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1
Version 3.1
Routing
• The process that a router uses to forward packets
toward the destination network.
• A router makes this decision based on the destination
IP address
• If dynamic routing is used, routers have to learn
routes from other routers.
• If static routing is used, the administrator configures
this information into the router manually
– So, you might say that updates to a routing table
are made by the administrator.
2
Version 3.1
Configuring Static Routes
with Outgoing Interface
Outgoing
interface
Administrative
distance of 1 -
default
3
Version 3.1
Configuring Static Routes
with Next-hop IP Address
Next hop
interface
Administrative
distance of 1 -
default
4
Version 3.1
Configuring Static Routes
• An administrator actually enters static routes into the routing
table.
• That makes them static route entries – because the router is
not “discovering” those routes.
• If for some reason that outgoing interface goes down or is not
available for some reason, then at that time the route will be
removed from the routing table.
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Version 3.1
S0 192.168.2.1/24 S0 192.168.4.1/24
S1 192.168.2.2/24 S1 192.168.4.2/24
7
Version 3.1
Static Default Routes
• A router should be configured with a special type of
static route – a default route.
• This default route routes packets with destinations
that do not match any of the other routes in the
routing table
• It is a “gateway of last resort” that allows the router to
forward “destination unknown” packets out a
particular interface
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Version 3.1
Default Route on non-directly connected
networks
9
Version 3.1
Verifying a Default Route
• To verify a default route, use the following
commands:
– show run to make sure you typed it in correctly
– show ip route to make sure the router placed it
in the routing table.
10
Version 3.1
Examine the show ip route Command
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Version 3.1
Troubleshooting static route configuration
• Ping and traceroute should be used to test basic
connectivity.
show interfaces
show interface s0
show interface s1
show ip interface brief
12
Version 3.1
Routed VS. Routing
• Routed protocols
are protocols that
are routed over an
Internetwork (IP,
AppleTalk, IPX)
• Routing protocols
use algorithms to
route routed
protocols through
the Internetwork
(RIP, IGRP, OSPF)
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Version 3.1
Convergence
• When all routers in an Internetwork are operating with the
same knowledge, the Internetwork is said to have
converged.
• Fast convergence is desirable because it reduces the
period of time in which routers would continue to make
incorrect routing decisions.
• In routers that use dynamic routing protocols, it is
important to have fast convergence because routers could
make incorrect forwarding decisions until the network has
fully converged.
• A network has converged when the routers in the network
are operating with consistent routing knowledge.
15
Version 3.1
S0 S0
16
Version 3.1
Distance Vector Routing
Neighbor to
neighbor
ONLY
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Version 3.1
Distance Vector Routing
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Version 3.1
Topology Changes (distance vector)
19
Version 3.1
Link-state Routing
• Shortest Path First (SPF)
• Flood routing information about it’s OWN links
• Analyze incoming routing update messages
• If the message indicates that a network change has
occurred, the routing software recalculates routes
and sends out new routing update messages
• These messages permeate the network, stimulating
routers to rerun their algorithms and change their
routing tables accordingly.
• After the initial flood, it passes small event-
triggered updates to all other routers
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Version 3.1
In Order to Converge, a Router in a Link-
State network must:
• Remember its neighbor’s name, when it’s link is up or down
(status), and the cost of the path to that router.
• Create an LSP (link-state packet) that lists its neighbor’s
name and relative costs.
• Send the newly created LSP to all other routers participating
in the link-state network.
• Receive LSPs from other routers and update its own
database. (Particularly when there are changes in the
network)
• Build a complete map of the Internetwork’s topology from all
the LSPs received, then compute the best route to each
network destination.
21
Version 3.1
Link-State Concerns
• Processor overhead
• Memory requirements (use more router resources
initially when flooding info)
• Bandwidth Consumption on initial flood
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Version 3.1
The Routing Process
192.168.1.56
01-00-A5-C3-26-6B
• The protocol
address (IP) always
remains the same.
192.168.1.56
34-7E-33-12-C9-20
192.168.1.56
6A-5F-0D-09-8B-AA
• The physical
192.168.1.56
address (MAC)
BC-48-03-8F-FF-AA
changes at each
hop.
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Version 3.1
Routing Decisions
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Version 3.1
Configuring a Router to Route
1. Specify routing protocol
Router(config)#router rip
or
Router(config)#router igrp 200
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Version 3.1
Routing Protocols
• RIP
– Distance vector
– Uses hop count as its only metric (15)
– Broadcasts routing updates every 30 seconds
• IGRP
– Proprietary to Cisco, still a distance vector protocol
– Uses bandwidth, load, reliability, & delay as its metrics
– Broadcasts routing updates every 90 seconds
• EIGRP
– Cisco’s advanced distance vector interior routing protocol
– Uses some distance vector and some link-state principles
26
Version 3.1
Routing Protocols
• OSPF (initially advertisements are flooded)
– Link-state routing protocol
– Routing updates occur when there are topology changes
– All routers in a OSPF domain would then adjust their routes
• BGP
– A distance vector exterior routing protocol
– Routes traffic between 2 autonomous systems
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Version 3.1
Border Gateway Protocol & Autonomous
Systems