Process Flow and Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams

BY Bharat A Bhanvase Assistant Professor Chemical Engineering Department VIT, Pune- 37

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Similarly to electrical schemas, the control industry (especially the chemical and process industry) describes its plants and their instrumentation by a P&ID (pronounce P.N.I.D.) (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram), sometimes called P&WD (Piping and wiring diagrams) The P&ID shows the flows in a plant (in the chemical or process industry) and the corresponding sensors or actors. At the same time, the P&ID gives a name ("tag") to each sensor and actor, along with additional parameters. This tag identifies a "point" not only on the screens and controllers, but also on the objects in the field.

Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P & I)

P & I should be included with
All process equipment identified by equipment number All pipes identified by a line number. Pipe size and material of construction should be shown (material may include as a part of the identification number) All valves with an identification no. along with their type & size should be shown Ancillary fittings that are part of piping system such as inline sight glasses, strainers and stream traps with an identification no. Pumps identified by a suitable code no. All control loops and instruments with identification

P&ID
The P&ID mixes pneumatic / hydraulic elements, electrical elements and instruments on the same diagram Examples of pneumatic / hydraulic symbols:

Instrumentation identification

ISA S5.1 General instrument or function symbols

Example of P&ID

Common connecting lines

P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram) Guidelines

The Facilities Services Subgroup designer shall clearly communicate the piping and instrumentation concepts and requirements for applicable systems. The P&ID is thep referred method for conveying this information. The following guidelines reflect the Owners P&ID content preferences for this particular CSI division of the Facility Services Subgroup. Division 25 Integrated Automation P&ID Guidelines The P&ID should utilize industry recognized symbols and abbreviations. A schedule should be presented on the P&ID or other referenced drawing, identifying all symbols, abbreviations and instrumentation function identifiers. System directional flow arrows should be utilized on the P&ID. Design flow quantities and temperature and pressure set points are to be presented on the P&ID or corresponding schedule. P&ID components are to be labeled with unique tags or identifiers. Piping system lines are to be labeled at regular intervals to better facilitate the following of the lines on the drawing. Where P&ID lines extend to subsequent drawings, those drawings are to be incorporated into an off-sheet identifier, referencing the system line type and the location of the continuation of the piping system line. The HVAC P&ID is intended to depict the Facilities Services systems including the distribution and generation of all HVAC water and steam systems. All heat addition and rejection components are to be incorporated into the P&ID as well as heat exchanger components. Terminal devices or multiple air handling equipment heat exchangers are appropriately presented in typical form to communicate expectations for repetitive component types. Instrument identifiers are intended to be cross referenced to the Sequence of Operation descriptions presented on the drawings or the specifications.

EXPERT SYSTEM
The Expert System is a means to develop a set of rules based up on a given method to allow ease of extendibility. It is a systematic approach that will allow all factors to be considered. This method is a basic extension of the factors as follows: Step 1: Choice of Equipment Is this appropriate for the substance? Is its size appropriate for the process? Is the Equipment working within its limitations? Step 2: Necessity Is the equipment necessary for the correct operation of the process? Is the equipment redundant? Step 3: Isolation and or Maintenance Can the unit be isolated from the process for maintenance? Can the unit be evacuated manually, if necessary? Step 4: Control System Does the unit require a level control? Is the unit dependant upon temperature? Control is limited to level and temperature, with in the scope of the project Step 5: Connectivity Is order of operation important? Where are valves required on unit? Are any recycles, sub units or modifications necessary for units operation?

RULE DEVELOPMENT
General rules: These general rules apply to the entire process, not on specific equipment. These are as follows: All equipment must have at least one process input and one process output. Minimum of one valve between equipment If more than one valve between equipment give warning A continuous pipe must not have more than one control valve Vents and overflows must not have valves

RULE DEVELOPMENT cont..

TANKS If the liquid is corrosive tank can be either floating of cone roof If the liquid is volatile tank should be floating roof If the liquid is neutral tank should be cone roof If cone roof then tank must have either simple vent system or overflow If overflow should have drain If floating roof tank must have overflow with drain If floating roof tank must have overpressure and vacuum relief If tank does not have manual drain valve give warning If tank does not have level control give warning If tank has level control it should control input flow. If pipe after tank does not have flow measurement give warning If tank is not gravity feed process outlet pipe must be attached to booster pump.

RULE DEVELOPMENT cont..

PUMPS If liquid is volatile use rotary pump If liquid is neutral or corrosive use centrifugal pump Outlet (discharge) pipe should have a check valve followed by a control valve HEAT EXCHANGERS If heat exchanger does not have temperature control give warning If heat exchanger does not have temperature control on entering line give warning REACTORS If reactor does not have temperature control give warning If reactor does not have temperature control on entering line give warning If reactor does not have manual drain valve give warning If reactor does not level control give warning

warnings
The warnings given are shown in the list below. They correspond to the rules that were incorporated within the tools. Pipeline should have a check valve Pipeline has more than one check valve between equipment Pipeline preceding tank with level control does not have a control valve Pipeline following the tank does not have flow measurement Pipeline preceding heat exchanger with temperature control does not have a control valve Pipeline preceding reactor with temperature control does not have a control valve Closed tank is being used for a volatile liquid Floating Tank is being used for a corrosive liquid Tank does not have a manual drain valve Tank does not have level control Centrifugal pump is being used for a volatile liquid Heat Exchanger does not have temperature control Reactor does not have temperature control Reactor does not have level control Reactor does not have a manual drain valve

Distillation Column Piping and instrumentation diagram

Thank You