FUEL SYSTEM

Gasoline and fuel terminology. Fuel supply system. Fuel injection system. Fuel injection electronics.
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Making Gasoline

Crude oil production Fractionating Catalyst cracking Reforming Crude production, refining and marketing.
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Fractionating Process

Cracker Tower

Petroleum Products

Gasoline and Related Terminology

Characteristics: Vaporization Atomization Volatility Vapor lock Dilution Anti-knock value Air/fuel ratio -

Turning from a mist to vapor Tiny droplets of fuel Ease at which a fluid turns to gas Fuel boils to vapor blocking flow Thinning of oil caused by gas Resistance to burning 14.7 : 1

Proper Combustion

Fuel burns evenly from one side of the combustion chamber to the other. Gasoline molecules wait for the flame front and burn in a sequence. This creates an even push on top of the piston. If not, two problems can occur.
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Detonation

This condition is also known as KNOCK, PING or SPARK KNOCK. It can cause serious damage to the engine.
It is caused by too high of a compression ratio, improper timing, 8 malfunctioning EGR, over heated engine or a poor grade of fuel.

Preignition

Octane Rating

This rating is the anti-knock value of the gasoline. R+M/2 rating most commonly used today. Lowest octane rating is 87. Midgrade is 89 and the highest grade is 93.

Methods of improving octane rating. Add TEL or tetra ethyl lead. Nasty stuff now banned. Add alcohol such as ethanol, methanol or MTBE. Refine the gasoline more and remove bad acting molecules of the 10 gas.

Ethanol

(about 70%) of the corn kernel that is converted into ethanol. Ethanol increases oxygenate supplies, reducing the need for MTBE imports and helping to reduce consumer costs. U. S. consumers use more than 18 billion gallons of high performance, cleaner burning ethanol-blended gasoline each year
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Methanol

Also known as wood alcohol Blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline Not commonly used as such because automakers no longer are supplying methanol-powered vehicles

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MTBE

MTBE

methyl tertiary-butyl ether chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene Methanol can also be used to make MTBE

Oxygenate blended with gasoline to enhance octane and create cleaner burning fuel MTBE production and use has declined it has been found to contaminate ground water 11%
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Octane Vs Cetane

Higher Octane

More resistant to burning Less resistance to burning

Higher Cetane

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Air/Fuel Ratio
Proper air/fuel ratio for lowest emissions is:

Gasoline Air/Fuel Ratios

14.7 - 1
Engine will run with air/fuel ratios from 8 1 to 20 1. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Rich Lean
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Stoiciometric Ratio 14.7:1

14.7: parts Air 1 part gas < 8:1 Rich

Too much fuel High HC output Runs cold Too much air High Nox Run hot
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>20:1 Lean

Chemistry of Burning Gasoline

Fuel Air

Good by-products
H2O + CO2 + N

HC + O2 + N

Hydrocarbon Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen

Bad by-products HC Un-burnt gas CO Partially burnt gas NOX Air burning

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Chart of Pollutants
Air/Fuel Ratio and Pollution

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Gasohol

90% Gasoline < 10% Alcohol

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