AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE

ALICE T. VALERIO


APA Style
rulesorguidelinesobservedtoensureclear,
consistentpresentationoftheprintedword

concernsuniformuseofpunctuationsand
abbreviations,constructionoftables,
selectionofheadingsandcitationof
referencesandotherelementsthatarepart
ofamanuscript.


GeneralInstructionsin
ManuscriptPreparation
1. Paper
8X11,heavywhitebondpaper
2. Typeface
12-ptTimesNewRoman
12-ptCourierNew
12-ptSansSerif
3. Spacing
doublespace;
singlespacefortabletitlesandheadings,figure
captions,references,footnotesandlongquotations.
Triple-orquadruple-spacingafterchaptertitles,
beforemajorsubheadings,beforefootnotes,and
beforeandaftertablesinthetext.

GeneralInstructionsin
ManuscriptPreparation
4. Margins
1leftmargin,1top,bottom,andrightmargins
5. Pagination
numberallpages,excepttheartworkforfigureand
majorchapters
preliminarypagesusuallycarrylowercaseroman
numerals
Introduction(ChapterI)Arabicnumerals
pagenumberscontinuethroughouttheappendix
6. Figures,Tables,andFootnotes
shorttablesmayappearonapagewithsometext
longtablesandeachfigureareplacedona
separatepageimmediatelyafterthepageonwhich
thetableorfigureisfirstmentioned


GeneralInstructionsin
ManuscriptPreparation
Figuresandfigurecaptions
Figurenumberisitalics;textofthecaptionisnotitalicized;capitalize
onlythefirstwordandanypropernouns;figurecaptionsaretyped
below;Minimumsize8pt,maximumsize14pt
ParagraphsandIndentations
Firstlineofeveryparagraphandthefirstlineofeveryfootnote
Bibliographyhasahangingindentformat(firstlineissetflush
leftandthesubsequentlinesareindented)
7. UppercaseandLowercaseletters
8. Headings
CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING

FlushLeft,Italicized,Uppercaseand
LowercaseSideHeading

Indented,italicized,uppercaseonlythefirstwordandpropernoun,
paragraphheadingendingwithaperiod.

Editing Style
1) Period
usedininitialsofnames(R.A.Santos);abbreviationforUnited
Stateswhenusedasanadjective(U.S.Navy);latinabbreviations
(a.m.,cf.,i.e.,vs.),andreferenceabbreviations(Vol.1,3rded.,
p.10)
Noperiodsforabbreviationsofstatenames(NY,NH,NC),
acronyms(APA,WB,IQ),andmetricandnonmetricmeasurement
abbreviations(cm,ft,hr,kg,min,ml)exceptin.
2) Comma
usedbetweenelementsinaseriesofthreeormoreitems;before
andandor
Ex:Imus,Bacoor,orIndang
InastudyconductedbySandoval,Campos,and
Reyes(2005)...
tosetoffanonessentialornonrestrictiveclause,thatis,ifremoved
wouldleavethegrammaticalstructureandmeaningofthe
sentenceintact.
Ex.Ex-PresidentEstrada,the13
th
PresidentofthePhilippines,was
accusedofplunder.


Editing Style
Donotusecomma
beforeanessentialorrestrictiveclause
Ex.Theseweretheinfrastructuresthatwere
especiallybuiltintourism.
betweenthetwopartsofacompound
predicate
Ex.TheresultscontradictedValeriosfindingsand
indicatedthattheeffectwasnotsignificant.
toseparatepartsofameasurement
Ex.5years2months,5min20s


Editing Style
3)Semicolon
to separate two independent clauses that are not
joinedbyaconjunction
Ex.Thefreshmenstudentsincurredhigherexpenditures;
thesophomoreincurredlowerexpenditures
toseparateelementsinaseriesthatalreadycontain
commas
Ex.TheorderofpilottestingwasSilang,Imus,Bacoor;or
Imus,Bacoor,Silang.
4)Colon
used between a grammatically complete
introductory clause (one that could stand as a
sentence) and a final phrase or clause that
illustrates, extends, or amplifies the preceding
thought.
Ex.Therearetwosourcesofpollution:thepointsources
andnon-pointsources.

Editing Style
Iftheclausefollowingthecolonisacomplete
sentence,itbeginswithacapitalletter.

Ex.Theresultwasworthnoting:ThePhilippinesisthe
leadingexporterofbananaintheworld.

Donotuseacolonafteranintroductionthatisnot
acompletesentence.
Ex.TheformulaisY=a+bX
5)Dash
toindicateonlyasuddeninterruptioninthe
continuityofasentence.
Ex.Therespondents50members,40nonmembers
wereconsideredseparately.

Editing Style
6) emdash(twohyphens)
tosetoffanelementaddedtoamplifyfromthemain
clause;nospacebeforeandafter
Ex.Students--undergraduateandgraduate--are
exempted.
7) QuotationMarks
tointroduceawordorphraseusedasanironic
comment,asslang,orasaninventedorcoined
expression(noquotationmarksaftertheinitialusage)
Ex.Ex-PresidentEstradawasaccusedasthebiggest
juetenglordinthecountry.
toenclosequotationsintext
Ex.Dizon(2003)foundthattheill-gottenwealthofEx-
PresidentMarcosamountedtoUS$50billion.

Editing Style
tosetoffthetitleofanarticleorchapterina
periodicalwhenitismentionedinthetext.
Ex.Dizons(2004)studyontheImpactofthe
Exchange RateonExportVolumespointedout....
toreproducematerialfromatestitemorverbatim
instructionstoparticipants.
Ex.Theperformancewascategorizedashigh,
average,andlow.
Note:Usesinglequotationmarkswithindouble
quotationmarkstosetoffmaterialthatinthe
originalsourcewasenclosedindoublequotation
marks
Ex..Dizon(2003)stated,Theill-gottenwealthof
Ex-PresidentMarcosamountedtoUS$50billion.


Editing Style
8) Parenthesis
tosetoffreferencecitationsandpagenumberintext
Ex.Reyes(2001)andSantos(2002)reportedthat....
(p.245).
tointroduceanabbreviation,
Ex.BangkoSentralngPilipinas(BSP)
toenclosestatisticalvalues,
Ex.(p<.05)
Donotuseparenthesistoenclosematerialwithinother
parenthesis
Ex.(NationalStatisticsOffice[NSO],2005)
9) Slash
toseparatenumeratorfromthedenominator(e.g.X/Y)
tocitearepublishedworkintext.
Ex.Reyes(1996/2000)


Editing Style
10)Brackets
usedtoenclosematerialinsertedinaquotationbysome
personotherthantheoriginalauthor.

Ex.Boserup(1999)stressedthatmansinfluenceonthe
qualityoftheenvironmentdependsonthedamage
hedoes[alterationinaculturalsystem]andtheeffort
devotedtoundoingthatdamage.

Ifacompletesentenceendswithaparenthesis,theperiod
followstheclosingparenthesis.
Ex.ThePhilippineagricultureischaracterizedbya
relativescarcityofland(inrelationtopeople).
Ifacompletesentenceisenclosedinaparenthesis,theperiod
isplacedinsidetheclosingparenthesis.

Ex.(ThePhilippineagricultureischaracterizedbya
relativescarcityoflandinrelationtopeople.)


Editing Style
11)Seriation

Toshowseriationwithinaparagraphorsentenceuse
lowercaselettersinparentheses.
Ex.Thethreeprincipalthrustsare(a)instituteanew
program,(b)strengthensupportservices,and(c)Increase
savingrates.

Toindicateseriationofseparateparagraphs(e.g.,
itemizedrecommendationsorprocedures)number
eachparagraphwithanArabicnumeralfollowedbya
period.

Ex.Thefollowingimmediaterecommendationsare:
1.Launchamassiveruralinfrastructureprogramsinthe
poorestregions.
2.Immediatelandreformprograminpoorestareas.


Editing Style
12)Quotations
Shortquotations(fewerthan40words)should
beincorporatedintothetextandenclosedby
doublequotationmarks.
Ex.Cruz(2003)stated,ThePhilippineagricultureis
characterizedbyarelativescarcityoflandin
relationtopeople(p.300).
Longquotations(40ormorewords)no
quotationmarkstoencloseblockquotations
Ex.Cruz(2003)foundthefollowing:

Manydevelopingcountrieshavedependedon
exportpromotionasaroadtoeconomicdevelopment
formanyreasons...(p.300).


Editing Style
13)Ellipsispoints
usedtoindicateomittedmaterial
Typethreeperiodswithaspacebeforeand
aftereachperiodtoindicateanomission
withinasentence.
Typefourperiodstoindicateanomission
betweentwosentences.
14)Spelling
Merriam-WebstersCollegiateDictionary
standardspellingreferenceforAPA
Ex.aging,canceled,appendix-appendixes,
matrix-matrices


Editing Style
15)Hyphenation
Compoundwordsmaytakeformsas(a)twoseparate
words,(b)ahyphenatedword,or(c)oneunbroken,
solidword.Ex.followup,follow-up,followup
Permanentcompoundcompoundwordsfoundinthe
dictionary(e.g.caregiver,lifestyle,highschool,self-
esteem,database)
Donothyphenate
acompoundincludinganadverbendinginly(e.g.
widelyused,randomlyassigned)
acompoundincludingacomparativeorsuperlative
adjective
Ex.lessinformed,betterwritten,higherorderlearning
foreignphrasesusedasadjectivesoradverbs
Ex.apriori,adhoc,fedadlibbutad-libfeeding
commonfractionsusedasnouns
Ex.onethirdoftheparticipants

Editing Style
Prefixesthatdonotrequirehyphensafter,anti,bi,co,
counter,equi,extra,infra,inter,intra,macro,mid,mini,multi,
non,over,post,pre,pro,re,semi,socio,sub,un,under

Prefixedwordsthatrequirehyphens
anabbreviation(e.g.pre-WWII),anumber(e.g.post-
1960),capitalized(e.g.pro-Arroyo)
allself-compounds,whetheradjectivesornouns
Ex.self-liquidatingaccounts,thestudentsareself-supporting
wordsthatcouldbemisunderstood
Ex.re-pair(pairagain),re-form(formagain),un-ionized
wordsinwhichtheprefixendsandthebaseword
beginswiththesamevowel.
Ex.co-occur,pre-existing,meta-analysis,anti-
intellectual

Editing Style
whentwoormorecompoundmodifiershaveacommonbase,
thisbaseissometimesomittedinallexceptthelastmodifier,
butthehyphensareretained.
Ex.long-andshort-termperiods,1-,2-,and3-hrexamination
Othercases:
student-centeredapproachbutTheapproachwasstudent
centered
t-testresultsbutresultsfromttests

16) Capitalization

Intitlesandheadings,capitalize:
majorwordswithinthebodyofthepaper(excluding
conjunctions,articlesandshortprepositions);however,
capitalizeallwordsoffourlettersormore.
Ex.Inherstudy,DemandFunctionfortheTravelIndustryin
TagaytayCity...

Editing Style
Donotcapitalize
namesoflaws,theories,models,orhypotheses
Ex.lawofsupplyanddemand,Maslowshierarchyof
needs,lifecyclehypothesis
nounsthatprecedeavariable(e.g.itemy,experimentb)

17)ItalicizingWords
Useitalicsfortitlesofbooks,periodicals,andmicrofilm
publications
Ex.Inthebook,IntroductiontoMacroeconomics
genera,species,andvarieties
introductionofanew,technical,orkeytermorlabel(do
notitalicizeforthenextusage)

Editing Style
wordsthatcouldbemisread(e.g.thesmallandbiggroups
designationsnotgroupsize)

lettersusedasstatisticalsymbolsoralgebraicvariables
periodicalvolumenumbersinreferencelists(e.g.15,56-67)
anchorsofascale
Ex.Self-relianceratingsrangedfrom1(low)to3(high)

Donotuseitalicsfor
foreignphrasesandabbreviationscommoninEnglish(main
entriesinWebstersCollegiateDictionary)
Ex.apriori,etal.,adlib,vis-a-vis,perse

chemicalterms(e.g.Hg,NaCl)
trigonometricterms(e.g.sin,tan,cos)

Editing Style
18) Abbreviations

Atermtobeabbreviated,onitsfirst
appearance,mustbespelledoutandfollowed
immediatelybyitsabbreviationinparentheses.
APApermitstheuseofthefollowing
abbreviationsthatdonotneedexplanationin
text(e.g.IQ,AIDS,HIV)
LatinAbbreviationsusedonlyinparenthetical
material;otherwise,usetheEnglishtranslation
cf.comparei.e.,-thatis
e.g.,-forexampleviz.,-namely
etc.-,andsoforthvs.versus,against


Editing Style
ScientificAbbreviations
Useabbreviationsandsymbolsformetricand
nonmetricunitsofmeasurementthatare
accompaniedbynumericvalues(e.g.,5in.,3cm,12
min,20hr,5lb)butnotfortheunitsoftime(e.g.,month,
year,day,week)
PluralsofAbbreviations
addsalone,butnotitalicized,withoutanapostrophe
(e.g.,IQs,Eds,vols,butpp.)

19)StatisticalandMathematicalCopy
Ex.,F(2,_10)_=_8.32,_p_<_.01;
2(4,_n=100)_=_12.60,_p_<_.05


Editing Style
20)NumbersExpressedinFigures

Usefigurestoexpress
allnumbers10andabove(e.g.,10members,12yearsold)
allnumbersbelow10thataregroupedforcomparisonwith
numbers10andabove(e.g.,3outof10,of10groups,the
5thgroup,6ofthe20respondents)
numbersthatimmediatelyprecedeaunitofmeasurement
(e.g.,5-ftwood,3-mgdose)
numbersthatrepresenttime;dates;ages;sample,
subsample,orpopulationsize;scoresandpointsonascale;
exactsumsofmoney
Ex:2hr30min$2each
3weeksago2:30a.m.
5ratsOctober6,1955
scored3ona5-pointscale


Editing Style
numbersthatdenoteaspecificplaceinanumberedseries,
partsofbooksandtables,andeachnumberinalistoffouror
morenumbers.
Ex:Grade5(butfifthgrade);Table2;page25;chapter4;row
2;3,4,6,and10students,respectively)

21)NumbersExpressedinWords
numbersbelow10thatdonotrepresentprecise
measurementsandthataregroupedforcomparisonwith
numbersbelow10(e.g.nineexperiments,fivetrials,three-
waytable,zero-basedbudgeting,one-linestatement)
anynumberthatbeginsasentence(e.g.Forty-fivepercentof
therespondents...,Tenpatientsimproved,and5patients
didnotimprove.)
commonfractions(e.g.,onefifthoftheclass,two-thirds
majority,increasedbythreefourths)


Editing Style
22)CombiningFiguresandWordstoExpress
Numbers
roundedlargenumbers(startingwithmillions)
Ex:almost5millionFilipinos
AbudgetofPhP5.2billion
backtobackmodifiers
Ex.first5items,ten5-year-olds,2two-waytables
eleven7-year-oldstudents,first10items(but
firsttwoitems)

23)DecimalFractions
Useazerobeforethedecimalpointwhennumbersareless
than1.(e.g.,0.56cm,0.23in.,0,56s,0.9ft)
Donotusezerobeforeadecimalfractionwhenthenumber
cannotbegreaterthan1.(e.g.,p<.05,r=-.65)


Editing Style
24)CommasinNumbers
-Usecommasbetweengroupsofthreedigitsinmostfiguresof1,000
ormore(exceptserialnumbers,degreesoftemperature,page
numbers)

25)PluralsofNumbers
-Addsoresalonetoformthepluralsofnumberswhetherexpressed
asfiguresoraswords(e.g.Threesandsixes,1990s,2000s,10sand
20s)

26)StyleforMetricUnits
-Usethemetricsymboltoexpressametricunitwhenitappearswith
anumericvalue(e.g2m),otherwise,spellouttheunitintext(e.g.
measuredinmeters)
-usethemetricsymbolincolumnandsubheadingsoftables
-uselowercaseletterswhenwritingoutfullnamesofunits,unless
usedatthebeginningofthesentence(e.g.meters,kilograms,giga,
mega,deci)


Editing Style -Tables
Table 1

Volume and Value of Philippine Gold Exports, 1980-2003
_______________________________________________________________
Year Volume Growth rate Value Growth rate
(MT) (%) (US $) (%)
_______________________________________________________________

1980 1,140,352 544,974,421

1981 1,138,628 (0.15) 429,376,458 (21.21)

1982 1,060,405 (6.87) 312,447,026 (27.23)

________________________________________________________________
Average 266,322 (11.79) 90,261,726 (8.24)
_________________________________________________________________
Note. From Title of Article, by Author and Author, 2004, Title of Journal, 50,p. 30
Copyright 2005 by the Name of copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.


Editing Style
28)ReferenceList
Referencescitedintextmustappearinthereferencelist;each
entryinthereferencelistmustbecitedintext
Thetextcitationandreferencelistentryareidenticalinspelling
andyear
Entrycontainsthefollowing:author,yearofpublication,title,
volumenumbers(ifjournalsorperiodicals),pagenumbersand
publishingdata
AcceptableAbbreviations
chap. Chapter p.(pp.) page(pages)
ed. Edition Vol. Volume(Vol.3)
Rev.ed. revisededition vols. Volumes4vols.)
2nded. secondedition No. Number
Ed.(Eds.) Editor(Editors) Pt. Part
Trans. Translators Tech.Rep. TechnicalReport
n.d. nodate Suppl. Supplement


Editing Style
29)ReferenceCitationinText
OneWorkbyOneAuthorauthor-datemethodofcitation
(donotincludeJr.)
Ex.a)AsTan(2000)pointsout....
b)Bothtenantsandlandlessworkersinnonriceand
cornlandsnumberabout...(Ledesma,2001).
c)In2001,Ledesmafoundthat....
d)Inastudyon...,Ledesma(2001)emphasized
that...Ledesmaalsofound....

OneWorkbyMultipleAuthors
TwoAuthorsalwayscitebothnameseverytime
thereferenceoccursintext


Editing Style
Three,fourorfiveauthorsciteallauthorsthefirsttimethe
referenceoccurs;insubsequentcitations,includeonlythe
surnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.andtheyearif
itisthefirstcitationofthereferencewithinaparagraph
Ex. Sy,Tan,Co,andDy(2001)foundthat....
[Useasfirstcitationintext]
Syetal.(2001)found....[Useassubsequent
firstcitationperparagraphthereafter].
Syetal.(Omityearfromsubsequentcitations
afterfirstcitationwithinaparagraph)

Iftworeferenceswiththesameyearshortentothesameform
(e.g.Sy,Tan,andCo,2003,andSy,Co,Tan,andDy,2003,
shortentoSyetal.,2003)citethesurnamesofthefirstauthors
todistinguishthetworeferencesas:

Sy,Tan,andCo(2003)andSy,Coetal.(2003)


Editing Style
Sixormoreauthorsciteonlythesurnameofthefirstauthor
followedbyetal.andtheyearforthefirstandsubsequent
citations.Inthereferencelist,providetheinitialsandsurnamesof
thefirstsixauthors,andshortenanyremainingauthorstoetal.

Iftworeferenceswithsixormoreauthorsshortentothesame
form,
Ex.Sy,Tan,Co,Dy,Lee,andOng(2005)
Sy,Tan,Lim,Ong,Chan,andCruz(2005)

Intext,citethem,respectivelyas:Sy,Tan,Co,etal.(2005)
andSy,Tan,Lim,etal.(2005)

Inparentheticalmaterial,tablesandcaptions,andreferencelist,
jointhenamesbyanampersand(&)

Ex.CruzandChavez(2002)pointedthat....
...ashasbeenshown(Cruz&Chavez,2002)


Editing Style
GroupsasAuthors
Thenamesofgroups(e.g.,corporations,associations,studygroups,
etc.)arespelledouteachtimetheyappearinatextcitation;the
namesofsomegroupauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstcitationand
abbreviatedthereafterespeciallyifthenameislongandfamiliaror
readilyunderstandable.

Ex.(BureauofForestDevelopment[BFD],BFD),PAGASA,
NEDA,WB,UP,DLSU,IRRI,US,UniversityofPeru,
CentralBank

WorkswithNoAuthororAnonymousAuthor
Noauthorciteintextthefirstfewwordsofthereferencelistentry
(usuallythetitle)andtheyear;usearoundthetitleofanarticle
orchapter,anditalicizethetitleofaperiodical,book,brochure,or
report
Ex....asstressedintheAgribusinessBulletin(1999)
...profitableforprivatetraders(TheEffectof,2000)


Editing Style
Legalmaterials-citematerialssuchascourtcasesandlegislation
bythefirstfewwordsofthereferenceandtheyear.
Forcases:Namev.Name,VolumeSourcePage(CourtDate)
Onuhv.Usigan,234F.Supp.345(March16,1995)
Anonymous-e.g.,(Anonymous,2003)

AuthorsWiththeSameSurname
includethefirstauthorsinitialsinalltextcitations,eveniftheyear
ofpublicationdiffers.
Ex.A.T.Valerio(2004)andT.A.Valerio(2005)alsofound...
A.C.CruzandIlagan(1998)andC.A.CruzandSy(2000)

TwoorMoreWorksWithintheSameParentheses
arrangetwoormoreworksbythesameauthors(inthesame
order)byyearofpublication.;givetheauthorssurnamesonce;for
eachsubsequentwork,giveonlythedate.
Ex.(Cruz&Santos,1995,1998)
Severalstudies(Smith,1995,1997,2000;Lim,1989,1995)


Editing Style
SpecificPartsofaSource

indicatethepage,chapter,figure,ortableattheappropriatepoint
intext.
Ex.(Boserup&Kim,2000,p.205);(Nakamura,1995,chap.2)
(Kim,2001,Conclusionsection,para.2)

PersonalCommunications
maybeletters,memos,e-mail,personalinterviews,,andthelike;
citedintextonlyandnotincludedinthereferencelist
Ex.T.J.Santos(personalcommunication,April3,1995)
(F.C.Ilagan,personalcommunication,June2,2004)

CitationsinParentheticalMaterial
(seeTable10ofSy,Tan,&Co,2004,forcompletedata)


Editing Style
30)OrderofReferencesintheReferenceList
Alphabetizenames
One-authorentriesarearrangedbyyearofpublication
Ex.Valerio,A.T.(1998)
Valerio,A.T.(2000)

One-authorentriesprecedemultiple-authorentriesbeginning
withthesamesurname
Ex.Valerio,A.T.(2000)
Valerio,A.T.,&Ilagan,F.C.(2001)

31)GeneralForms(ReferenceStyle)
Book
Marcos,F.E.,&Arroyo,G.M.,(2000)Familymediation:Facts,
myths,andfutureprospects(3rded.).WashingtonDC:
JohnWileyandSons.


Editing Style
Groupauthor(governmentagency)aspublisher
NationalStatisticsOffice.(2002).Censusofpopulationand
housing,Sta.Mesa,Manila
Dailynewspaper
Samson,L.A.(2003,April20).Howtofightobesity.Philippine
DailyInquirer,p.C20.
Journalarticle,morethansixauthors
Chong,S.F.,Sy,A.C.,Lim,J.G.,Tan,L.C.,See,K.N.,Dy,
J.L.,etal.,(2000).Populationpressure,migrationand
markets:Implicationsforuplanddevelopment.Quarterly
JournalofEconomics,55,10401049.
Magazinearticle
Falcon,W.P.&Capule,A.G.(1995,June10).Scenariosfor
theyear2005.Science,290,12-16.
Periodicalpublishedannually
Romero,G.M.(2001).Socialcognitionandsocialperception.
AnnualReviewofPsychology,44,155-195


Editing Style
Editedbook
Gonzales,L.A.&AlviarN.A.(Eds.).(1999),Naturalresource
economics:Issues,analysis,andpolicy.NewYork:John
WileyandSons.

Encyclopediaordictionary
Santos,D.R.(Eds.).(1990).Thenewscienceencyclopedia
(Vols.1-20),London:Macmillan.

Proceedingsofsymposia
Minguez,G.R.(1996).Theexpandedcornprograminthe
Philippines.InA.F.Salgado(Ed.),AsianRegionalMaize
Workshop(pp.120-130),UniversityofBandungPress.
Indonesia.


Editing Style
Unpublisheddoctoraldissertation
Cruz,D.D.(1982).Technicalandinstitutional
changeinrenewableresourcedevelopment
(withapplicationfortraditionalfisheries).
Unpublisheddoctoraldissertation,
MadisonUniversityofWisconsin.

Articleinaninternet
Environmentalsustainabilityindex.(n.d).Retrieved August
24,2004,fromhttp://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/.

Newton,R.T.(2004,July7).Tentopcorporationsin
theworld.InBusinessword.RetrievedOctober10,
2004,fromhttp://www.corp.net.