BASIC PROTECTION AND RELAYING SCHEMES

Submitted bySomali ajal Das 0901106068

Guided by Dr. Abhimanyu Mohapatra Dr. Ranjan Ku. Jena

Agenda
Why protection is needed Principles and elements of the protection system Basic protection schemes Digital relay advantages and enhancements

Disturbances: Light or Severe

The power system must maintain acceptable operation 24 hours a day

Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits

Small disturbances
The control system can handle these Example: variation in transformer or generator load

Severe disturbances require a protection system

They can jeopardize the entire power system They cannot be overcome by a control system

Power System Protection

Operation during severe disturbances:
System element protection

System protection
Automatic reclosing Automatic transfer to alternate power supplies

Automatic synchronization

Electric Power System Exposure to External Agents

Damage to Main Equipment

Protection System
A series of devices whose main purpose is to protect persons and primary electric power equipment from the effects of faults

The Sentinels

Blackouts
Characteristics

Main Causes

Loss of service in a large area or population region Hazard to human life May result in enormous economic losses

Overreaction of the protection system Bad design of the protection system

Short Circuits Produce High Currents

Three-Phase Line

a b c
I Substation Thousands of Amps I Fault

Wire

FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :

Severe damage to the faulted equipment : Excessive current may flow; Causes burning of conductors or equipment windings; Arcing - energy dissipation; Risk of explosions for oil - filled switchgear, or when in hazardous environments. Damage to adjacent plant : As the fault evolves, if not cleared quickly; Due to the voltage depression / loss of supply.

Mechanical Damage During Short Circuits

Very destructive in busbars, isolators, supports, transformers, and machines Damage is instantaneous

Mechanical Forces

f1
i1 i2
Rigid Conductors

f2

f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)

The Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Essential qualities of protection:

Reliability SelectivityAbsolute or relative Fastness Discrimination

Protection System Elements

Protective relays Circuit breakers Current and voltage transducers Communications channels DC supply system Control cables

Protective relays:
A device which detect intolerable or unwanted conditions within the assigned area. * A watchman or watchdog for the equipment/area * Silent sentinels to power system.

How relays are differentiated?

Can be differentiated based on: * Functional categories * Input quantities *Operating Principles * Performance Characteristics.

What are various design criteria?

* Dependability/Reliability * Security * Selectivity *Speed * Simplicity/flexibility *Stability *Performance Vs. Economy

What are various technique used?

* Electromechanical *Solid state/Static * Microprocessor/Numerical

Non-Unit, or Unrestricted Protection :

No specific point downstream up to which protection will protect Will operate for faults on the protected equipment; May also operate for faults on downstream equipment, which has its own protection; Need for discrimination with downstream protection, usually by means of time grading.

Unit, or Restricted Protection :

Has an accurately defined zone of protection
An

item of power system plant is protected as a unit; Will not operate for out of zone faults, thus no back-up protection for downstream faults.

Types of relays
As per function: Main Auxiliary Signal As per actuating quantity Overrelays Underrelays

Types
As per connection Primary Secondary(common) As per action on CB Direct acting Indirect acting As per construction Electromagnetic

Types..
Static Numerical As per comparator types Single input comparator Two input comparator Multiple input comparator

Methods of disciminations:
To locate fault by time by current grading by time and direction by distance by time, current and distance by current balance by power direction comparison Type of fault

Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team

CTs CB

Control

Protected Equipment

Relay

VTs

DC Tripping Circuit
+
SI DC Station Battery Relay Red Lamp SI Relay Contact 52a
52 TC

Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breakers

Current Transformers

Very High Voltage CT

Medium-Voltage CT

Voltage Transformers

Medium Voltage

High Voltage

Note: Voltage transformers are also known as potential transformers

Protective Relays

Examples of Relay Panels

MicroprocessorBased Relay Old Electromechanical

How Do Relays Detect Faults? When a fault takes place, the current,
voltage, frequency, and other electrical variables behave in a peculiar way. For example:
Current suddenly increases Voltage suddenly decreases

Relays can measure the currents and the voltages and detect that there is an overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or a combination of both Many other detection principles determine the design of protective relays

Primary Protection

Primary Protection Zone Overlapping

Protection Zone A 52 To Zone A Relays Protection Zone B

To Zone B Relays

Protection Zone A 52 To Zone A Relays Protection Zone B

To Zone B Relays

Backup Protection
Breaker 5 Fails C A D E

2 T

11

12

10

Typical Short-Circuit Type Distribution

Single-Phase-Ground: Phase-Phase-Ground: Phase-Phase: Three-Phase: 7080% 1710% 108% 32%

Balanced vs. Unbalanced Conditions

Ic
Ic

Ia

Ia

Ib
Ib

Balanced System

Unbalanced System

Decomposition of an Unbalanced System

Ia Ic Ib I a1 I c1 Ia0 Ib0 Ic0
Zero-Sequence

Ib 2
I b1
Positive-Sequence

Ia2

Ic2
Negative-Sequence

Single-Phase

Balanced

Balanced

Power Line Protection Principles

Overcurrent (50, 51, 50N, 51N) Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N) Distance (21, 21N) Differential (87)

Characteristics of overcurrent relays:

Definite time IDMT- inverse definite minimum time Very inverse Extremely inverse

Application of Inverse-Type Relays

Relay Operation Time

I
Radial Line
Load

Fault

Inverse-Time Relay Coordination

Distance

T
Distance

50/51 Relay Coordination

Distance

T
Distance

Directional Overcurrent Protection

Basic Applications

Distance Relay Principle L

d I a , Ib , Ic
Three-Phase Solid Fault Radial Line

Va ,Vb ,Vc

21

Suppose Relay Is Designed to Operate When:

| Va | (0.8) | Z L1 || I a |

The Impedance Relay Characteristic

R 2 X 2 Z r21
X Plain Impedance Relay

Operation Zone

Z Z r1

Zr1

Radius Zr1
R

Need for Directionality

F2 1 2 3

F1
4 5 6

RELAY 3 Operation Zone

X F1 F2 R

Nonselective Relay Operation

Three-Zone Distance Protection

Time
Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1 1

Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous

Circular Distance Relay Characteristics

X

PLAIN IMPEDANCE
R

OFFSET MHO (2)

R X X

MHO

LENS (RESTRICTED MHO 1)

R X X

OFFSET MHO (1)

TOMATO (RESTRICTED MHO 2)

Differential Protection Principle

Balanced CT Ratio CT Protected Equipment CT External Fault

50

IDIF = 0

No Relay Operation if CTs Are Considered Ideal

Differential Protection Principle

CTR CTR

Protected Equipment
Internal Fault

50

IDIF > ISETTING

Relay Operates

Problem of Unequal CT Performance CT

Protected Equipment

CT External Fault

50

IDIF 0

False differential current can occur if a CT saturates during a through-fault Use some measure of through-current to desensitize the relay when high currents are present

Possible Scheme Percentage Differential Protection Principle

CTR SP Protected Equipment RP CTR

S Relay (87)

Compares:

IOP I S I R
k I RT | IS | | IR | k 2

Differential Protection Applications

Bus protection Transformer protection Generator protection Line protection Large motor protection Reactor protection Capacitor bank protection Compound equipment protection

Differential Protection
Summary The overcurrent differential scheme is simple and economical, but it does not respond well to unequal current transformer performance The percentage differential scheme responds better to CT saturation Percentage differential protection can be analyzed in the relay and the alpha plane Differential protection is the best alternative selectivity/speed with present technology

Advantages of Digital Relays

Multifunctional Compatibility with digital integrated systems Low maintenance (self-supervision)

Highly sensitive, secure, and selective

Adaptive

Highly reliable (self-supervision)

Reduced burden on CTs and VTs

Programmable Versatile

Low Cost

Why study this protection scheme??

Protection scheme plays a vital & important role for the normal operation or the steady state operation of different components of power system network, which must be reliable, fast and efficient. In order to achieve all these features, it is essential that these should be proper care in designing and choosing an appropriate and efficient protection scheme.

The protective relays functions as the brain behind the whole schemes

THANK YOU