Amity School of Engineering

B.Tech., CS(6th Sem.) Advanced Networking Topic: Internet Addressing-I

IPAddressing
It is a way to identify machines on a network It is Used to connect to another computer IP Addressing is logical addressing & works on network layer (layer3) There are two version of Addressing Scheme:
IPv4-32 bit addressing & IPv6-128 bit addressing (still in under implementation)

Bit is nothing just a value represents by 0 or 1(i.e. 010..0011)

IPAddressing: (IPv4 & IPv6 Addressing)

In IPv4, 32-bit are divided into Four Octets known as Dotted Decimal Notation. Like:

First Octet

Second Octet Third Octet

Forth Octet

01010101.00000101.10111111.00000001
In IPv6, 128-bit are divided in eight 16-bit blocks
Each 16-bit block is further converted to a 4-digit HEX Number & separated by colons, known as Colon-Hex Notation. Like:
FEDC : BA98 :7654 : 3210 : FEDC : BA97 :7654 : 3210

Preliminaries to know the IPAddressing

To understand IP Addressing, we should have to very familiar with Computer number system.

Example for First Octet : T otal 8 bits, Value will be 0s and 1s i.e. 28 = 256 combination 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 Total IP Address 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 Range 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 0.0.0.0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4

to 255.255.255.255

= 255

IPAddress Classes
The designers of the TCP/IP suite defined five blocks of addresses, called address classes, for specific network uses and sizes
CLASS A
CLASS B LAN & WAN

CLASS C
CLASS D Research & Development CLASS E
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Classes Range
To identify the range of each class a bit called priority bit is used. Priority Bit is the left most bits in the First Octet

CLASS A priority bit is

CLASS B priority bit is CLASS C priority bit is CLASS D priority bit is

0
10 110 1110

CLASS E priority bit is

1111

Classes Range (continu ed)

Class A(reserved for governments)
Priority bit

0 netId*
7 bits

hostId*
24 bits

Class B (reserved for medium companies)

Priority bits

* Coming soon in further slides

1 0

netId
14 bits

hostId
16 bits

Class C (reserved for small companies)

Priority bits

11 0

netId
21 bits

hostId
8 bits

Class D (used multicasting)

1110

Class E (Reserve for future use)

1111
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Classes A Range
0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 0 1 2 3 4

Class A Range

0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to 127.255.255.255
Exception 0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X network are reserved

= 127

Classes B Range
10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 1 1 1 1 1 26 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 128 129 130 131 132

Class B Range

128. 0 . 0 . 0 to 191.255.255.255

= 191
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Classes C Range
110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 1 1 1 1 1 26 1 1 1 1 1 25 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 192 193 194 195 196

Class C Range

192. 0 . 0 . 0 to 223.255.255.255

= 223
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Classes D Range
1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 1 1 1 1 1 26 1 1 1 1 1 25 1 1 1 1 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 224 225 226 227 228

Class D Range

224. 0 . 0 . 0 to 239.255.255.255

0 1

= 239
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Classes E Range
1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 1 1 1 1 1 26 1 1 1 1 1 25 1 1 1 1 1 24 1 1 1 1 1 23 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 240 241 242 243 244

Class E Range

240. 0 . 0 . 0 to 255.255.255.255

1 1 1

= 255
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Network & Host

IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion CLASS A is written as
CLASS B is written as

N.H.H.H N.N.H.H N.N.N.H

CLASS C is written as

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Class A: Network & Host

Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H Network bits : 8 Host bits : 24

No. = = = = No. = = =

of Networks 28-1 (-1 is Priority Bit for Class A) 27 128 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network) 126 Networks of Host 224 2 (-2 is for Network ID* & Broadcast ID*) 16777216 - 2 16777214 Hosts CLASS A

126 Networks
&

* Coming soon in further slides

16777214 Hosts
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Class B: Network & Host

Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H Network bits : 16 Host bits : 16 No. of Networks = 216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B) = 214 = No. = = = 16384 Networks of Host 216 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID) 65536 - 2 65534 Hosts/Network CLASS B

16384 Networks
&

65534 Hosts/Nw

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Class C: Network & Host

Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H Network bits : 24 Host bits : 8 No. of Networks = 224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C) = 221 = No. = = =

2097152 Networks of Host 28 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID) 256 - 2 254 Hosts/Network
CLASS C

2097152 Networks
&

254 Hosts/Nw
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Network & Broadcast Address

The network address is represented with all bits as ZERO in the host portion of the address The broadcast address is represented with all bits as ONES in the host portion of the address V alid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address and the Broadcast Address. Only V alid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients

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Network & Broadcast Address: Example - Class A

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Network & Broadcast Address: Example Class B

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Network & Broadcast Address: Example Class C

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Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host Portion Subnet Mask is been given for host Identification of Network ID Represent all Network Bit Values with 1 Represent all Host Bit Values with 0

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Default Subnet Mask

Class A : N.H.H.H 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0

Class B : N.N.H.H 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0

Class C : N.N.N.H 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0

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How Subnet Mask Works ?

It is the way that network devices know where they stand on a network.
IP Address : 192.168.1.1 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 ANDING PROCESS: 192.168.1.1 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001 255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 ======================================= 192.168.1.0 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000 =======================================

Above Calculations is done with the Help of AND Table. The output of an AND table is only 1 if both its inputs are 1. For all other possible inputs the output is 0
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