Internal Combustion Engines

Small Engine Development

Year 1680 1698 1712 1763 1801 1803 1859 1862 1876 1892 1953 Engine Gunpowder Savery Pump Newcomen Steam Watt Double-acting steam Coal gas/electric ignition High pressure steam Pre-mixed fuel and air Gasoline Four cycle gasoline Diesel Die-cast aluminum Designer/developer Christian Huygens Thomas Saverly Thomas Newcomen James Watt Eugene Lebon Richard Trevithick Etienne Lenoir Nikolaus Otto Nikolaus Otto Rudolf Diesel B&S

Internal Combustion Engines: IC engines can be classified based on :

1.Ignition system : SI & CI 7.Speed of the engine

2.Type of fuel:Gas/Petrol/Diesel
/Dual-Fuel 3. Working Cycle: Otto/Diesel/Dual

-- low/Medium / high speed engines.

8.Number of cylinders -- single/Multi-cylinder engines. 9.Cylinder orientation --- Vertical/horizontal/In-Line/ V-engine/ Radial engine/Opposed Cylinder engine.

4.Strokes /cycle: 2 stroke/ 4 stroke engines

5.Application : Stationary/Mobile engines 6.Cooling system: Air-cooled/ watercooled

10.Crankshaft orientation 11.Cooling system

Internal CombustionIntro Engine designs can be classified based on :

1.Ignition system:
(i) Spark Ignition(SI) engines, eg:Petrol (ii) Compression Ignition(CI) engines,eg: Diesel

2. Type of fuel used:

(i) Gas engines methane as fuel

(ii) Petrol engines highly volatile fuel ,petrol

(iii) Diesel engines less volatile fuel ,diesel (iv) Dual-fuel engines --gaseous fuel/highly volatile liquid fuel (suction stroke),viscous fluid in the compression stroke.

Internal CombustionIntro Engine designs can be classified based on :

3.Strokes per cycle

4.Cylinder orientation 5.Crankshaft orientation 6.Control system 7.Cooling system

1. Size - Largest
The Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine is the most powerful and most efficient prime-mover in the world today.

The cylinder bore is just under 38" and the stroke is just over 98". Each cylinder displaces 111,143 cubic inches (1,820 liters) and produces 7,780 horsepower.

Total displacement comes out to 1,556,002 cubic inches (25,480 liters) for the fourteen cylinder version.

1. Size - Smallest
Not much bigger than a stack of pennies, the "mini engine" is the first engine of its size to deliver power on a continuous basis. Currently will produce 2.5 watts of electricity (0.00335 hp). Uses 1/2 fluid ounce of fuel per hour

2. Ignition
Spark ignition

Compression ignition What is the primary difference?

3. Cycles
Four stroke

Two stroke Name one common use for each type.

4. - Cylinder Orientation

There is no limit on the number of cylinders that a small engines can have, but it is usually 1 or 2.
Four common cylinder orientations for small engines Vertical Slanted Horizontal Multi position

Give an example of a use for each.

4. - Cylinder Orientationcont. Three common cylinder configuration in multiple cylinder engines: V Horizontally opposed

In-line

Can you identify one application for each of these types?

5. Crankshaft Orientation
Small gas engines use three crankshaft orientations:

Horizontal
Vertical

Multi-position

Identify a use for each one.

6. Controls

Traditionally engines are controlled by mechanical means.

Governor Throttle Choke Etc.

Honda has an engine with an electronic control unit (ECU).

ECU - Electronic Control Unit
Monitors and controls engine functions including Throttle, Choke, Ignition Timing, Oil Alert Offers programmable governor and throttle modes for unprecedented flexibility and diagnostic LED for trouble shooting Stepper motors precisely control throttle and choke position

7. Cooling System

Small engines use two types of cooling systems:

Air Water

Why does an internal combustion engine need a cooling system?

Why what are the advantages and disadvantages of both systems?

7. Cooling Systemcont.
How is excess heat moved within and removed from the engine?

7. Cooling systemcont.
Which one(s) of the heat transfer methods are used by the following engine systems? Cooling Lubrication Fuel

Physical Principles of Engines

Energy
Energy is the capacity for doing work.

What are the two forms of energy?

Which form are these?

Boyles Laws
Boyles Law: the volume of gas varies inversely with the pressure.
Any confined gas will double its pressure when the volume is decreased by one half.

Small gas engines use a compression ratio of 8:1.

Theoretical compression pressure.

Using an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi and a compression ratio of 8:1 the theoretical compression pressure is: psi cylinder press will be Note: 117.6 The actual
different because of the losses that occur and the complex relationship between gas pressure and temperature.

Charles Law
The pressure and temperature of a confined gas are directly proportional.
The increase in temperature can be approximated by: For an engine with a 8:1 compression ratio and an initial temperature of 72 oF, the compression temperature will be:

An engine with a 21:1 compression ratio and an initial temperature of 72 oF, the compression temperature will be:

Force
Anything that changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body.

A force can result in pressure, torque or work, depending on how it is applied.

Force--Pressure
Pressure is a force acting on a unit of area.

Cylinder Pressure
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 25 50 75 100 Time 125 150 175 200 Pressure (psi)

The cylinder pressure is not constant.

Increases during compression. Sharp spike after combustion Decreases through power stroke

How high can the pressure reach in a combustion chamber?

ForcePressurecont.
In an engine the pressure produced in the combustion chamber is converted to a force.
The pressure is applied uniformly to all surfaces, including the head of the piston.

Torque
A force acting on the perpendicular radial distance from a point of rotation.
To (lb-ft) = Force x Radius
Problem: Determine the amount of torque that will be produced for an engine that has an average combustion pressure of 250 psi, a 2.75 inch bore and 1.25 inch throw.

Power
Power is the rate of doing work.
Problem: How much power is an engine producing if the torque is 154 lb-ft and the engine operates at 3,000 RPM.

Horsepower
A unit of power developed by James Watt to provide a basis for comparing the amount of power produced by horses and other engines.

1 Hp = 33,000 ft-lb/min
Problem: How many horsepower is an engine producing if the power is 46,200 ft-lb/min?

The End