Terrestrial Navigation

Earth/Terrestrial & Orientation Coordinates

Reference Material

Fundamentals of Navigation

Capt. P. Jaime Bourgeois Chapter one

Bowdit h Online! "##" Edition

http!//msi.nga.mil/N$%Portal/&'(.portal)*nfp+,true&*page-a+el,msi*portal*page*. Chapter One! http!//msi.nga.mil/&'('iteContent/'tati Files/N%/*P0B'/%PN/Chapt1#2.pdf

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Lesson Goals

0pon ompletion of this lesson 4ou will +e a+le to!

0nderstand the oordinates used to la+el a position on the earth5s surfa e Be ome familiar with 6(7ECT(ON' on the earth as the4 relate to ir ular measurement

Learning Objectives

0pon ompletion of this lesson8 4ou should +e a+le to e3plain!

Coordinates on the Earth5s surfa e $reat ir le 'mall ir le -atitude 9Parallels: -ongitude 9&eridians: (nternational 6ate -ine 6ifferen e of -atitude 6ifferen e of -ongitude

Earth

;Terra< , -atin for Earth= therefore terrestrial navigation is land navigation Earth is an oblate spheroid in shape
6iameter at e>uator .8??? nm 6iameter at poles .8?.@ nm 6ifferen e of "A nm Cir umferen e of a ir le , x diameter (Pi x Dia.)
3.1416 x 6,888 nm = 21,639 nm at the equator 3.1416 x 6,865 nm = 21,567 nm throu h the !o"e# 72 nm di$$eren%e

360 Degrees of a

ircle

Directions

Cir ular or angular measurement!

6ivisions of a ir le= degrees8 minutes and se onds &easured lo Bwise from ### through 360

On a nauti al hart!
north is up south is down east is to the right west is to the left

Latit!de and Longit!de

&easured in degrees8 minutes and se onds!

'4m+ols! 9 )
2 degree , .# minutes of ar 2 minute , .# se onds of ar , 2 nauti al mile

% omplete ir le ontains A.# degrees E3ample! 2@ degrees8 2C minutes8 DE se onds is written as!
2@ 2C5 DE<

" NM # "$ Lat% # 6&0'6%" feet

A.# x 6&' = 21,6&& minute# o$ ar% or (atitude

)ir%um$eren%e o$ the *arth 21,600 = length of a NM.

Nautical Mile = one minute of Lat. or 6,076.1 feet
!enerall" acce#te$ a%erage)
&nternational 'tan$ar$( 1 NM = 1,)*2 meter'. 1 +ard = &.9144 meter

ircles of the Earth

$reat Cir le 'mall Cir le -atitude

Parallel E>uator Tropi s of Can er Tropi s of Capri orn

-ongitude
&eridian Prime &eridian/ $reenwi h (nternational 6ate -ine

ircles of the Earth

$reat Cir le F
;is the line of interse tion of a sphere and a plane through the enter of the sphere. This is the largest ir le that an +e drawn on a sphere< 9Bow ((:

Great ircles ( )ll Meridians and the E*!ator%

Other circles parallel to the e*!ator are s+all circles%

ircles of the Earth ( ,+all

ircle

'mall Cir le F
; is the line interse tion of a sphere and a plane whi h does not pass through the enter of the sphere< 9Bow ((:

oordinates

To find lo ation on the Earth5s surfa e we use -atitude and -ongitude as the oordinate s4stem. (n the maritime world we measure distan e +4 nauti al mile 8 speed +4 Bnots8 & time in "D hours.
2 Nauti al &ile , 2.2@2 'tatute &ile or .8#E..22 feet 2 'tatute &ile , @8"?# Feet 90sed on the $reat -aBes: 2 Gnot , 2.2@2 'tatute &ile per Hour

ircles of the Earth

-atitude

Parallel or Parallel of -atitude

;is a ir le on the surfa e of the earth8 parallel to the plane of the e>uator.< 9Bow ((:

Latit!de OR -arallels

Latit!de

./, G 0oat re1 ,ea+anship Man!al .20033& p% 4563

ircles of the Earth

E>uator F
;is the terrestrial great ir le whose plane is perpendi ular to the polar a3is. (t is midwa4 +etween the poles.< 9Bow ((:

ircles of the Earth

Tropi of Can er F (s the parallel of -atitude lo ated at "AI "..#5 N.

%ppro3imatel4 "A.@ ,orth

Tropi of Capri orn 1 (s the parallel of -atitude lo ated at "AI "..#5 '.
%ppro3imatel4 "A.@ -outh

%r ti Cir le F (s the parallel lo ated at ..I AD.#5 N

.!!roximate"+ 66.5,orth

%ntar ti Cir le F (s the parallel lo ated at ..I AD.#5 '

.!!roximate"+ 66.5 -outh Bowdit h 9"##": p. "A#

Latit!de

&easured from ##I to C#I starting at the e>uator!

northward toward the geographi North Pole and southward toward the geographi 'outh Pole

-a+eling
North -atitudes , N 'outh -atitudes , '

Jhen writing -atitude 4ou write degrees8 minutes8 and se onds!

E3ample - "CI AD5 A#< N
-,-atitude "CI , "C degrees AD5 , AD minutes A#< , A# se onds N , North for Northern Hemisphere ' , 'outh for 'outhern Hemisphere

ircles of the Earth 6 Longit!de

-ongitude or &eridians

&eridian F ;is a great ir le through the geographi al poles of the earth.< Bow (( 9%G% -ongitudes:

Longit!de .Meridians3

Longit!de

&easured from ###I to 2?#I westward and eastward of the Prime &eridian 9###I:
The prime meridian is lo ated through $reenwi h England and is therefore also referred to as ;$reenwi h<.

Jhen writing -ongitude 4ou write!

K #"CIAD5A#< J
K ,-ongitude #"CI , "C degrees AD5 , AD minutes A#< , A# se onds J , Jest for Jestern Hemisphere E , East for Eastern Hemisphere

-ri+e Meridian

-ri+e Meridian The origin of longitude is ###I. -ongitude is measured 2?#I Jest and East Originates at $reenwi h England 9###)

7nternational Date Line

(nternational 6ate -ine

-ongitude line 9&eridian: 'et 2?#I from $reenwi h Not la+eled Jest or East

Longit!de

Longit!de

./, G 0oat

re1 ,ea+anship Man!al .20033& p% 4583

Global -ict!re

Latit!de and Longit!de

Earth oordinates

Earth oordinates

oordinates

Ever4 parallel rosses ever4 meridian at an angle of C#I 9perpendi ular to one another: Prime &eridian runs through $reenwi h8 England and is the starting marB for -ongitude , ### 2?#I -ongitude does not have a J or E la+el8 it is the (nternational 6ate -ine Poles do not have a -ongitude sin e this is where all meridians merge to one final point.

Mercator

hart of the Earth

Rh!+b Lines

% 7hum+ line rosses all meridians at the same angle on a &er ator hart.
Je draw 7hum+ lines on a &er ator hart when we navigate.

$reat ir les do not ross all meridians at the same angle so a 7hum+ line an +e used to onne t wa4points whi h follow a great ir le.

Rh!+b Lines
0o!rgeois ."55'3 p% "0

Meas!re+ent of a ircle

Full ir le has A.# degrees L of a ir le is 2?# degrees M of a ir le is #C# degrees 9-oints of a circle:
22 M degrees 922."@) each +0 $egree' = ) #oint' 1)0 $egree' = 16 #oint' 360 $egree' = 32 #oint'
11.2* x 32 = 36&)

Reciprocal of an; direction

7e ipro al of an4 dire tion is the dire tion 2?# a,a" from it. -.am#le'( /he reci#rocal of 0000 i' 00000

either a$$ 1)0 or 'u1tract, if "ou a$$ it the an',er mu't 1e le'' than 360)

2eci#rocal of 0+0 i' 270 2eci#rocal of 1*0 i' 330 2eci#rocal of 223 i' 033 2eci#rocal of 1+* i' 01*

Difference of Latit!de

The angular distan e +etween the latitude of one pla e and the latitude of another pla e. (f +oth pla es are on the same side of the e>uator8 the differen e is found +4 s!btracting (f the4 are on opposite sides of the e>uator8 the differen e is found +4 adding

E<a+ples of difference of latit!de

2: -atitude of point %! @@ "A5 2.< North -atitude of point B! AA "#5 2E< North 6ifferen e of latitude! "" #"5 @C< ": -atitude of point %! 2D D"5 2#< North -atitude of point B! AC @D5 @#< 'outh 6ifferen e of latitude! @D AE5 ##<

Difference of Longit!de

The angular distan e +etween the longitude of one pla e and longitude of another pla e. (f +oth pla es are in east longitude or +oth are in west longitude8 the differen e of longitude is found +4 s!btracting the lesser longitude from the greater longitude. (f one pla e is in east longitude and the other is in west longitude8 the differen e of longitude is found +4 adding the two longitudes together.

E<a+ples of difference of longit!de

2: -ongitude of point %! 2D@ "A5 2.< East -ongitude of point B! #@A D"5 2E< East 6ifferen e of longitude! C2 D#5 @C< ": -ongitude of point %! 2"D A@5 2C< East -ongitude of point B! #DE AA5 "#< Jest 6ifferen e of longitude! 2E" #?5 AC<

=inding Mid6Latit!de

&iddle1latitude is the mean of two latitudes. 'ame side of e>uator

%dd +oth and divide +4 two - DA 2D5 "C< ' 2#" @A5 2#<

N - @C A?5 D2< ' *O"*************** , @2 ".5 A@< '

=inding Mid6Latit!de

Opposite side of e>uator

%dd +oth8 divide +4 two8 s!btract fro+ larger.

- ". "A5 @D< N .@ @.5 2?< A" @?5 #C< '

N - AC A"5 "D< ' , *O "********** 1 AC A"5 "D< ' #. AD5 2@5 '

,!++ar;

Pou are now!

%+le to understand the oordinates used to la+el a position on the earth5s surfa e Familiar with 6(7ECT(ON' on the earth as the4 relate to ir ular measurement