Homeostasis, and the Contribution of Digestive System to Homeostasis

Andreanyta Meliala, Dr., PhD (Clin Nutr) Dept of Physiology

physiology

The science of the functions and phenomena of living things

about how cells (fundamental unit of all living things) are kept alive and

about how their environment is maintained so that the integrity of the cells is preserved
Cells need continuous supplies of matter and energy to maintain their form Metabolism will mainly be the topic of bichemistry Physiology deals with Getting supplies to the cells at suitable rates and Removing waste products

Level of Organisation

ECF

*read: Claude Bernard (1813-1878)

Every cell is surrounded by fluid (ECF)
The medium through which all exchanges between cells and external environment occur For normal function the composition of this bathing fluid must be maintained constant The constancy of the ECF is maintained by homeostatic-mechanisms Which monitor and regulate its

Temperature Osmotic pressure pH Composition

Homeostatic Mechanisms
Are triggered by: alteration in some of physiological property or quantity Act to produce a compensating change in the opposite direction

To return the system as close as possible to the normal situation

Is called: negative feed back control

Minimum Requirements
Receptors
To detect alterations in particular variables

Effectors
the circulatory system carries nutrients and O2 to cells and remove metabolic waste products (CO2);
alimentary system provide nutrients to the body; respiratory system that carries out exchange of gases with the external environment; renal system allows losses of unwanted solutes and water from body; musculoskeletal system

Coordinating and integrating mechanisms

Nervous and Hormonal

Factors homeostatically regulated

1. Concentration of nutrient molecule 2. Concentration of O2 and CO2 to carry energy yielding chemical reactions 3. Concentration of waste products anticipating toxic effect 4. pH 5. Concentration of water, salt, other electrolytes

6. Temperature
7. Volume and Pressure

The Interdependency

The integration between systems of the body

Homeostasis

The body ability to maintain internal stability (homeo similar; stasis, status, condition)

Homeostatic Control Systems

Intrinsic / Extrinsic Control
Intrinsic operate locally Extrinsic operate bodywide

Feedback / Feed Forward

Feedback - response made after a change Feedforward response made in anticipation of a change Intrinsic: operate on the basis of feedback mechanism Extrinsic: operate on the basis of feedback but also use feedforward mechanism

Internal Failure
Abnormal growth of cells
Cancer, benign tumours Production of antibodies by the body against its own tissues (autoimmune disease) Premature death of cells or the failure of cell processes

Inherited disorders

External Causes
Toxic chemicals Physical trauma Foreign invaders (viruses & bacteria)

Contribution of Body Systems to Homeostasis

THE GI SYSTEM
MOUTH SUBLINGUAL AND SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS

HORMON HORMON

FOOD

BRAIN PAROTID SALIVARY GLAN TRACHEA VOLUNTARY

INVOLUNTARY LIVER

GALLBLADDER

STOMACH PANCREAS

SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE RECTUM ANUS Adapted by:

Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The three fundamental processes that take place are:
Secretion: Delivery of enzymes, mucus, ions and the like into the lumen, and hormones into blood. Absorption: Transport of water, ions and nutrients from the lumen, across the epithelium and into blood. Motility: Contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of the tube that crush, mix and propel its contents.

Human Nutritional Needs

All animals are heterotrophs

They must obtain energy and nourishment from molecules made by other organisms
Remember: The Thermodynamic Law Conversion of food energy onto heat, movement, etc

Food is used for two purposes: 1. as fuel (to provide energy for cellular metabolism) and 2. as a source of building blocks (monomers for cellular biosynthesis)

Basic nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,minerals, vitamins

FOOD PROCESSING
THE PROCESS OF ENERGY CONVERSION INCLUDES: 1. 2. 3. 4. Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination

FROM MACROMOLECULES INTO MONOMERS

----- + H2O -----------

-----OH + H-

MACROMOLECULES: Carbohydrates polysaccarides maltose lactose sucrose starch Proteins Fats Tryglycerides Phospholipids

MONOMERS: Monosaccharides 2 glucose glucose + galactose glucose+fructose maltose Amino Acids (AA) peptides

Monoglycerides + FFA Lysophospholipids + FFA

Preserve The Oldies

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