Jesica Rios & Virginie Perier

What is Active Transport?

Active transport is the process by which dissolved

molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move against the concentration gradient - and therefore require an input of energy from the cell.
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/a

nimations/active1.swf

Active Transport in Human

In humans, active transport takes place during the

digestion of food in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars such as glucose. The glucose is absorbed by active transport into the villi, to be passed into the bloodstream and taken around the body.

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ?

ATP: Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate
Empirical formula: C10H16N5O13P3 An energy unit containing large amounts of energy in

its phosphate bonds ATP is produced via cellular respiration in the mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts.

Definition Adenosine Diphosphate: nucleotide

essential in photosynthesis and glycolysis.

ATP and Active Transport?

ATP provides energy for cells to carry out processes

like active transport Active transport is vital in regulating concentrations in cells against a concentration gradient To go against a concentration gradient, proteins that provide this function require energy, and that energy is in the form of ATP released during respiration, without it the human body would not survive.

Sodium-Potassium Pump
Sodium ions in the cell bind themselves to an integral

protein Breaking of bonds in ATP causes a change in the proteins shape Sodium ions are released outside the cell and potassium ions outside the cell bind themselves to the protein Loss of phosphate group causes protein to go back to its original shape Potassium ions are released into the cell

http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/active1.swf

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis: allows macromolecules to enter the cell
Exocytosis: allows macromolecules to leave the cell ATP allows the plasma membrane to change its shape

and form vesicles around the macromolecule The vesicle is pinched off the membrane The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the phospholipids allow it to reattach

Golgi Apparatus
Involved in exocytosis and endocytosis
Ribosomes in rough ER produce a protein Protein goes into the smooth ER Protein leaves the ER in a vesicle The Golgi apparatus receives the vesicle Modifies the protein Releases a vesicle with the protein to its next stage