CFD Lecture 4

Dr. Thomas J. Barber

Numerical Methods & Applications

Numerical Methods & Applications

Elliptic equations: Incompressible flow over cylinder
(Laplace)

Parabolic: Nonsteady heat conduction

Hyperbolic: Shock tube


Parabolic and hyperbolic equations introduce unique
numerical problems
Consistency of scheme

Stability of scheme
Application 1: Flow Over Circular Cylinder
Low-speed flow circular cylinder has many applications: car
antenna, smoke stacks, probes in flows, off-shore oil rigs
Viscous effects produce oscillating downstream wakes
High Reynolds number flow look inviscid

Governing Equation & B.C.s



2
2
1 1
0
0 cos( )
rr r
r a r
r r
U
r r
uu


u

= =
V = + + =
c c
= =
c c
Low-Speed Flow Over an Ellipse
Finite Reynolds Number Case
Low-Speed Ideal Flow Over an Ellipse
High Reynolds Number Case
Numerical Methods
Elliptic Schemes - I
Second-order centered in space scheme F.D.E.
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
1
2
1
2
2
1 , , 1 ,
2
, 1 , 1
2
, 1 , , 1
=
(

A
+
+
(

+
(

A
+
+ + +
u
| | | | | |
j i j i j i j i j i j i j i j i
R R R R
0
1 1
2
2
= + + = V
uu
|
R R
R RR
R
u
u

cos

=
c
c
U
R
0 =
c
c
R

t constan = 0 =
c
c
u

a
R

0 t/2
P.D.E.
Grid and B.C.s
Numerical Methods
Elliptic Schemes - II
Questions
Where is R

?, How to make certain?

Make sure that AR and RAu do not change when you vary R

Is the method truly second order?
Perform grid studies and plot log-log of error vs. AR
Is the solver efficient?
What to do about a complete Neumann problem?
R
u
u

cos

=
c
c
U
R
0 =
c
c
R

0 =
c
c
u

0 =
c
c
u

t
a
0
Solve half-plane of symmetry
problem 0 ( u ( t
Numerical Methods
Elliptic Schemes - III
Questions
How to solve for corner points?
How to ensure compatibility with 2 B.C.s?
R
u
u

cos

=
c
c
U
R
0 =
c
c
R

0 = 0 =
c
c
u

t/2
a
0
| |
: , / 2
cos cos ( )
cos / 2 ( / 2)
( / 2) 0, . .
0
r
Corner r
U U r f
U r f
If we set f this BC is compatible
with
t
u u u
t t
t

= = +
= +
=
=
Numerical Methods
Elliptic Schemes - IV
R
u
u

cos

=
c
c
U
R
0 =
c
c
R

0 =
0 =
c
c
u

t/2
a
0
: , / 2
0 ( )
( / 2)
( / 2) 0, . .
0
r
Corner a
f
f
If we set f this BC is
compatible with
t
u
t
t

= =
=
=
=
: , 0
0 ( ) (0)
0 ( ) ( )
, .
r
Corner a
f f constant
g r g a constant
If same constant then compatible
u
u

= = = =
= = = =
: , 0
cos cos ( )
(0)
0 ( ) ( )
( ) (0) 0,
.
r
Corner r
U U r f
U r f
g r g r constant
If g r U r and f then
compatible
u
u u u

= = +
= +
= = = =
= =
Numerical Methods
Elliptic Schemes-III
2-D and 3-D computational molecules using geographical not index notation
Numerical Methods
Elliptic Schemes-IV
5-point computational molecules for linearized system
using geographical not index notation
Numerical Methods
Applications to Finite-Volume Method
Surface area and volume integrals that comprise flow
equations must be approximated in a consistent manner
integral evaluation order
derivative evaluation
functional variation over control volume
Node-centered scheme
Numerical Methods
Applications to Finite-Volume Method
Surface area and volume integrals that comprise flow
equations must be approximated in a consistent manner
integral evaluation order
derivative evaluation
functional variation over control volume
Surface integrals: pressure, fluxes
midpoint rule - second order accurate

trapezoidal rule - second order accurate

Simpsons rule - fourth order accurate

Volume integrals: unsteady, heat addition
average value or integrated variation
e e
S
S f S d f
e
~
}
( )
se ne
e
S
f f
S
S d f
e
+ ~
}
2
( )
se e ne
e
S
f f f
S
S d f
e
+ + ~
}
4
6
}
+ + = ~ ) (
2
2 1 0
x a x a a q assume or V d q V d q
p
Numerical Methods
Applications to Finite-Volume Method
} }
- V I = - dS n dS n v
equation transport Scalar

| |
| | | |
P E
P e
e
E e e P e e e
e
e
conv
x x
x x
where
m m dS n v F
scheme CDS For

=
+ = - =
}

| | | 1

E E
E
conv
m A
equation stencil in that Note
=