage / maintenance does not
disrupt the service of feeder / circuit
 Reasonable in cost
 Fairly small land area
 Easily expandable
Disadvantages
 Bus Fault causes disruption of service of
entire sub station
 An additional circuit breaker is required for
bus tie
14
 Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
 Bus fault in a sub station having more nos. of
circuits causes greater interruption of power.
In Main and Transfer Bus Bar arrangement bus
fault results loss of entire sub station i.e., all
circuits.
Requirement ?
 Avoid loss of too many circuits in case of bus
fault.
How to Achieve ?
 By providing another Main Bus for connection
of circuits.
Arrangement ?
15
 Double Main Bus Bus
Single Bar Scheme
Mode
SUB POWER LOAD
STATION STATION CENTRE

IO N
PT
RU BUS COUPLER
E R
INT
(BC)

Faulty

MAIN BUS
I

MAIN BUS II

Faulty 16
 Advantage & Disadvantage
DOUBLE MAIN BUS BAR (220kV SS)
Advantages
 Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not
disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit
 Reasonable in cost
 Fairly small land area
 Easily expandable
Disadvantages
 Circuit Breaker outage causes disruption of
service of that feeder

17
Main Disadvantage ? Improvement
 Double Main Bus arrangement is an
alternative to Main & Transfer Bus scheme. In
both cases, the investment is same. The only
difference is that in Double Main Bus the
outage of Bus Bar and in Main & Transfer Bus
the outage of Breaker is prioritized.
 Interruption of Power during Isolator
operation.
Requirement ?
 Both Bus fault and Circuit Breaker outage are
to be taken care off.
How to Achieve ?
 By using one of the Main Buses as “Main Cum
Transfer Bus”.
Arrangement ? 18
 Main
Double
and Transfer
Main Cum Bus
Transfer
Scheme
Single Bus
Mode
Bar
Bus Scheme
SUB POWER LOAD Scheme
Mode
STATION STATION CENTRE

I ON
UPT
R
TER
IN
BUS I CUM
TRANSFER

Faulty
Faulty
BC

BUS II
19
 Advantage & Disadvantage
DOUBLE MAIN CUM TRANSFER BUS BAR (220kV
SS)
Advantages
 Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not
disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit
 Circuit Breaker outage does not cause
disruption of service of that feeder
 Reasonable in cost
 Fairly small land area
 Easily expandable
Disadvantages
 Additional Isolator in each circuit increases
the cost
20
 Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
 Double Main Cum Transfer Bus Bar
arrangement outage of Circuit Breaker and
Bus together causes loss of faulty Circuit
Breaker feeder.
 Interruption of Power during Isolator
Operation.
Requirement ?
 Avoid loss of feeder in case of simultaneous
outage of Circuit Breaker and a Main Bus.
How to Achieve ?
 By providing separate transfer Bus along with
Double Main Buses.
Arrangement ?
 Double Main and Transfer Bus Bar
21
 Double Main
Main and and Transfer
Transfer
SingleSchemeBus Bar
Bus Scheme
Mode
Scheme
Mode
SUB POWER LOAD BC
STATION STATION CENTRE

INTERRUPTION
BUS
I
BUS
II

Faulty

Faulty TBC

22
TRANSFER
 Advantage & Disadvantage
DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS BAR (220kV
SS)
Advantages
 Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not
disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit
 Circuit Breaker outage does not cause
disruption of service of that feeder
 Maintenance of Bus and CB does not interrupt
supply
Disadvantages
 Additional Isolator and Circuit Breaker
required for transfer Bus tie.
23
 Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
 Interruption of Power during Isolator
operation.
 Interruption of Power is likely to cause major
disturbance if the feeders are important and
heavily loaded.
Requirement ?
 Avoid interruption of important and heavily
loaded feeders during bus fault or outage of
Circuit Breaker.
How to Achieve ?
 By connection of circuits for double feed
through Circuit Breakers and avoid Isolator
switching.
24
 One and a Half Breaker Bus Bar
POWER
Scheme
BUS I STATION BUS II

MAIN TIE CB MAIN

CB CB

MAIN TIE CB MAIN

CB CB
Faulty Faulty

Faulty SUB LOAD

CENTRE Faulty
STATION 25
 Advantage & Disadvantage
ONE & HALF BREAKER BUS BAR (400kV SS)
Advantages
 Flexible operation
 High reliability
 Can isolate either main bus for maintenance
without disrupting service
 Can isolate any circuit breaker for
maintenance without disrupting service
 Double feed to each circuit
 Bus fault does not interrupt service to any
circuits
 All switching done with circuit breakers
Disadvantages
 One-and-a-half breakers are required per
26
circuit
 Improvement
Important
 In transmission system the highest reliable
Bus Bar Arrangement adopted by POWERGRID
is One and a Half Bus Bar Scheme. However,
where bulk power evacuation without
alternative path is concerned, further reliable
arrangement may be adopted.
What Arrangement ?
 Connection of circuits in Double Bus Bar
Arrangement where each circuit will have a
spare Circuit Breaker in service.
Where can be used ?
 In large Generating Plants where implication
of generation outage is much higher than the
cost of Circuit Breakers. 27
 Double Breaker Bus Bar Scheme
BUS BUS
POWER
I II
STATION

Faulty SUB
STATION

LOAD
CENTRE

Faulty 28
 Advantage & Disadvantage
DOUBLE BREAKER BUS BAR (Mega Generating
Units)
Advantages
 Flexible operation
 Very high reliability
 Isolation of either main bus for maintenance
without disrupting service
 Isolation of any circuit breaker for
maintenance without disrupting service
 Double feed to each circuit
 No interruption of service to any circuits from
bus fault
 Loss of only one circuit for breaker failure
 All switching with circuit breakers
Disadvantages
 This configuration carries a high cost
 Two circuit breakers are required for each 29
PHOTOGRAPHS

30
 Photographs

BUS
BAR

31
 Photographs

CIRCUIT ISOLATOR AND EARTH

BREAKER SWITCH

32
 Photographs

CURRENT POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

33
 Photographs

CAPACITOR
LIGHTNING VOLTAGE
ARRESTER TRANSFORMER

34
 Photographs

WAVE TRANSMISSION
TRAP LINE

35
 Photographs

TRANSFORM
ER 36
 Photographs

REACTOR

37
Photographs

SUB STATION

38
LAYOUT & SECTION

39
 A
DRAWING
B
– EXAMPLE :
1
CL-LA CL-TFR.
CL-CVT
CL-WT CL-LA
CL-CT

E
CL-ISO O UT L IN
LAY WING G
E
L AM
DR
A SIN IAGR
D
CL-CB

CL-ISO

A B 40
SLIDE : 1
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE :
1
Earth Wire

Gantry

LA CV W CT ISO & CB IS Ground

T T ES O Level
SECTION - AA

41
SLIDE : 2
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE :
1

Transfor LA CT IS CB IS Ground
mer O O Level

SECTION - BB

42
SLIDE : 3
 A B
DRAWING – EXAMPLE :
CL-LA CL-
CL-CVT
2
TFR.
C L- CL-LA
WT
CL-CT

CL-ISO

E
O UT L IN
CL-CB LAY WING G
E
L AM
DR
A SIN IAGR
D

CL-ISO
CL-ISO

43
A SLIDE : 1
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE :
Earth 2
Wire
Gantry

LA CV W CT ISO & C ISO ISO Ground

T T ES B Level
SECTION - AA

44
SLIDE : 2
 DRAWING – EXAMPLE :
Earth Wire 2
Gantry

Transfor LA CT ISO & C ISO ISO Ground

mer ES B Level
SECTION - BB

45
SLIDE : 3
46
 QUESTION

 What are the different parts of Power System ?

 What is Sub Station ?
 What is Single Line Diagram ?
 Explain BUS BAR ?
 What do you understand by Bus Bar
Arrangement ?
 What are the limitations of Single Bus Bar
Scheme ?
 What is the advantage of Sectionalisation of
Single Bus Bar over Single Bus Arrangement ?
 Bus Bar Arrangement for 132kV Sub Station is
. 47
 QUESTION
 What are the limitations of Main & Transfer
Bus Bar Scheme ?
 How does Double Main Bus Scheme differ from
Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement ?
 What is the difference between Double Main
Bus and Double Main Cum Transfer Bus
Arrangement ?
 What is the Bus Bar Arrangement for Sub
Station having voltage class 400kV & above ?
 What is the advantages of One and a half
Breaker Bus Bar Scheme ?
 What is the advantage & Disadvantage of Two
Breaker Bus Bar Scheme and where the same48
is used ?
 QUESTION
 Explain the purpose of using
(a) Circuit Breaker
(b) Isolator
(c) Earth Switch
(d) Lightning Arrestor
(e) Current Transformer
(f) Potential Transformer
(g) Capacitor Voltage Transformer
(h) Wave Trap
(i) Power Transformer
49
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