EXCITATION SYSTEM

GENERATOR

ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS THE PUREST FORM OF ENERGY IN FLEXIBILITY OF GENERATION TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION AND UTILISATION ELECTRICAL POWER IS GENERATED BY SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

OUR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS WORK UNDER THE PRINCIPLE OF , FARADAY S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FARADAY S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION E.M.F N X d/dt
,

to Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction the following 3 things are essential for the generation of e.m.f
According

1.Electrical Conductor- STATOR WINDING. 2.Magnetic Field- FIELD WINDING-ROTOR.

3. RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN THESE TWO WHICH IS ACHIEVED BY THE Prime Mover-TURBINE.

Faradays law of Electromagnetic Induction

E = k dBl/dt Where, e instantaneous voltage induced along the length of the conductor,V dB/dt rate of change of magnetic flux density, tesla/s l length of the conductor exposed to the flux,m k - constant

Principle

What is Reactive Power?

While active power is the energy supplied to run a motor, heat a home, or illuminate an electric light bulb, reactive power provides the important function of regulating voltage. If voltage on the system is not high enough, active power cannot be supplied. Reactive power is used to provide the voltage levels necessary for active power to do useful work. Reactive power is essential to move active power through the transmission and distribution system to the customer.

VOLTAGE CONTROL
The voltage is a load variable very much influenced by local conditions. Though everybody is having the responsibility to have better voltage profile including the customer, the CTU(central transmission utility) has the ultimate control. It is important to have a balance of reactive power in the operation of the system otherwise voltage control is lost.

ARMATURE REACTION
AR is meant by the effect of magnetic field set by armature current as the distortion of flux under main pole of a generator when there is no load connected to the generator the armature conductors carries no current there is only one magnetic field in the machine under this condition.This field from north to south pole is shown in figure. It is called the main field. The armature magnetic field has two effects Cross magnetizing effect or distorts it Demagnetizing effect or weakens to main flux

The

actual flux after loading (OFA) can be resolved in two rectangular components, OFD parallel to proper axis and OFC perpendicular to this axis
Components

OFC is at right angles to the vector main flux. It produces distortion in the mainfield and it is called the cross magnetizing or distorting components of the armature reaction
The

components OFD is at right angle to the main MMF. It is called the demagnetization or weaken the main flux of armature reaction
Due to the cross magnetizing or distortion rotor (MNA) magnetic neutral axis distorted by an angle which is called load angle or rotor angle.

By

extra steam distortion speed) is compensated this extra steam is done by governing system which is regulated the steam flow according to the load condition
AR

leads to a change in flux distribution in the generator , leading to a reduction of induced emf

GENERATOR
Synchronous generators are able to both absorb and produce reactive power. Changes to reactive output are made by altering the level of excitation on the rotating field of the generator. When a generator absorbs reactive power it is called under excited and consumes reactive power from the network and acts as a shunt coil viewed from the network when it produces reactive power it is called over excited and acts as a shunt capacitor as viewed from the network.

ROLE OF EXCITATION
BASIC FUNCTION:
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS IS TO FEED DC VOLTAGE TO THE ROTOR WINDINGS TO GENERATE THE MAGNETIC FIELD ACCORDING TO THE OPERATING CONDITIONS

CONTROL PROTECTIVE FUNCTION ENHANCING POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

PURPOSE OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

REGULATE TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF THE MACHINE.

MEET EXCITATION POWER REQUIREMTS UNDER ALL NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS.

ENABLE MAXIMUM UTILISATION OF MACHINE CAPABILITY. GUARD THE MACHINE AGAINST INADVERTANT TRIPPING DURING TRANSIENTS. IMPROVE DYNAMIC & TRANSIENT STABILITY THEREBY INCREASING AVAILABILITY.

MAINLY TO MAINTAIN THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF A GENERATOR AT A PREDETERMINED VALUE, INDEPENDENT OF THE CHANGE IN LOADING CONDITIONS.

IN ADDITION TO THIS,

THE EXCITATION SYSTEM HAS TO CONTRIBUTE THE

FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS ALSO.

1.

MAINTENANCE OF STABLE OPERATION OF MACHINE UNDER STEADY STATE, TRANSIENT AND DYNAMIC CONDITIONS.

2.

EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF MACHINE CAPABILITIES WITHOUT EXCEEDING MACHINE OPERATING LIMITS,(USING LIMITERS)

Voltage Must be Maintained Within Acceptable Levels

Under normal system conditions, both peak or off peak load conditions, the voltages need to be maintained between 95% and 105% of the nominal. Low voltage conditions could result in equipment malfunctions: 1. Motor will stall, overheat or damage 2. Reactive power output of capacitors will be reduced exponentially 3. Generating units may trip. High voltage conditions may: 1. Damage major equipment insulation failure 2. Automatically trip major transmission equipment.

TYPES
1. 2. 3. 4. DC EXCITATION SYSTEMS AC EXCITATION SYSTEMS STATIC EXCITATION BRUSHLESS EXCITATION

Excitation system: Why not dc exciters?

Large numbers of brushes, extensive commuters and brush gear maintenance. During change of load chances of flash over. For reliability exciters are directly coupled, this means reduction in gears that are necessary. At higher speeds invariably commutation problems. AVR: Static excitation system, Automatic and separate voltage regulators Maximum and Minimum excitation limiters Change over to Manual control in case of fault in Auto mode.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN EXCITATION SYSTEM

Monitoring
AVR Pulse Gen. Logic control PulseAmpl.

Field Suppressio n

POWER SUPPLY AUTO CHANNEL

AVR

GATE CONT

PULSE AMP

MAN CONTR

GATE CONT

PULSE AMP

POWER SUPPLY MAN CHANNEL

DUAL CHANNEL AVR AUTOMATIC AND

MANUAL CHANNEL

Excitation system-DVR
The main advantages of DVR are Automatic diagnosis, i.e. internal condition monitoring and fault detection. Set values are digital, hence absolutely reproduce able and not there is no drift long time stability Reduced module diversity Comprehensive measuring and setting possibilities User friendly and easy adaptation to customers requirements

The DVR has the following functions

Voltage regulation which is responsible for the machine dynamic response.

Firing pulse generation Protection & control

Monitoring the system as whole

The digital regulator periodically calculates the control signal from measured & reference values. This calculation is repeated at every short time intervals approx. 3.3 ms.

The calculation is done in binary system.

Therefore the analog measured values viz. generator voltage, current, field current should be transformed in A/D converter into binary signal.

Generation of firing pulses

Main function generation of double pulses Digital filtering of synchronizing voltage Adjustment of min. and maximum firing angle Correction of firing angle whenever the frequency deviates from nominal value Gate pulse blocking and inverter mode operation Field current monitoring with immediate blocking in case of a short circuit to prevent the damage of thyristor and fuses Set point control for open loop control for SCC /OCC testing

The most important functions of DVR are

Regulation of generator voltage (AVR) Limiters (Load angle limiter, Rotor over load limiter, Inductive stator current limiter and Capacitive stator current limiter)

Power system stabilizer

Excitation monitoring Current flow monitoring of individual thyristors

Change over to Channel 2, if field current increases following an inverse time characteristics Actual value monitoring of generator voltage & field current

DVR Input
U generator

I generator

DVR
I Rotor

Uc

U Sync

BRUSHLESS SYSTEM
RESPONSE LIMITED TO EXCITER M/C TIME CONST.
FIELD DISCHARGE WITH NATURAL TIME CONSTANT SUPPLY FROM PMG & NO INITIAL BUILD-UP CIRCUIT REQD

STATIC EXCITATION
FAST RESPONSE

FAST FIELD DISCHARGE BY RESISTOR & INVERTER OPERATION INITIAL BUILD-UP CIRCUIT IS REQD

BRUSHLESS SYSTEM
EASY SUPPORTING OF SHORT CKT IN SMALL INDUSTRIAL M/CS NO SLIP RINGS & BRUSHGEAR. DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF FIELD PARAMETERS NOT POSSIBLE LESS POWER REQMTS SMALL THYRISTOR RECTIFIERS

STATIC EXCITATION
SUPPORTING OF SHORT CKT CURRENT NEEDS COMPOUNDING TRAFO. DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF FIELD QUANTITIES UF & IF POSSIBLE

MORE POWER REQMTS NO LIMITATION ON REDUNDANCY OF THYRISTOR BRIDGE MORE SPACE REQUIRED

LESS SPACE REQUIRED

GENERATOR CAPABILITY

DIAGRAM

CONSTANT EXCITATION CIRCLES CONSTANT CURRENT CIRCLES TURBINE LIMITATION STABILITY LIMIT

OPERATING LIMITS OF THE GENERATOR

1. At lagging power factor, the limit in the reactive power is imposed either by the rotor heating or stator heating considerations. 2. Active power limit is imposed by the design of the turbine.(at unity power factor the generator MVA can be equalised with the rated MVA in absolute terms). 3. The leading power factor limits is imposed by, load angle limiter due to stability considerations. end winding heating due to iron magnetizing effect of main field and armature reactions. minimum excitation limit which is required to have a control over the machine

The rules for fixing this leading power factor limit vary from generator to generator, and are of functioning of,
othe othe othe othe

parameters of the generator type of excitation system type of voltage regulator

system to which the generator is connected.

LIMITERS
V / Hz limiter: At under frequency, the V/Hz limiter reduces the generator voltage so as to prevent saturation effects. When under frequency occurs, the generator voltage is reduced in proportion to that setting. Field current maximum limiter: Field current maximum limiter is provided to protect the generator rotor from over currents occurring in steady state and transient operation. High field currents are normally the result of s sharp rise drop in network voltage or improper rising of set point by the operator. The field current will be held steady at the maximum permissible value for the excitation circuit and the rotor. The switch back to the thermal limit is based on the time integral of the excitation current. The cool down time can also be defined through parameters.

Inductive Stator current Limiter: The inductive stator current holds the stator current Ig within permissible limits while the generator is in the over excited condition. This limiter prevents the static over currents. The principle of operation of this limiter is similar to the rotor over load limiter. When the turbine out put is high, stator current may exceed permissible limits even when the inductive currents are low. In this case the stator current limiter is kept from influencing, to prevent the possibility of oscillating back and forth between the inductive and capacitive current limiters
Capacitive current limiter: The capacitive current limiter holds the stator current with in permissible when the generator is under excited.

Load Angle limiter: The load angle limiter prevents the synchronous machine from slipping out of synchronism. The load angle (delta) is the difference in phase angle between the rotor and the stator rotating fields. This is the result of driving torque (active power P) acting on the generator and the level of rotor current. If the driving torque remains constant, a increase in field current will result in reduction in load angle. The load is angle is calculated from generator voltage and current from a simplified model of a the generator. When this calculated value exceeds the preset value (75 deg), the limiter increases the filed current until the load angle drops to permissible limit value.

Adaptive Power system stabilizer (PSS): The purpose of power system stabilizer is to use the generator excitation to damp the electromechanical oscillations between the network and the generator. In order to damp these oscillations a damping torque has to be produced depending difference in frequency (df) between the rotor and the stator-rotating field, ie on the slip frequency. This torque is produced mainly by the damper windings in the rotor. Due to limitations imposed by economy, on the size of the damper windings, further action is therefore needed to increase the damping effect.

Adaptive Power system stabilizer (PSS): The purpose of power system stabilizer is to use the generator excitation to damp the electromechanical oscillations between the network and the generator. In order to damp these oscillations a damping torque has to be produced depending difference in frequency (df) between the rotor and the stator-rotating field, ie on the slip frequency. This torque is produced mainly by the damper windings in the rotor. Due to limitations imposed by economy, on the size of the damper windings, further action is therefore needed to increase the damping effect.

GENERATOR

PROTECTIONS

CLASS A
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL GT DIFFERENTIAL UAT DIFFERENTIAL GEN &GT OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL STATOR EARTH FAULT-0-95% & 95-100% STAND BY EARTH FAULT REVERSE POWER WITH ESV CLOSED REVERSE POWER WITH ESV OPEN GENERATOR OVER VOLTAGE ALARM & TRIP GENERATOR ROTOR EARTH FAULT

CLASS A
LOW FORWARD POWER GENERATOR MIN, IMPEDANCE GEN. CO2 RELEASED GT BUCHOLTZ- STAGE II GT BUCHOLTZ- STAGE II GT REF GT OVERFLUX GT PRESSURE RELIEF UAT BUCHOLTZ- STAGE II UAT PRESSURE RELIEF

CLASS A
GT O/C & BACK UP E/F GT MULSIFIER UAT O/C & BACK UP E/F UAT MULSIFIER

CLASS B
GT OIL & WINDING TEMP.HIGH HIGH UAT OIL & WINDING TEMP.HIGH HIGH LOSS OF EXCITATION GEN NEGATIVE SEQUENCE STAGE I

CLASS C
GEN NEGATIVE SEQUENCE STAGE II GEN OUT OF STEP UNDER FREQUENCY GEN MIN IMPEDANCE STAGE II GT BKR LBB

TURBINE TRIPS
INLET STEAM TEMP. LOW LOW CONDENSER VACUUM LOW LOW LUBE OIL PRESSURE LOW LOW AXIAL DISPLACEMENT HIGH HIGH OVERSPEED TG BEARING METAL TEMP. HIGH HIGH TG SHAFT VIBRATIONS HIGH HIGH EMERGENCY STOP OPERATED

UNIT BUS CHANGE OVER

FAST BUS CHANGEOVER SLOW BUS CHANGE OVER OVERLAP TRANSFER DEAD BUS CHARGING