Presents

-is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body. The main components of the human circulatory system are the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. The circulatory system includes: the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. The most primitive animal phyla lack circulatory system. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system which consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The Heart
-pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for reoxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body.

THE HEART WALL

Pericardium
-Is the thin sac enclosing the heart

INTERIOR OF THE HEART

Septum
-A wall that separate the right side from the left side of the heart.

Bicuspid Valve
-The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Tricuspid Valve

-The valve between the left ventricle

and the aorta.
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

-The valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

THE ARTERIES

The pulmonary arteries

-carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.

THE AORTA

-is the largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extends down to the abdomen, where it branches off into two smaller arteries. The aorta brings oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation.

The Aorta

Arterioles
-Blood passes into the smaller arteries until they reach the smallest arteries

THE CAPILLARIES

CAPILLARIES
-are very thin and fragile. The capillaries are actually only one epithelial cell thick. They are so thin that blood cells can only pass through them in single file. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place through the thin capillary wall. The red blood cells inside the capillary release their oxygen which passes through the wall and into the surrounding tissue. The tissue releases its waste products, like carbon dioxide, which passes through the wall and into the red blood cells.

Diffusion
from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
-Is the movement of tiny particles

THE VEINS

THE VEINS A pulmonary vein -is a large blood vessel of the

human circulatory system that carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. There are four pulmonary veins, two from each lung. They carry oxygenated blood, which is unusual since almost all other veins carry deoxygenated blood. One of four vessels that carry aerated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. (The four are the right and left superior and inferior pulmonary veins). The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry bright red oxygenated blood.

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

The superior vena cava

-(also known as the Precava) is a large diameter, yet short vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart's right atrium. It is formed by the left and right brachiocephalic veins, (also referred to as the in nominate veins) which also receive blood from the upper limbs and the head and neck, behind the lower border of the first right costal cartilage. The azygous vein (which receives blood from the rib cage) joins it just before it enters the right atrium, at the upper right front portion of the heart. It is also known as the cranial vena cava in animals. No valve separates the superior vena cava from the right atrium. As a result, the (right) atrial and (right) ventricular contractions are conducted up into the internal jugular vein and, through the sternocleidomastoid muscle, can be seen as the jugular venous pressure. In tricuspid valve regurgitation, these pulsations are very strong.

THE BLOOD

are the part of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart, the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart. Blood vessels are intricate networks of tubes that transport blood throughout the entire body.
-

THE BLOOD VESSEL

THE PLATELETS

Platelets, or thrombocytes are small, irregularly-shaped

anuclear cells (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), 2-3 m in diameter[1], which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a platelet is between 8 and 12 days. Platelets play a fundamental role in hemostasis and are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots. If the number of platelets is too low, excessive bleeding can occur. However, if the number of platelets is too high, blood clots can form (thrombosis), which may obstruct blood vessels and result in such events as a stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism or the blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body, such as the extremities of the arms or legs. An abnormality or disease of the platelets is called a thrombocytopathy[2], which could be either a low number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), a decrease in function (thrombasthenia), or an increase in the number of (thrombocytosis). There are disorders that reduce the number of platelets, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) that typically cause thromboses, or clots, instead of bleeding.

RED BLOOD CELLS

Red blood cells -(also referred to as erythrocytes)

are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system. These cells' cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin, an ironcontaining biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood's red color. In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible biconcave disks that lack a cell nucleus and most organelles. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 20 seconds. Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells. red blood cells are also known as RBC's, red blood corpuscles (an archaic term), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow", with cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage).

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

"White Blood Cells" A scanning electron microscope

image of normal circulating human blood. In addition to the irregularly shaped leukocytes, both red blood cells and many small disc-shaped platelets are visible. White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes (also spelled "leucocytes"), are cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five[1] different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. The number of WBCs in the blood is often an indicator of disease. There are normally between 4109 and 1.11010 white blood cells in a litre of blood, making up approximately 1% of blood in a healthy adult.[3] An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis, and a decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia. The physical properties of leukocytes, such as volume, conductivity, and granularity, may change due to activation, the presence of immature cells, or the presence of malignant leukocytes in leukemia.

1.Anemia

-is an ailment of the blood which can be cause by any of the following:
a. low production of red blood cells

b. rapid destruction of red blood cells

c. iron deficiency d. too much loss of blood

2.Leukemia
-is a cancer of the blood. it is characterized by the abnormal production of white blood cells in the bone marrow.

The symptoms of leukemia are such:

1) fever, chills, night sweats 2) swollen and bleeding gums 3) enlarged liver and spleen 4) bone and joint pain 5) dizziness 6) diarrhea

3. Hypertension -is a dangerous condition because it can lead to serious complications. Chronically elevated blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart failure, heart attacks, arterial aneurysm and strokes.

UNTREATED HYPERTENSION

4.Atherosclerosis
-(also known as Arteriosclerotic Vascular Disease or ASVD) is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol.

Enlarged view of atherosclerosis

5. Coronary Heart Disease

-is a damage to the heart caused by the narrowing of arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

6.Rheumatic Heart Disease

-is a weakening of the heart due to the inflammation of its inner lining of a failure of the heart valve to close, thus causing blood to leak.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

7.Congenital Heart Disease

an any defect in the structure of the heart or a major blood vessels that is present at birth.

-is

Proper care of the circulatory system

1.Balanced Diet -is necessary to having a healthy body

2. Exercise
-activities like jogging, swimming and forms of exercise that are good for the heart.

3.Avoiding Risk Factors

-a hobby provides distractions from worries and problems.

4.Physical checkup
-have a physical checkup at least once a year even if you have no symptoms of any illness

LUNG

LEFT ATRIUM

BICUSPID VALVE

LEFT VENTRICLE

RIGHT VENTRICLE

AORTA

TRICUSPID VALVE

ARTERY

RIGHT ATRIUM
VEINS VENULES

ARTERIOLES

CAPILLARIES

SUBMITTED BY: Ellaine Marie B. Calibang Earlyn Joy V. Eniola Alexa Denise S. Rano Amanda Clarys G. Ariza Christian Joy Montao Remark Salarosan

SUBMITTED TO:

Mr. Joseph P. Funticha