Car Park Ventilation

by Jet Thrust System

Presented By
Ian Watts
Regional Sales & Business Development Manager


Car Park Ventilation
Types of Car Parks
Basic Principles
Types of Systems
Impulse Ventilation Benefits
Product Range


Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 3
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Car Park Types
Open Sided Car Parks
Naturally Ventilated Car Parks
Mechanical Ventilated Car Parks
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Regulations and Standards
Most systems are designed to UK Building Regulations approved document B & F
6 air changes per hour for pollution ventilation
10 air changes per hour for emergency ventilation

BS standard BS7346-7


Impulse system design objectives:
Even air distribution throughout the area

Achieve smoke clearance by dispersal

Assist fire fighting access
Protect means of escape
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Open Sided Car Parks

Completely above ground
Each storey has 5 % of the floor area as Permanent Wall Openings.
With at least half divided between 2 opposing walls
Ventilation of Smoke and Vehicle fumes
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Naturally Ventilated Car Parks
2.5% of the floor area provided as permanent wall openings. With at
least half divided between 2 opposing walls.
Mechanical assistance required for Vehicle fumes (3AC/h)
Sufficient for Smoke ventilation

Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Mechanically Ventilated Car Park
Normally located Underground
Natural Ventilation not possible
6 Air changes per hour for vehicle fumes
10 Air changes per hour for Smoke clearance
Fans rated 300 Deg C 60 minutes
Extract volume divided between at leas 2 fans
Ductwork rated 800 Deg C
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 12
Loading bays
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 13
Complex Tunnels
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Basic Principles
SLIDE 14
Flkt Woods 2007
traditional supply ducting (NOT car parks):
Supply Air
air is supplied in a controlled manner
to where it is required
Ducts
SLIDE 15
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
traditional ducted car park system:
air is EXTRACTED through the ducts

EXTRACTED
air supply is uncontrolled

SLIDE 16
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
traditional ducted car park system:
SLIDE 17
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
Main extract fans give air change rate
Supplied air from ramps / openings (or supply fans)
Jet Thrust Fans control the supplied air

SLIDE 18
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
Distribution ducting is replaced by a number of small impulse fans
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
J et Thrust Fan installation
SLIDE 20
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
J et Thrust Fan - air entrainment
SLIDE 21
Entrained flow from low level
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
Supply air in
Jet Thrust Fans
control the air
Extracted out
SLIDE 22
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
Extract point
Entrance / exit (Main
source of supply air into
car park)
Make-up supply air via
louvre in wall of car park
isometric view (with roof removed)
CFD example of a real car park
SLIDE 23
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
AFTER BEFORE
= Primary dead-spots
CFD analysis to eliminate of dead spots
SLIDE 24
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
shows movement of air around the car park
SLIDE 25
Basic Principals
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of systems
&
Calculation Method
SLIDE 26
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 27
Pollution only

Smoke clearance / purging

Smoke control
Types Of System
Flkt Woods 2007
Pollution Ventilation

fume extraction
SLIDE 28
Flkt Woods 2007
Objectives:

Prevent build up of contaminants:

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Nitrous Oxide (NoX)

Provide feeling of freshness in the air

Good Air Distribution
Fume extraction (day-to-day)

Flkt Woods 2007
ducted system - J et Thrust System - 16 Jet Thrust Fans 100 extract points
air quality
even distribution of clean air
air speed
air quality
area of stagnant air
air speed
area of still air
SLIDE 30
Fume extraction (day-to-day)

Flkt Woods 2007
Fume extraction Example codes of practice
Time PPM Ventilation
UK 8 hrs
15 mins
30
90
6 10 ac/h
Poland - - 6 10 ac/h
Denmark - - 1.8 L/s. m
Germany - - 3.3 L/s. m
Italy - - 3 ac/h
India - - 6 10 ac/h
Singapore - - 6 9 ac/h
Flkt Woods 2007



Fume extraction Field testing
Source. Ashrae Guide 2001


Flkt Woods 2007
Calculating ventilation rate based on
predicted CO levels in the car park
Calculation methods
Flkt Woods 2007
ASRAE Guide

Design based on intended car park use and size (Travel time)
Fume extraction Design Considerations
Intended use
% of cars in
operation at
peak times Ref.
Sports stadium 20 Ashrae guide 2001
Shopping mall 40 Ashrae guide 2001
Office 90 -
Calculate ventilation rate depending on predicted no.
of cars in operation & emission levels
Flkt Woods 2007
Fume extraction ASHRAE Example
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Information Required:-
Flkt Woods 2007
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Example
2 level car park for a shopping mall
Car capacity 450
Total floor area 9000m
Height 2.7m
Typical travel distance 2 mins (120s)
Maximum CO level 25ppm
Flkt Woods 2007
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
f
G
A
NE
=
Determine Peak Generation Rate (G), g/s / m
ITE (Institute of Traffic Engineers)
Handbook
3-5% for apartments
15-20% sports stadium

Shopping malls 40%, may be
higher in holiday periods
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Flkt Woods 2007
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C ) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
f
G
A
NE
=
Determine Peak Generation Rate (G), g/s / m
ITE (Institute of Traffic Engineers)
Handbook
3-5% for apartments
15-20% sports stadium

Shopping malls 40%, may be
higher in holiday periods
180 4 . 0 450 = g/s) (0.19 day winters a on values all of Average - 11.67g/m
2
000m 9
Flkt Woods 2007
9000
19 . 0 180
= G
f
G
A
NE
=
g/s) (0.19 day winters a on values all of Average - 11.67
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Determine Peak Generation Rate (G), g/s / m
180 4 . 0 450 =
2
000m 9
2
g/s/m 004 . 0 =
2
/m g/s 0.004 (G) Rate Generation =
Flkt Woods 2007
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Normalize the Generation Value
2
/m g/s 0.004 (G) Rate Generation =
100
0
=
G
G
f
) /m (0.0074g/s park car actual from taken alue Constant v - 26.7g/h/m
2 2
Flkt Woods 2007
100
0074 . 0
004 . 0
= f
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Normalize the Generation Value
54 ) ( Rate Generation Normalized = f
100
0
=
G
G
f
) /m (0.0074g/s park car actual from taken alue Constant v - 26.7g/h/m
2 2
2
/m g/s 0.004 (G) Rate Generation =
54 =
Flkt Woods 2007
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
54 ) ( Rate Generation Normalized = f
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Calculate Air Change Rate Required
54 ) ( Rate Generation Normalized = f
u Cf Q=
Hour) Per Changes (Air ACH
Correlation given for CO levels
35ppm CO for /s) /s)/(m (m x10 238 . 0
25ppm CO for /s) /s)/(m (m x10 692 . 0
15ppm CO for /s) /s)/(m (m 1.204x10 C
Max
2 3 6 -
Max
2 3 6 -
Max
2 3 -6
= =
= =
= =
Flkt Woods 2007
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Calculate Air Change Rate Required
54 ) ( Rate Generation Normalized = f
2 3 6
/s)/m m ( 0043 . 0 120 54 10 692 . 0 = =

s Q
Flkt Woods 2007
Fume extraction Design Considerations
s ), ( time / travel operation of length Average u
) ( period peak during operation in cars of Number N
g/s ), ( car, typical a of rate emission O Average E C
PPM ), (CO park car in acceptable ion concentrat CO Max
2
m ), ( park car of area Floor Total f A
Calculate Air Change Rate Required
54 ) ( Rate Generation Normalized = f
2.7m
) 3600 /s)/m m ( 0043 . 0 (
2 3

= Q AC/h 5.73 =
Flkt Woods 2007


Codes of practice vary widely from country to
country there is no general consensus on
right or wrong way.

Fixed ventilation rates means that larger car
parks tend to be over Engineered!

Some field studies have shown CO levels to
be comparatively lower than standards
suggest.

CO emission standards are becoming
increasingly more stringent Emissions far
less harmful now than 10 years ago.

Fume extraction - Summary
Flkt Woods 2007
Smoke purging
(smoke clearance systems)
SLIDE 46
Emergency Ventilation
Flkt Woods 2007
To dilute, cool and extract smoke
Air Change rate
SLIDE 47
2 Reasons

Fire fighters
Building
Flkt Woods 2007
EXHAUST
FANS
5 ACH

LOW LEVEL
DUCT
supply air
DUCT
extract fans
5 air changes at
low level
Only 50% of duct is extracting
smoke at high level - i.e. 5 ac/h
SLIDE 48
5 air changes at high level
Smoke Clearance
10AC/h for Example
Flkt Woods 2007
supply air
extract fans
10 air changes
J et Thrust Fan
100% is extracting smoke at high level -
i.e. 10 ac/h
SLIDE 49
Smoke Clearance
Flkt Woods 2007
Ps
inlet air
via ramp
SLIDE 50
Air is
Extracted
Smoke Clearance - Calculation
64m
125m
3m high
????
Flkt Woods 2007
Air Change Rate Calculation
SLIDE 51
Smoke Clearance
3600
Rate Change Air park Car of olume
/s) (m Rate Flow Volume
3

=
V
Flkt Woods 2007
AC/H Calculation
SLIDE 52
Smoke Clearance
3600
Rate Change Air park Car of olume
/s) (m Rate Flow Volume
3

=
V
Height Length Width
3m 125m 64m
Flkt Woods 2007
AC/H Calculation
SLIDE 53
Smoke Clearance
3600
Rate Change Air 24000m
/s) (m Rate Flow Volume
3
3

=
10AC/h
Air Changes per Hour
Flkt Woods 2007
AC/H Calculation
SLIDE 54
Smoke Clearance
3600
10AC/h 24000m
/s) (m Rate Flow Volume
3
3

=
To convert into seconds
Flkt Woods 2007
AC/H Calculation
SLIDE 55
Smoke Clearance
/s) (m 67 . 66
3600
10AC/h 24000m
/s) (m Rate Flow Volume
3
3
3
=

=
Flkt Woods 2007
Ps
inlet air
via ramp
SLIDE 56
Air is
Extracted
Smoke Clearance
64m
125m
66.67m/s
Extracted
Flkt Woods 2007
Smoke Control
SLIDE 57
Flkt Woods 2007
Aim is to provide clear access for fire fighters
OR
Clear route for escape of occupants

There are 2 main Differences from smoke clearance

Quantity of Jet Fans
Volume Flow Rate of Main Fans

SLIDE 58
Smoke Control The Differences
Volume of smoke to be extracted
Velocity through the car park

Flkt Woods 2007
Smoke Control Applicable to both
Care should be taken not to induce too much airflow with
Jet fans.

Extract fans should immediately respond on detection of
a fire.

A time delay should be incorporated before operating the
jet fans to assist escaping occupants.

Flkt Woods 2007
BS7346 part 7
The air change rate provided should be at least 10 ac/h.

Care should be taken not to directly expose access
doors to dynamic pressures.

The discharge point should be sited such that they will
not cause smoke to re-enter the building.

Requirements of approved document B should be met.

Flkt Woods 2007
BS7346 part 7 Fire fighter access
Calculations should be based on the appropriate design
fire size.

Bulk velocity induced sufficient to halt the advance of the
ceiling jet within 10m from the fire for all possible
locations.

Fire fighter access from exterior or protected stairwells to
allow at least one clear approach to any possible fire
location.

Design should take into account presence of down-stand
beams.

Flkt Woods 2007
BS7346 part 7 Fire fighter access
Velocity within escape routes should not exceed 5m/s

Maximum inlet air speed should not exceed 2m/s.

The car park should be divided into smoke control zone
of not more than 2000m.

Design based on creation of smoke control zones should
either:

Have physical partitions to prevent smoke spread

Demonstrate using a CFD model that smoke is
contained within the boundaries.

Flkt Woods 2007
Points to consider.

Car park may still smoke log even if sufficient
air is being extracted:

Location of supply point with respect to
extract

Effect due to obstructions on flow of air

Inlet velocity too high

Many of these may seem obvious but
are often overlooked!


Flkt Woods 2007
BS7346 part 7 - Design fires
Steady state design fires





Fire
parameters
Indoor car
park without
sprinkler
system
Indoor car
park with
sprinkler
system
Dimensions 5 m x 5 m 2 m x 5 m
Perimeter 20 m 14 m
Heat release
rate
8 MW 4 MW
Flkt Woods 2007
CAR FIRE 3MW
SMOKE VELOCITY (Vs)
AIR VELOCITY
Vs = 1.5m/s Vs = 1.5m/s
* based on Heseldens method of predicting smoke velocity
where: tunnel: 10m (w) x 5m (h)
car fire 8MW
SLIDE 65
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
critical velocity of 1.5ms
-1
CAR FIRE 3MW
SMOKE VELOCITY (Vs)
entrained air flow
JETFAN
1.5 ms
-1
>18ms
-1
velocity
J et Thrust Fan
energy from fire
moves smoke
Vs = 2.8ms
-1

SLIDE 66
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke perimeter
P
s
inlet air
via ramp
extract fans
For Car Parks, the tunnel theory is adapted to take P
s
to be
Smoke Perimeter
SLIDE 67
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke velocities from car fire (8MW)
* based on Heseldens method of predicting smoke velocity
distance from fire
(m)
smoke velocity*
(ms
-1
)
5 1.83
10 1.45
15 1.27
20 1.15
SLIDE 68
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
inlet air
via ramp
64m
smoke
control
extract fans
?? m
3
/s
125m
64 x 125 = 8000 m
2
, 3m high
SLIDE 69
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
comparison - air change rate / smoke production
where:
Effective height of Car Park = 3.00m
Effective height of Clear Layer = 2.5m
Fire perimeter = 20.0m
Fire size = 8.0MW
Convective heat from fire = 6 MW
Car Park Size
m
2
5 AC/hr
m
3
/s
10 AC/hr
m
3
/s
High Ceilings
Ce=0.19
Low Ceilings
Ce=0.21
1000 4.17 8.33 27.48 30.37
2000 8.33 16.67 27.48 30.37
3000 12.5 25 27.48 30.37
4000 16.67 33.33 27.48 30.37
8000 33.33 66.67 27.48 30.37
BS7346 - Part 7 2006 (unsprinklered Fire)
Smoke Production m
3
/s
Fire size
stays the
same for
all
SLIDE 70
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
comparison - air change rate / smoke production
where:
Effective height of Car Park = 3.00m
Effective height of Clear Layer = 2.5m
Fire perimeter = 20.0m
Fire size = 8.0MW
Convective heat from fire = 6 MW
Car Park Size
m
2
5 AC/hr
m
3
/s
10 AC/hr
m
3
/s
High Ceilings
Ce=0.19
Low Ceilings
Ce=0.21
1000 4.17 8.33 27.48 30.37
2000 8.33 16.67 27.48 30.37
3000 12.5 25 27.48 30.37
4000 16.67 33.33 27.48 30.37
8000 33.33 66.67 27.48 30.37
BS7346 - Part 7 2006 (unsprinklered Fire)
Smoke Production m
3
/s
SLIDE 71
Car Park needs
to be 4000m
2
to
extract high
enough volume
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x (kg/s) production Smoke
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
gives size of main extract
SLIDE 72
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
1.5
layer clear the of Height x (m) perimeter Fire x 0.21 (kg/s) production Smoke =
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x (kg/s) production Smoke
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 73
Flkt Woods 2007
1.5
layer clear the of Height x (m) perimeter Fire x 0.21 (kg/s) production Smoke =
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
C
e
constant for large room with low Ceiling = 0.21kg/s m
2

(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x (kg/s) production Smoke
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 74
Flkt Woods 2007
1.5
layer clear the of Height x (m) perimeter Fire x 0.21 (kg/s) production Smoke =
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
e.g. BS7346 pt 7 = 5m by 5m = 20m
for a non-sprinklered fire, (4MW, sprinklered = 14m)
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x (kg/s) production Smoke
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 75
Flkt Woods 2007
1.5
layer clear of Height x 20m x 0.21 (kg/s) production Smoke =
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
clear layer - depends on car park height, typically 1.5 - 2.5m,
e.g. 2.5m for this example
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x (kg/s) production Smoke
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 76
Flkt Woods 2007
1.5
2.5 x 20m x 0.21 kg/s 16.6 =
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 77
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
273 C) ( smoke of temp C) ( mp Ambient te (K) layer temp Absolute
o o
+ + =
SLIDE 78
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
273 C) ( smoke of temp C) ( mp Ambient te (K) layer temp Absolute
o o
+ + =
adjusted to climate, e.g. for this example 20C


(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 79
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
273 C) ( smoke of temp C 20 (K) layer temp Absolute
o o
+ + =
(kg/s) smoke of mass (MW) smoke of heat Convective C) ( smoke of Temp
o
/ =
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 80
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
273 C) ( smoke of temp C 20 (K) layer temp Absolute
o o
+ + =
(kg/s) smoke of mass (MW) smoke of heat Convective C) ( smoke of Temp
o
/ =
e.g. BS7346 pt7 requires 8 MW, less radiant heat loss (25%), therefore, 6 MW
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 81
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
273 C) ( smoke of temp C 20 (K) layer temp Absolute
o o
+ + =
(kg/s) smoke of mass / MW 6 C) ( smoke of Temp
o
=
16.6kg from smoke production calculation
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 82
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
273 C 361 C 20 (K) layer temp Absolute
o o
+ + =
kg 16.6 / MW 6 C 61 3
o
=
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 83
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
273 C 361 C 20 (K) layer temp Absolute
o o
+ + =
add 273, to give temperature in Kelvin


(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
(K) layer temp smoke Absolute x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume =
SLIDE 84
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
K 654 x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume

=
273 C 361 C 20 K 654
o o
+ + =
SLIDE 85
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
1.22 kg/ based on Density of Air @ 20C



(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
K 654 x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume

=
SLIDE 86
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
(K) mp ambient te Absolute x kg/m 1.22
K 654 x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume

=
e.g. here is 20C, + 273 to give Kelvin


SLIDE 87
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
K 293 x kg/m 1.22
K 654 x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume

=
e.g. here is 20C, + 273 to give Kelvin


SLIDE 88
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
therefore,
Main Extract, will need to remove a Minimum of 30.37 m
3
/s
= 30.37m
3
/s
K 293 x kg/m 1.22
K 654 x kg/s 16.6
(m/s) smoke of Volume

=
SLIDE 89
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke perimeter
inlet air
via ramp
extract fans
????
P
s
SLIDE 90
Smoke Control

30.37m
3
/s
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke velocities from car fire (8MW)
* based on Heseldens method of predicting smoke velocity
distance from fire
(m)
smoke velocity*
(ms
-1
)
5 1.83
10 1.45
15 1.27
20 1.15
SLIDE 91
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke perimeter
inlet air
via ramp
extract fans
????
Smoke velocity at 10m, 1.45m/s (in all directions)
P
s
SLIDE 92
Smoke Control
Flkt Woods 2007
1.45m/s
smoke perimeter
Ps
inlet air
via ramp
controlling velocities
1.45m/s
1.45m/s
SLIDE 93
Smoke Control
1.45m/s is a MINIMUM Velocity
extract fans
????
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke perimeter
Ps
inlet air
via ramp
controlling velocities
1.45m/s
SLIDE 94
Smoke Control
64m
extract fans
????
Flkt Woods 2007
Volume Flow Rate = Sectional Area x Velocity
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans based
on Velocity
Width x Height
SLIDE 95
64.0m x 3.0m
Flkt Woods 2007
Volume Flow Rate = 192m x Velocity
smoke control
SLIDE 96
Sizing of Main Extract Fans based
on Velocity
Flkt Woods 2007
Volume Flow Rate = 192m x Velocity
smoke control
1.45m/s
SLIDE 97
distance from
fire
(m)
smoke
velocity*
(ms
-1
)
5 1.83
10 1.45
15 1.27
20 1.15
Sizing of Main Extract Fans based
on Velocity
Flkt Woods 2007
Volume Flow Rate = 192m x 1.45m/s
smoke control
SLIDE 98
= 278.4m/s
Sizing of Main Extract Fans based
on Velocity
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke perimeter
Ps
inlet air
via ramp
Over 9 times the volume of smoke produced!!!
1.45m/s
SLIDE 99
Smoke Control
64m
extract fans
278.4m/s
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke perimeter
Ps
inlet air
via ramp
1.45m/s
SLIDE 100
Smoke Control
10m
extract fans
????
Flkt Woods 2007
Volume Flow Rate = Sectional Area x Velocity
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
Width x Height
SLIDE 101
10.0m x 3.0m
Flkt Woods 2007
Volume Flow Rate = 30m x Velocity
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
SLIDE 102
Flkt Woods 2007
Volume Flow Rate = 30m x Velocity
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
1.45m/s
SLIDE 103
distance from
fire
(m)
smoke
velocity*
(ms
-1
)
5 1.83
10 1.45
15 1.27
20 1.15
Flkt Woods 2007
Volume Flow Rate = 30m x 1.45m/s
smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
SLIDE 104
= 43.5m/s
Flkt Woods 2007
smoke perimeter
Ps
inlet air
via ramp
1.45m/s
SLIDE 105
Smoke Control
10m
extract fans
43.5m/s
Only 44% more than the volume of smoke produced!!! Add 25% safety Margin

54.38m
3
/s
Only 80% more than the volume of smoke produced!!!
Flkt Woods 2007
Flkt Woods fully reversible system
SLIDE 106
Flkt Woods 2007
Requires Supply and Extract Fans
Supply fans are HT rated
Truly Symmetrical blades (only Flkt Woods)

SLIDE 107
Fully Reversible Systems
Flkt Woods 2007
Truly Symmetrical profile
high efficiency impeller
- fully reversible
100% thrust in both directions
Unique to Flkt Woods

Truly Symmetrical blade technology
SLIDE 108
Fully Reversible Systems
Flkt Woods 2007
supply
supply
extract
extract
zone 1 zone 2
air flow is controlled - critical velocity controls smoke
extract fans meet design criteria to
remove smoke faster than production
SLIDE 110
Fully Reversible Systems
Flkt Woods 2007
supply
supply
extract
extract
zone 1 zone 2
Selected fans only run to
minimise smoke spread
X
X
X
smoke is directed to
minimise spread
fire in zone 1: extract and supply are reversed
SLIDE 111
Fully Reversible Systems
Flkt Woods 2007
FIRE
jet fan off
jet fan on
inlet air
via ramp
50m
Smoke control Fire within one zone
80m
smoke zone 1
smoke zone 2
= 2000m smoke
control zone
Flkt Woods 2007
inlet air
via ramp
50m
Smoke control Fire at the zone boundary
80m
smoke zone 2
smoke zone 1
sub zone
jet fan on
10m
Flkt Woods 2007
Selecting type
& quantity of jet fans

Flkt Woods 2007

Integral silencers Cylindrical, Octagonal
Uni-directional or Truly reversible
Single or multi-speed
Continuous duty plus 300 C for 60 minutes
emergency operation

Impulse Fan Types - Axial
Product range
Flkt Woods 2007
High velocity laminar airflow
Reduced height profile
Continuous duty plus 300 C for 60 minutes
emergency operation
Impulse Fan Types -
Centrifugal
Product Range
Flkt Woods 2007




Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Design considerations:

Manual calculation very limited no data on installation
factors for down-stand beams, pipe work etc, cars etc.

Use Engineering judgement / experience / knowledge of
others.

Height restrictions in car park may limit choice of jet fan(s).

Aspect ratio with respect to airflow direction high aspect
ratio will require more fans than low aspect ratio.

Flkt Woods 2007




Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Design considerations:

Number of inlet openings / extract points.

Inlet velocity ideally < 2 m/s.

Redundancy - if designing smoke control scheme.

Effect of beams / obstructions at high level.

Flkt Woods 2007
1:3
Low
Aspect
Ratio
3:1
High
Aspect
Ratio

1:1
Equal
Aspect
Ratio

Aspect Ratios Width to length
Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Flkt Woods 2007




Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Basic guidelines:
Jet Thrust
Fan
Profile
range* (m)
Max Lateral
spacing* (m)
Longitudinal
spacing* (m)
315 dia 167 - 200 6 - 7 28 - 33
355 dia 250 - 350 7 8 36 50
400 dia 333 - 700 8 - 11 42 - 65
* Depending on aspect ratio of car park & airflow direction
Flkt Woods 2007

Assumptions:

Simple geometry - Air path is unrestricted by internal stair cores /
large obstructions.

Inlet velocity can be kept low typically 2 m/s.

If beams exist Jet Thrust fans can be positioned with correct fan
spacings.


Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Flkt Woods 2007
A
I
R
F
L
O
W

1:3
Low
Aspect
Ratio
=
Low Aspect Ratios >2500m

Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Jet Thrust
Fan
Profile
area (m)
315 dia 200
355 dia 400
400 dia 700
Flkt Woods 2007
A
I
R
F
L
O
W

=
High Aspect Ratios >2500m

Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Jet Thrust
Fan
Profile
area (m)
315 dia 167
355 dia 250
400 dia 333
3:1
High
Aspect
Ratio

AIRFLOW

+
A
I
R
F
L
O
W

+
Flkt Woods 2007
A
I
R
F
L
O
W

=
Equal Aspect Ratio >2500m
Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Jet Thrust
Fan
Profile
area (m)
315 dia 184
355 dia 275
400 dia 367
AIRFLOW

1:1
Equal
Aspect
Ratio

Flkt Woods 2007
Car parks with particularly complex geometry

Air path is severely restricted by beams, high level services etc.

Inlet air velocity > 2m/s.

Incorrect spacing of Jet Thrust Fans e.g. fan outlet < 10 fan diameters
from beam & no deflector fitted to fan.

Use lower limits from table:





If unsure seek guidance from UK Car parks COE team.



Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Jet Thrust
Fan
Profile
range* (m)
Max Lateral
spacing* (m)
Longitudinal
spacing* (m)
315 dia 167 - 200 6 - 7 28 - 33
355 dia 250 - 500 7 8 36 50
400 dia 333 - 700 8 10 42 - 60
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD
CFD study to look
at installation effects
Flkt Woods 2007




CFD study 1 Beam effects
2 metres from beam
Flkt Woods 2007




CFD study 1 Beam effects
2 metres from beam
Flkt Woods 2007




CFD study 1 Beam effects
4 metres from beam
Flkt Woods 2007




CFD study 1 Beam effects
4 metres from beam
Flkt Woods 2007




CFD study 1 Beam effects
4 metres from beam with air deflection of 5
Flkt Woods 2007




CFD study 1 Beam effects
4 metres from beam with air deflection of 5
Flkt Woods 2007
Summary

Jet fan at 2m from beam with no air deflection - jet
reaches jet terminal velocity within 30m with jet
circulating back.

Jet fan at 4m with no air deflection - jet reaches
terminal velocity within 30m. Resultant air continues to
travel in desired direction with velocity > 0.1 m/s.

Optimum is with jet fan positioned at 4m with an air
deflection of 5. Jet is still travelling at >1m/s at distance
of approx 45m from fan.




CFD study 1 Beam effects

Flkt Woods 2007
CFX software used.

Jet Thrust fan = 400 dia modelled @ 2 pole. Velocity profile
with swirl component using data from CFD model of fan
impeller.

Scenarios considered:

Lateral spacing outside of normal limits 15m.

Domain size = 50m x 46m x 3m (L x W x H)

Recommended lateral spacing lower limit: 8m.

Domain size = 50m x 32m x 3m (L x W x H)

CFD study 2 Incorrect lateral spacing
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD study 2 Incorrect lateral spacing
15m spacing
Too much
separation of
jets
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD study 2 Incorrect lateral spacing
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD study 2 Incorrect lateral spacing
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD study 2 Correct lateral spacing
8m spacing
Jets combine
to create bulk
flow in excess
of 1m/s.
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD study 2 Correct lateral spacing
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD study 2 Correct lateral spacing
Flkt Woods 2007
Summary

Increasing lateral spacing past normal recommended
limits results in separation of jets & lower velocities
between them.

When positioned correctly jets combined to create
uniform bulk flow that will be more effective in opposing
smoke ceiling jet velocity.



CFD study 2 Incorrect lateral spacing
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls and zoning
SLIDE 142
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of systems and car parks

Designing the most suitable Jet Thrust System:
- Controls
- Supply / extract
- Zoning
- Special considerations
- JTF and / or Induction fans
- CFD

Energy use comparisons
Contents
SLIDE 143
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of systems
SLIDE 144
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of systems
SLIDE 145
Pollution only

Smoke clearance / purging

Smoke control
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 146
Types of car parks
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of car parks
SLIDE 147
Enclosed
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of car parks
SLIDE 148
Partially enclosed (underground)
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of car parks
SLIDE 149
Partially enclosed (above ground)
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of car parks
SLIDE 150
Loading bay
Flkt Woods 2007
Types of car parks
SLIDE 151
Tunnels
Flkt Woods 2007

Types of systems
- Pollution
- Smoke purging / clearance
- Smoke control

Types of car parks
- Enclosed
- Partially enclosed (underground / above ground)
- Loading bay
- Tunnels

Summary
SLIDE 152
Flkt Woods 2007
Designing the most suitable
Jet Thrust System
SLIDE 153
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls
SLIDE 154
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls
Operation philosophies:

24 / 7

Timer

CO / NOx sensors

Wind sensors

LPG
SLIDE 155
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls 24/7
System operates at a required speed for high
pollution ventilation during all times.

Operates regardless of the movement in the car
park.

It is not dependent on any other variables (such
as CO or NOX)

Very high energy consumption!
SLIDE 156
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls Timer
System will switch on / off regardless of the
movement in the car park.

High pollution build up while the system is
switched off.

Controls should be programmed so that it should
overpass the timer and turn on the system in
emergency mode.
SLIDE 157
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls CO / NOx sensors
System operates in respect to the amount of CO /
NOx detected in the car park / loading bay.

Intelligent, energy efficient system.

It will operate at higher speeds
when there is a lot of movement
in the car park / loading bay.

Capable of providing background
ventilation if there is little or no
movement.
SLIDE 158
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls Wind sensors
Used mostly in open sided car parks / tunnels.

Air will be supplied and extracted via the
openings (of the tunnel or) on the walls of the car
park.

System will operate in relation to the velocity of
the wind.

SLIDE 159
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls Wind sensors
If the wind velocity is high enough then the
system may switch off.

Otherwise, the Jet Thrust Fans will operate to aid
the movement of the air through the car park /
tunnel.
SLIDE 160
Flkt Woods 2007
Controls Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
SLIDE 161
Some countries already take into consideration
LPG powered cars.

LPG leaks / exhaust can be very dangerous.

Requires a dedicated detection system.

Mode of operation very similar to CO / NOx
detection systems.
Flkt Woods 2007
Supply and Extract considerations
SLIDE 162
Flkt Woods 2007
Supply and Extract
Customers proposed
Extract location
SLIDE 163
Entrance / exit of car park
Flkt Woods 2007
Supply and Extract
Modified extract
location
SLIDE 164
Entrance / exit of car park
Flkt Woods 2007
Supply and Extract
SLIDE 165
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Supply of air from
entrance / exit ramp
Supply of air from
entrance / exit ramp
Flkt Woods 2007
Supply and Extract
Additional proposed
Ventilation shaft
Additional proposed
Ventilation shaft
Direction of airflow
SLIDE 166
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Supply of air from
entrance / exit ramp
Supply of air from
entrance / exit ramp
Flkt Woods 2007
Summary
SLIDE 167
Basic principles

Types of systems

Designing the most suitable Jet Thrust System:
- Controls:
24 / 7, Timer, CO / NOx, Wind, LPG

- Supply / extract
Flkt Woods 2007
Zoning
SLIDE 168
Flkt Woods 2007
Zoning
Considerations:

Why do we do it?

When is it applied?

How is it successfully applied?

SLIDE 169
Flkt Woods 2007
Zoning
Shafts used for car park ventilation system
SLIDE 170
Flkt Woods 2007
Zoning
ZONE 1 ZONE 2
SLIDE 171
Flkt Woods 2007
Zoning
ZONE 1 ZONE 2
SLIDE 172
ZONE 3 ZONE 4
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 173
Zoning
Flkt Woods 2007
Special considerations
SLIDE 174
Flkt Woods 2007
Special considerations
SLIDE 175
Height restrictions

Customer requirements
- Fire fighter access
- Cannot install JTF on the roadways
- etc

Filtration of the air

Treated air
Flkt Woods 2007
Basic principles

Types of systems and car parks

Designing the most suitable Jet Thrust System:
- Controls
- Supply / extract
- Zoning
- Special considerations
SLIDE 176
Summary
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 177
JTF and / or Induction fans?
Flkt Woods 2007
JTF or Induction fans
Which?

When?
SLIDE 178
Flkt Woods 2007
JTF or Induction fans
JTF

Reversible system

Emergency ventilation (both smoke clearance
and control)

Tunnels
SLIDE 179
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 180
A
B
1/2 A
A
Jet Thrust Fan Spacing
A B A B
315mm dia 7m 25m 8m 20m
355mm dia 8m 30m 9m 30m
400mm dia 9m 60m 10m 40m
Size
Long and Thin Short and Wide
Flkt Woods 2007
Induction fans

Against corners

In car parks where there are very deep beams in
close proximity to each other.
JTF or Induction fans
Inlet is below the fan
Large angle of deflection of the air
at the outlet of the fan
Air is entrained by the fan
SLIDE 181
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 182
JTF or Induction fans
Smoke purging / clearance

Dilution of the smoke and effective clearance can
be achieved with either one.

In some cases, for a more efficient system, both
types of fans can be used in the same car park.
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 183
JTF or Induction fans
Smoke control

Jet Thrust Fans are more effective in the case of
smoke control

The option of reversibility and the fact that they
manage to keep smoke at high level makes Jet
Thrust Fans much more favourable.
Flkt Woods 2007
Computational Fluid Dynamics
SLIDE 184
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD
A design tool to aid with the detailed design of the
Jet Thrust system.










The software allows the designer to model
complex airflows within the car park, visually
inspect and analyse the airflow patterns.
SLIDE 185
Flkt Woods 2007
The software uses the mathematical method of
Finite Volume Analysis. The model is divided into
adjoining finite volumes with the conservation
equations represented in algebraic form being
solved iteratively for each finite volume.

CFD
SLIDE 186
Flkt Woods 2007
As a result, it can calculate solutions for pressure
(P), temperature (T), x-velocity (u), y-velocity (v)
and z-velocity (w), as well as visibility and smoke
spread.
CFD
SLIDE 187
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD
Ensures that the best possible system is being
designed for that specific car park

It can then be confirmed during commissioning
what has been modelled takes place in reality.
SLIDE 188
Flkt Woods 2007
CFD
Always offered as part of the J et Thrust System
package
SLIDE 189
Flkt Woods 2007
Basic principles

Types of systems and car parks

Designing the most suitable Jet Thrust System:
- Controls
- Supply / extract
- Zoning
- Special considerations
- JTF and / or Induction fans
- CFD
Summary
SLIDE 190
Flkt Woods 2007
Energy saving comparison
SLIDE 191
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 192
Energy saving comparison example
Take a car park with 4000m (80m long x 50m wide)
with 3m height.
- One is designed using a J et Thrust System
- The other a ducted system

Looking at the energy required depending on the
controls, a comparison can be done on the various
types of systems.
Extract
Supply via ramp
Extract
Supply via ramp
Flkt Woods 2007
SLIDE 193
Energy saving comparison
Ducted
System
Jet Thrust System
Main fans
Jet Thrust
Fans
24 / 7 189.6kW 121.9kW 40.8kW
Timer 110.6kW 71.1kW 23.8kW
CO 51.2kW 33.1kW 6.8kW
CO
(no background
vent.)
31.6kW 20.3kW 6.8kW
Flkt Woods 2007
higher system performance better air distribution
lower installation costs
lower running costs
optimises car park use (more space)
lower external noise levels (lower powered extract fans)
cleaner lighter appearance
lower install cost for other services (no routing around ducts)
Truly Symmetrical blades allows fully reversible design if required


summary - benefits of J et Thrust System
SLIDE 194
Energy Efficiency
Flkt Woods 2007
Maratex Baia Mare

Car Park Ventilation Scheme
~ where safety comes first ~
Example Project

Flkt Woods 2007
What should be achieved?
Day to day ventilation

# Modern medical science is aware of the harm of
Nitrous Oxide
Carbon Monoxide
Particulates

# Regulations take this into account, and prescribe suitable
levels of ventilation to ensure a healthy environment is
achieved.


# Maximum CO level - 60ppm average over each 15
minute period.
Flkt Woods 2007
What should be achieved?
Emergency Ventilation

# Safe Escape for patrons

# Safe access for Fire Fighting personnel

# Protection of property.


Most efficient system type is an impulse ventilation system

(Flkt Woods J et Thrust System)

Flkt Woods 2007
VDI 2053 for Day to day ventilation (German Standard)
Standards Applied
BS 7346:7 Emergency ventilation (UK Standard)
CO concentrations s 60ppm average over 15 minutes
CO > 60ppm average requires audible warning alarm
8MW design fire size (unsprinkled)
Fire Fighter Access to within 10m of seat of fire
Flkt Woods 2007
Design Proposal for Maratex
6 Entrance/ Exit ramps
Flkt Woods 2007
Assumed Floor to Ceiling Height : 3.0 m
Assumed clear head height: 2.1 m








Fans to be rated minimum of 300C for 1 Hour
(Flkt Woods fans are 300C for 2 hours)
Design Proposal for Maratex
2.1m
3m
Flkt Woods 2007
Design Proposal for Maratex
9 Zones:
1
2
3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Flkt Woods 2007
Design Proposal for Maratex
Supply / Extract Shafts:
Flkt Woods 2007
Design Proposal for Maratex
Supply Air: Zone 1
1
Flkt Woods 2007
Design Proposal for Maratex
Supply Air: Zone 2
2
Flkt Woods 2007
Design Proposal for Maratex
Supply Air: Zones 4 - 9
1
2
3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Flkt Woods 2007
What Happens in an Emergency?
Emergency Ventilation
Flkt Woods 2007
Emergency Ventilation
Zones as previous slides

Zone 1 - 3 unidirectional smoke extract

Zones 4 - 9 reversible, allowing extract to nearest point
Flkt Woods 2007
Control Philosophy
1. Smoke detected
2. ALL fans switch off, EXCEPT the fire zone
3. Fire Zone Main Extract/Supply Fans run to full speed
4. Jet Thrust Fans switch off for safety period
5. Jet Thrust Fans (Fire Zone only) run to full speed

(direction of running dependant on where the smoke is detected)



Emergency Ventilation
Example emergency scenarios: eg Zone 5
Flkt Woods 2007
Examples shown in Zone 5
Emergency Ventilation
Flkt Woods 2007
Design Proposal for Maratex
9 Zones:
1
2
3
4 6
7 8 9
5
Flkt Woods 2007

Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5
Event 1:
day to day
ventilation
X
X
X
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust
Fan


Shafts
Flkt Woods 2007

Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5
Event 1:
i. fire starts
ii. smoke dectected
iii. Main Extract
ramps up (and all
other fans shut
down)
Smoke spreads,
toward extract,
but in layered
fashion
X
X X
X X X X
X X X X X
X
X
X
X
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust
Fan


Shafts
Flkt Woods 2007
CAR FIRE 3MW
AIR VELOCITY
Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5
Smoke spreads,
toward extract,
but in layered
fashion
Assists safe escape UNDER the
smoke layer
Flkt Woods 2007
CAR FIRE 3MW
entrained air flow
JETFAN
J et Thrust Fan
SLIDE 214
Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5
Jet Thrust Fans then run to full speed to control
smoke spread, and direct toward extract
Flkt Woods 2007

Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5
Event 1:
i. fire starts
ii. smoke dectected
iii. Main Extract
ramps up (and all
other fans shut
down)
X
X
X
X
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust
Fan


Shafts
Flkt Woods 2007
Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5
Event 2:
i. fire starts
ii. smoke dectected
iii. Main Extract on
and ramps up (and
all other fans shut
down)
Smoke spreads,
toward extract,
but in layered
fashion

X
X X
X X X X
X X X X X
X
X
X
X
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust
Fan


Shafts
Flkt Woods 2007
Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5
Event 2:
iv. Jet Thrust Fans
go to full speed

X
X
X
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust
Fan


Shafts
X
Flkt Woods 2007
Design Process
Initial Drawings and Specification from customer

Calculations made on main extract requirements

Philosophy and estimation made on number of JTFs

Approval saught.

On order received - CFD analysis to prove the system

Cold smoke tests verify (by others)

Approving Authority certify the system
Flkt Woods 2007
Maratex Proposal
Flkt Woods 2007
Maratex Proposal
Flkt Woods 2007
Any Questions???
conclusion
This presentation and any accompanying notes are copyright of Flkt Woods Limited and should not be copied or reproduced without
written permission. Please note that figures in this presentation should NOT be applied to any project designs without the express
written permission of Flkt Woods Limited
SLIDE 221