CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY ONE SCIENCE

CHAPTER 7: SALTS

7.1 WHAT IS A SALT?

Salts are compounds that have hundreds of different uses in everyday life.
Aluminium sulfate is added to dyes to help them stick to fibres Ammonium nitrate is used as fertilisers to help crops grow well Copper sulfate is used to stop fungal growth on soya seeds when they are planted

Magnesium carbonate is used in sports to make hands dry, so they do not slip
Calcium sulfate is used to make blackboard chalk

Uses of salts

Sodium chloride is used to preserve food and as table salt to flavour food

7.1 WHAT IS A SALT?

Calcium sulfate is used as blackboard chalk

Magnesium carbonate is used as sport powder

Aluminium sulfate is added to dyes

7.1 WHAT IS A SALT?

Ammonium nitrate is used as fertiliser

Copper sulfate is used to stop fungal growth on soya seeds

Sodium chloride is used as preservative and flavouring

7.1 WHAT IS A SALT?

Salts are formed when the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium.
Name of acid Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid Nitric acid Formula HCI H2SO4 HNO3 Salts formed from the acid Chlorides Sulfates Nitrates Example of salt Sodium chloride Copper sulfate Potassium nitrate Formula of salt NaCI CuSO4 KNO3

7.2 PREPARING A SALT USING METAL AND ACID

Salts can be prepared by reacting metals with acids. The general word equation for the reaction of metals with acid: Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen

7.2 PREPARING A SALT USING METAL AND ACID

The word equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid: Zinc + Hydrochloric Zinc + Hydrogen acid chloride To obtain a dry sample of the salt, you must allow the water to evaporate from the salt solution.

7.2 PREPARING A SALT USING METAL AND ACID

Steps in preparing a salt using metal and acid

7.2 PREPARING A SALT USING METAL AND ACID

Unreactive metals such as silver and copper will not react with acids. This is because these metals cannot displace hydrogen from an acid. To make salt from unreactive metals, the metal oxides of the metals are used to react with acids.

7.2 PREPARING A SALT USING METAL AND ACID

Filter paper

Copper oxide powder

Funnel Filter paper Unreacted copper oxide powder Evaporating dish

Copper sulfate solution

Dilute sulfuric acid

Copper sulfate solution

Bunsen burner

Steps in preparing a salt using metal oxide and acid

7.3 METAL CARBONATES AND ACIDS

Carbonates are formed by the reaction of a metal with carbonic acid. Carbonates can be used to form other salts by reacting them with an acid.

7.3 METAL CARBONATES AND ACIDS

The general word equation for the reaction between acids and carbonates: Acid + Carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide The word equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and calcium carbonate: Sulfuric + Calcium Calcium+Water+Carbon acid carbonate sulfate dioxide

7.3 METAL CARBONATES AND ACIDS

Stirring rod Copper carbonate Filter paper

Funnel

Unreacted copper carbonate

Evaporating dish
Copper chloride solution

Dilute hydrochloric acid

Copper chloride solution

Bunsen burner

Steps in preparing a salt using carbonate and acid

7.4 FORMING SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION

Salts are formed when an acid is neutralised by an alkali. The general word equation for neutralisation reaction: Acid + Alkali Salt + Water

7.4 FORMING SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION

The word equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid: Sodium + Hydrochloric Sodium + Water hydroxide acid chloride

7.4 FORMING SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION

Steps in preparing a salt using neutralisation reaction

7.4 FORMING SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION

Metal oxides are called bases. Soluble bases form alkalis when they dissolve in water. The word equation for the formation of alkali when sodium oxide dissolve in water: Sodium oxide + Water Sodium hydroxide

7.4 FORMING SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION

Some bases are insoluble in water, for example, iron oxide and copper oxide. They do not form alkalis. However they can still react with acids to form salts. The word equation for the reaction between copper oxide and sulfuric acid: Copper + Sulfuric Copper + Water oxide acid sulfate