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Managerial Economics
Prof. M. El-Sakka
OPTIMIZATION Managerial economics is concerned with the ways in which managers should make decisions in order to maximize the effectiveness or performance of the organizations they manage. To understand how this can be done we must understand the basic optimization techniques. Functional relationships: relationships can be expressed by graphs:
P
Managerial Economics
Prof. M. El-Sakka
Y = c X dY/dX = c
dY/dX = 5 + 10X
Product of Y = G(X) H(X) Two Functions dY/dX = (dG/dX)H + (dH/dX)G example Y = (5X)(5X2 ) dY/dX = 5(5X2 ) + (10X)(5X) = 75X2
Managerial Economics
Prof. M. El-Sakka
USING DERIVATIVES TO SOLVE MAXIMIZATION AND MINIMIZATION PROBLEMS Maximum or minimum points occur only if the slope of the curve equals zero. Look at the following graph
Managerial Economics
Prof. M. El-Sakka
Max of x y Slope = 0
i.e.,
10 20 x
dy/dx
dY = 100 - 10X dX dY = 0 if dX
X = 10 i.e., Y is maximized when the slope equals zero.
10
20
Optimization Rules
Maximization conditions: 1-
2-
dY = 0 dX d 2Y = < 0 dX 2
Minimization conditions: 1-
2Managerial Economics
dY = 0 dX d 2Y = > 0 dX 2
Prof. M. El-Sakka CBA. Kuwait University
maximization problem:
A profit function might look like an arch, rising to a peak and then declining at even larger outputs. A firm might sell huge amounts at very low prices, but discover that profits are low or negative. At the maximum, the slope of the profit function is zero. The first order condition for a maximum is that the derivative at that point is zero. If = 50Q - Q2, then d/dQ = 50 - 2Q, using the rules of differentiation. Hence, Q = 25 will maximize profits where 50 - 2Q = 0.
Managerial Economics Prof. M. El-Sakka CBA. Kuwait University
More Examples
Competitive Firm: Maximize Profits
where = TR - TC = P Q - TC(Q) Use our first order condition:
a function of Q
Max = 100Q - Q2
First order = 100 -2Q = 0 implies Q = 50 and; = 2,500
Managerial Economics
Prof. M. El-Sakka
Problem 1
Problem 2
Max = 100Q - Q2
First derivative
Max= 50 + 5X2
First derivative
Managerial Economics
Prof. M. El-Sakka
Extra examples
e.g.; Y = -1 + 9X - 6X + X first condition
2 3
X=
=2 1
dY dX
= 9 - 12X + 3X2 = 0
Quadratic Function Y = aX + bX + c
2
d 2Y dX 2
at X = 3
= -12 + 6X
X=
b b2 4ac 2a
d 2Y dX 2
at X = 1
d 2Y dX 2
Prof. M. El-Sakka