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4 BREAKING SPAGHETTI
Find the conditions under which dry spaghetti falling on a hard floor does not break.
OVERVIEW
mechanical properties
Youngs modulus
impact buckling
Eulers critical buckling load modes fracture points tube, camera, debris weakest fracture force, various sizes surface, number of spaghetti, angle dependence comparison
simulation
conclusion
SPAGHETTI PROPERITES
stress/strain ratio
material characteristic
w+ w0, w0 initial deflection (spaghetti mass) F load applied at end
l
w0
SPAGHETII PROPERTIES
r 4 I 2
w0+w
applied load F
deflection for = 0,
bending moment
d 2w M M F 2 EI dx
3 = 3
3 = 0 + 3
spaghetti 2
0,024
1,81E+10 N/m 1,76E+10 N/m 1,31E+10 N/m 1,04E+10 N/m 9,13E+09 N/m
2
0,022
beam deflection / m
0,020
0,018
0,016
0,014
0,012
0,010 0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
0,012
applied load / N
IMPACT
elastic spaghetti fall accellerated (g)
acting like springs that obey Hooke's law force is proportional to the amount of deformations
height
time
velocity
time
IMPACT
force is small at first enlarges to a maximum when spaghetti reverses directions drops down as it jumps-off
approximated constant F interested in maximum varies for different surfaces = causes spaghetti do deform break Fg
time
force
F-reaction force
BUCKLING
F F
k-spring constant
load moment M =
M < Mel stable equilibrium - beam returns to the initial position
BUCKLING
beam support
lower end simple (can rotate and slide) upper end free = f
B
x
BUCKLING
f
x l
=
B
= =
2 2 2 2
2 2
w
A
= =
to simplify calculations
0 = 0 0 + = 0 =
0 = 0 + 0 = 0
, 2
= 1,2,3,
2 42
BUCKLING
buckling modes
if the force =
spaghetti forms a sinusoidal line depending on the relation different buckling modes
2 42
2 1
, related to = 2 1 2
n=2
n=3
FRACTURE POINT
irregular buckling modes debris lenght measured
simulation
AutoCAD, Autodesk simulation multiphysics measured material properties and spaghetti dimension force acting conditions
~gradual mesh
FRACTURE POINT
highest stress points most probable fracture point mashing conditions free ends force acting on the whole cross-section
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
directed through a long vertical pipe obtaining ~equal impact velocities recording the process camera
120 fps impact time and velocity evaluation fracture point probability of fracture
debris measured
PARAMETERS
weakest fracture force spaghetti size
/~2 = (2 1)2
buckling mode ~ = 1.21 5 repeated measurements marked spaghetti image sequence observed
2,4 2,2
2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008
3 2
4,0
3,0
2,5
2,0
experimenal value
force [N]
SURFACE DEPENDENCE
HB Brinell hardness
steel 120HB (oak) wood 3.8HB rubber not comparable rough/smooth stone 35HB
DIFFERENT SURFACE
impact duration velocity after impact
SURFACE DEPENDENCE
HARDNES
0 + 1 =
surface reaction force is vertical to the surface Fs buckling 1 = and bending 2 = component
as the impact angle bending force becomes more significant ()
strucutures are more sensitive to bending displacements friction force is not great enough to keep the spaghetti steady it slides of the surface no fracture
Fs
F1
F2
complex buckling/bending relation as the angle increases, bending gains significance over buckling
angle ~30 friction force is not great enough to keep the spaghetti steady
slides no fracture
F2
SURFACE DEPENDENCE
ROUGHNESS
rough stone surface changes the spaghetti impact angle (surface imperfections) greater angle results in more bending deformation longer debris
debris lenght zero for smooth surface (regression linear coefficient)
3,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
spaghetti interact in a bulk change direction, hit the surface under a small angle
greater angle results in more bending deformation longer debris collide with each other
CONCLUSION
1 2 3 4 5
= 0.59 0.03 = 1.10 0.02 = 1.29 0.02 = 1.48 0.01 = 2.26 0.03
predicted using simulation and measured agreement same minimum fracture forces
REFERENCES
V.imi, Otpornost materijala 1, kolska knjiga, 1995. V.imi, Otpornost materijala 2, kolska knjiga, 1995. Halliday, Resnick, Walker, Fundamentals of physics, 2003.
B. Audoly, S. Neukirch, http://www.lmm.jussieu.fr/spaghetti/
THANK YOU!
IMPACT
typical stress strain curve for brittle materials Hooks diagram
= 0 0
stress
fracture point
proportional limit Hooks law velid
fracture modes
strain
energy stored in a cross-sectional slice of the bent beam proportional to the sum of the square of the distance to the medial axis
circle
d dA
r
2 =
2 2
dx
= = =
2 2
2 = 2 = + + , = 0, = 0
= 2
2 3 = = 3 3
3 = = 3
SIMULATION REGRESSION
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5 0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
force [N]