Documentos de Académico
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Calculi
Prepared by:
The Boyz
Definition of Brain Tumor
An abnormal growth of cells within the brain
or inside the skull, which can be cancerous
(malignant) or non-cancerous (benign) and
described as any intracranial tumor created
by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
Risk Factor
Types of Brain Tumor
Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer
cells:
◦ Benign tumors can be removed and they often grow
back.
◦ The border or edge of a benign brain tumor can be
clearly seen.
◦ Cells from benign tumors do not attack tissues
around them or stretch to other parts of the
body but can push on sensitive areas of the
brain and effect serious health problems.
◦ Benign brain tumors are sometimes life
threatening and may grow to be malignant.
Cont…
Malignant brain tumors contain cancer
cells:
◦ Malignant brain tumors are generally more serious
and often life threatening.
◦ They are likely to grow rapidly and mob or attack
the surrounding healthy brain tissue.
◦ Cancer cells may separate from a malignant brain
tumor and reach to other parts of the brain,
spinal cord, or even to other parts of the body
called metastasis.
◦ A malignant tumor does not extend into healthy
tissue.
◦ The tumor may be contained inside a layer of
tissue or the bones of the skull or another
structure in the head may discharge it called
encapsulated.
Sign & Symptom
Headaches
Nausea or vomiting
Changes in speech, vision, or hearing
Problems balancing or walking
Changes in mood, personality, or ability to
concentrate
Problems with memory
Seizures or convulsions
Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
Test
MRI
Neurologic exam
CT scan
Physical exam
Angiogram
Skull x-ray -
Spinal tap- a sample of cerebrospinal fluid
Myelogram - X-ray of the spine
Biopsy
Method of Treatment
Surgery - Surgery to open the skull is called
a craniotomy
Radiation therapy(radiotherapy ) - uses high-
energy rays to kill tumor cells
Chemotherapy - the use of drugs to kill
cancer cells and used to treat brain tumors
be given by mouth or by injection.
Nursing Intervention I
“ Acute pain related to tumor and increase in intracranial pressure ”
Nursing Intervention
Nursing Intervention
ü Assess the level of patient’s anxiety
Rationale: To plan further intervention
ü Educate and explain about the surgery
Rationale: Patients can understand about the procedure
ü Encourage patient and family to verbalize feelings, question and
fears
Rationale: Help reduces anxiety and fear
ü Involved family members
Rationale: To promote support to patient
Nursing Intervention
ü Assess the IV insertion sites for redness, swelling, drainage, and pain.
Rationale: Redness, swelling, drainage and pain are signs and symptom of
infections.
ü Assess for signs and symptom of meningitis.
Rationale: Patient present with fever, headache and photophobia.
ü Monitor laboratory reports for increased WBC count.
Rationale: To monitor increasing risk of infection.
ü Use strict aseptic technique when changing dressings.
Rationale: To maintain sterility and prevent infections.
ü Keep the client’s hands away from drains and dressings.
Rationale: Dirty hands can encourage infections to the dressing sites.
ü Administer prescribed antibiotic such as amoxycillin
Rationale: Antibiotic used to kill microphages and reduce infections.
Evaluation – The risk of infection to patient decreased.
Definition of Renal Calculi
It is solid concretions (crystal
aggregations) formed in the kidneys from
dissolved urinary minerals.
Etiology of Renal Calculi
1. Composed of calcium oxalate crystals
- When the amount of calcium intake decreases,
the amount of oxalate easy to absorption
into the bloodstream increases and then
excreted into the urine by the kidney
2. Composed of uric acid