OBJECT

General Reduce the emission of CO2 into the environment. Specific Employing energy efficiency. Conservation practices, using carbon-free or reduced-carbon energy resources. Capturing and storing carbon either from fossil fuels or from the atmosphere.

CHAPTERS
WAYS TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

Efficiency and Conservation

Carbon-Free and Reduced-Carbon Energy Sources

Carbon-free sources of energy

Switching from high-carbon fuels

Coal and oil Solar power Wind power Geothermal Energy lowhead Hydropower Hydrokinetics Nuclear power.

natural gas

WAYS TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

Carbon Sequestration Approaches and Technologies

Terrestrial sequestration

Geologic sequestration

Involves the capture and storage of carbon dioxide by plants and the storage of carbon in soil.

Three main processes:

Capturing carbon dioxide

Transporting carbon dioxide

Placing the carbon dioxide in a geologic formation.

GREENHOUSE EFFECT The greenhouse effect is the natural process by which the atmosphere traps some of the Sun's energy, warming the Earth enough to support life.

GLOBAL WARMING AND GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGs) Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.4F over the past century, and is projected to rise another 2 to 11.5F over the next hundred years. ATMOSPHERE In the lower troposphere, the air temperature is generally warmer near the surface and cooler above causing an unstable situation. The absorption of ultraviolet light by ozone is what warms the upper two-thirds of the stratosphere.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES

In general terms, energy efficiency is achieved through the application of technology, such as insulation upgrades, compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs), high efficiency furnaces, and so forth. Energy conservation is achieved through behavioral changes, such as turning off lights when not needed, using household appliances differently, carpooling, and so forth.

CAPTURING AND STORING CARBON (CCS) CCS is a three-step process that includes: Capture of CO2 from power plants or industrial processes. Transport of the captured and compressed CO2 (usually in pipelines). Underground injection and geologic sequestration (also referred to as storage).

ANOTHER WAY TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships. Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%).

Solar power

wind

biomass

photovoltaic solar