Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Geriatric Nursing
Topics
Cultural Diversity & Medication Safety Pharmacokinetics: Alteration in the Older Persons Polypharmacy Alteration and Complementary Medicine Promoting Adherence & Compliance Assessing Older Patients Appropriate Use of Medication Medication Management
Cultural Diversity
Patients whose culture is taken into consideration have better outcomes than those whose culture is not considered A key strategy for achieving cultural competence is to learn about different cultural and religious preferences, customs, and restrictions
Characteristics to Be Considered
Heritage Ethnicity Nationality Religion Culture
European Americans
Christians Less likely to rely on spirituality (God) and turn to science Turns to the government to take care of the elderly Does not have close family ties doers does not want to be a burden to others Retirement they lose their self-worth Follows the advice of health care providers than other groups
African Americans
Most are Protestant, some are Muslim More spiritual especially in health and wellness Close family ties Does not trust authorities much Distrustful of Medical personnel
Hispanic Americans
Mostly Catholics Places a high value in family, religion, and community Will seek homeopathic remedies with religious artifacts before seeking health care Illnesses are also due to their sins
Asian Americans
Earliest settlers are from China Most are Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism Basic concept: all things are composed of opposing forces (yin-yang) Should be balanced, if not, diseases manifest Some elderly clients forgo life-sustaining treatment because of Ren
Native American
Mostly Indians/Alaskan Americans Naturalistic approach to health and illness
African American & Hispanic : Poverty European American : Higher Income & Less Education; or Excess in Living
Pharmacokinetics
Time course by which the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs How drugs move through the body and how quickly this occurs
Absorption
Movement of a drug from the site of administration, across the biological barriers, into the plasma Least affected by age, although drug movement decreases
Distribution
Movement of a drug from the plasma into the cells As people age, water declines and fat stores increase
Affects distribution phase of water-soluble & fat soluble drugs
Hepatic & Renal mass, & hepatic & renal blood flow decrease
Hepatic metabolism of drugs is reduced Renal excretion is also decreased
Pharmacodynamics
Time course a and effect of drugs on cellular and organ function. Is what drugs do when they are inside the body Ex.
Benzodiazepines increased sedation Opiates increased analgesia and respiratory suppression Warfarin increased anticoagulant effect
Polypharmacy
Prescription, administration, or use of many medications than are clinically indicated in a given patient
Classifications of CAM
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Whole Medical Systems Mind-body medicine Biologically Based Practices Manipulative and Body-based Practices Energy Medicine
Homeopathy
By German physician Dr. Samuel Hahnemann Natural law of like cures like or Principle of Similars Homeopathic Theory: when a persons vital force or self-healing process is out of balance, health problems will develop Goal: Stimulate the bodys own healing responses to prevent or treat illness
Naturopathic Medicine
Principles:
The healing power of nature Identification of the cause and treatment of disease The concept of do no harm Doctor as teacher Treatment of the whole person Prevention
Naturopathic Medicine
If the body is supported and the barriers removed, the body will heal itself Natural healing takes longer than allopathic medicine Examples:
Ayurveda Traditional Chinese Medicine
Ayurveda
A comprehensive system that encompasses the body, mind, and consciousness connection and seeks to restore a persons harmony or balance All things are made up of Five (5) Elements:
Space or ether Air Fire Water Earth
Pitta
Energy of digestion and comes from fire and water
Kapha
Energy of lubrication and structure and comes from water and earth Keeps cellular body together
Disease is caused by an imbalance in the body or disorder Diagnosis is made through symptomatology rather than through traditional laboratory diagnosis Goal: to get the body into balance
YANG
Fire, hot, excited, active principle Male aspect
Mind-Body Interventions
Among the most widely used of the complementary and alternative modalities Prayer, deep breathing, meditation, yoga, bidfeedback, tai chi, and guided imagery. Pet therapy and music therapy are also included Emotional, mental, social, spiritual, and behavioral factors affect health
Examples
Prayer Meditaton Tai Chi Guided Imagery Biofeedback Pet-assisted Therapy Music therapy
Energy Medicine
Two types
Veritable Energy Field Putative Energy Field
Examples: Therapeutic (healing) Touch and Reiki; and Sound Energy Therapy
WHY CAM?
Pain relief Increase quality of life Maintain health and fitness Return to a kinder and gentler medicine
Nursing Interventions
Ask:
Why a particular method is used The source of the therapy Knowledge of the side effects