Chapter 25

The Digestive System

Kevin Yocum Fall 2013

Objectives for 25.4

Describe the anatomy of the liver, gall bladder, bile duct, and pancreas. Describe the digestive secretions of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. Explain the hormonal regulation of the liver and pancreas.

The Liver
Hepatic lobules
Central vein Hepatic sinusoids

Hepatic portal system Bile duct

Hepatic ducts Cystic duct

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

Fig. 25.19

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver

Fig. 25.20

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

The Gall Bladder

Stores and concentrates bile Bile
Bilirubin Urobilinogen Bile salts Aid in fat digestion/absorption Lecithin

The Pancreas
Pancreatic juice
Fig. 25.23

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Gross Anatomy of GB and Pancreas

Fig. 25.21

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Regulation of Secretion
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Vagus and enteric nerves Pancreatic acini

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Duodenal mucosa and proximal jejunum Intestinal fats

Secretin
Sodium bicarbonate

Checkpoint Questions
The hepatic and cystic ducts converge to form the _______. The liver receives 70% of its blood from the ______________. _______ stimulates the liver and pancreatic ducts to secrete sodium bicarbonate.

Checkpoint Answers
The hepatic and cystic ducts converge to form the bile duct. The liver receives 70% of its blood from the hepatic portal vein. Secretin stimulates the liver and pancreatic ducts to secrete sodium bicarbonate.

Objectives for 25.5

Describe the complete anatomy of the small intestine. Differentiate between intestinal mucosa and stomach mucosa. Define contact digestion. Describe intestinal movements.

Gross Anatomy of the SI

Duodenum
Duodenojejunal flexure

Jejunum Ileum
Peyer patches

Ileocecal junction

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Microanatomy of the SI
Circular folds Villi
Enterocytes and goblet cells Lacteal Intestinal crypts and intestinal juice

Contact digestion
Microvilli Brush border enzymes

Intestinal Villi

Fig. 25.25
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Intestinal Motility
Segmentation Peristalsis

Checkpoint Questions
The second section of the small intestine is called the ______. Lipids are absorbed in the small intestines due to the presence of ______. Movement in which stationary ring-like constrictions appear at several places along the SI is called ___________.

Checkpoint Answers
The second section of the small intestine is called the jejunum. Lipids are absorbed in the small intestines due to the presence of lacteals. Movement in which stationary ring-like constrictions appear at several places along the SI is called segmentation.

Objectives for 25.7

Describe the anatomy of the large intestine. Contrast LI mucosa with SI mucosa. State the significance of intestinal bacteria. Discuss the types of colon contractions. Link neurology with defecation.

Gross Anatomy of the Large Intestine

Cecum
Appendix

Colon
Ascending Transverse Descending

Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Microanatomy of LI
Simple, columnar epithelium Anal canal
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

No circular folds or villi Crypts

Deep Many goblet cells

Bacterial Flora and Gas

Bacterial flora
800 species of bacterial flora in LI Digest cellulose, pectin, plant polysaccharides

Gas
Flatus 7-10 Liters, of which 500ml/day is expelled

Absorption and Motility

12-24 hours from mouth to anus Reabsorption of water and electrolytes (ex: NaCl) 75% water 25% solids
Fiber, fat, proteins, salts, mucus

Haustral contractions and mass movements

Defecation
Intrinsic reflex
Myenteric nerve plexus

Parasympathetic reflex
Spinal reflex

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Checkpoint Questions
The first section of the large intestine is called the _____. Expelling of gas from the large intestine is known as ____. The defecation reflex that operates entirely from the myenteric nerve plexus is the ___________________.

Checkpoint Answers
The first section of the large intestine is called the cecum. Expelling of gas from the large intestine is known as flatus. The defecation reflex that operates entirely from the myenteric nerve plexus is the intrinsic defecation reflex.

References
Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology, The Unity of Form and Function, Sixth Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.