‫بسم الله الرحمن‬

‫الرحيم‬

‫ورحمته‬ ‫م عَليڪم‬
‫السل ُ‬
‫الله‬
 Under Kind Supervision
Dr. K.B. Mirbahar
Professor
Department of Animal Reproduction

By:
Sajid Aziz Samo
2K8-AR-156
 ESTRUS CYCLE
The recurrent, restricted period of sexual receptivity in female mammals,
Marked by intense sexual urge.

Or

The female reproductive system of most mammals exhibits a rhythmical changes

called the estrus cycle.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 To understand the different parts of the estrous cycle.

 To understand the hormonal changes during the estrous cycle.

 To understand how the estrous cycle coordinates the events of

female reproduction so it can be successful.

 PERIODS OF THE ESTRUS CYCLE

 Proestrus: ( Period Of Preparation )

 Characterized by stimulation of follicular growth by FSH
 Estrus: ( The Period Of Desire )
 Characterized by psychic manifestations of heat
 Metestrus: ( Postestrus )
 Characterized by the sudden cessation of heat
 Diestrus: ( The Final Period )

 ANESTRUS:

 Female is not cycling (No expression of heat over time)

 Cow has a 21 Day Estrous Cycle: Day 0 first Day of Standing Heat
 PROESTRUS: (Day 17­20 (Follicular Phase)

 Prior to estrus, CL is undergoing regression, progesterone

levels fall below 1 ng/mL which allows final follicular
development
 Tertiary follicle(s) and oocytes undergo final maturation
Estrogen levels ­ One dominant follicle ­ Graafian Stage
Stimulated to final maturation by FSH and LH

 Female starts to become receptive ­ Estrogen

Estrogen prepares uterus and oviducts for sperm transport and
fertilization ­ Smooth muscle contractions and cilia movement

 Estrogen initiates uterine changes for later embryo

development Uterine glands and oviduct secretion
CYCLIC CHANGES IN OVARIAN
STRUCTURE
PROESTRUS
 ( Day of Standing heat! Day 0 of estrous cycle
ESTRUS: Lasts 12 to 20 hours in cow)

FEMALE IN HEAT
 High estrogens cause LH surge
Estrogen from the Graafian follicle stimulate increase in GnRH
which stimulates increase in LH

 LH surge causes ovulation

 GnRH increases to cause a large increase in LH (surge release)
 Ovulation occurs during estrus in ewe, sow and mare but
metestrus in cow
 LH surge initiates corpus luteum formation
 Following ovulation - LH stimulates development of luteal cells
from the granulosa and thecal cells of the ovulated follicle wall.
 Theca and granulosa cells luteinize by LH stimulation to
differentiate in luteal cells
 SIGNS OF ESTRUS PERIOD

• Restlessness
• Mounting
• Swollen vulva
• Bawling
• Discharge of the watery mucosa
ESTRUS
 METESTRUS: (Day 2-4 of Estrous Cycle)

 In cow, ovulation occurs after the end of estrus

 Estrogen levels have decreased
 Graafian follicle has ovulated
 Corpus luteum is forming
 Developing from Corpus Hemorrhagicum
 Progesterone levels start to -
 Second increase in FSH occurs to stimulate another
wave of follicular development
 Progesterone begins preparing the uterus for the embryo

 Embryo partially develops in the oviduct and moves into the

uterus
 Moves into uterus on Day 4 - 5 depending on species
 DIESTRUS: (Day 5 - 17 of Estrous Cycle)

 Maximum corpus luteum size

 Mature at Day 12 of estrous cycle
 High progesterone levels inhibit final follicular development,
ovulation and estrus
 Inhibits final maturation of follicle and estrus
 Negative feedback on GnRH
 Embryo continues to develop in the uterus
 Embryo signals the uterus it is present - no CL regression
 If embryo is not present - uterus releases PGF2a to cause CL
regression
 If CL regresses, progesterone in blood decreases and Graafian
follicle(s) begin final development that occurs in proestrus for
ovulation at estrus.
 Estrous Cycle starts over!!!!
 HORMONAL PROFILES DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE
Follicle will become atretic and regress as a
new follicle grows to ovulate with CL regression
Second Follicular
ng = nanogram 10-9 grams Wave
LH, FSH, Progesterone First Follicular
pg = picogram 10-12 grams Wave
Estrogen, PGF2a

When progesterone is
less than 1 ng/ml it
usually means the cow
has regressed the CL Increases for CL
and is coming into heat regression Second increase of FSH for
during the estrous cycle LH surge follicle development. Inhibin
for ovulation is low as is progesterone

Estrus
MARE

Estrus ESTRUS
PHASES OF THE ESTROUS CYCLE

 FOLLICULAR: (from the regression of CL to ovulation)

2­3 days in ewe and 3­4 days in cow
 Phase of the female estrous cycle when she is under
estrogen stimulation

 Proestrus and Estrus

 LUTEAL: (period of corpus luteum activity)

 Phase of the female estrous cycle when she is under
progesterone stimulation

 Metestrus and Diestrus

 CYCLIC CHANGES IN VAGINAL
CELL TYPES

Estrus Diestrus I Diestrus II Proestrus

 SPECIES VARIATION IN ESTROUS
CYCLE CHARACTERISTICS
ESTROUS CYCLE EWE SOW COW MARE

LENGTH OF ESTROUS
CYCLE 14 ­ 19 DAYS 18 ­ 22 DAYS 18 ­ 24 DAYS 16 ­ 24 DAYS

LENGTH OF ESTRUS 24 ­ 36 HOURS 48 ­ 72 HOURS 12 ­ 19 HOURS 2 ­ 11 DAYS

1 ­ 2 DAYS
24 ­ 36 HOURS 35 ­ 45 HOURS 10 ­ 11 HOURS
BEFORE THE
TIME OF OVULATION AFTER THE ONSET AFTER THE ONSET AFTER THE END
END OF ESTRUS
OF ESTRUS OF ESTRUS OF ESTRUS

16 ­ 14 HOURS
12 ­ 18 HOURS 7 ­ 18 HOURS SECOND DAY AND
AFTER THE ONSET OF
AFTER THE ONSET AFTER ONSET EVERY OTHER DAY
TIME OF AI ESTRUS AND AGAIN 8 ­
OF ESTRUS OF ESTRUS IN ESTRUS
24 HOURS LATER
PRESENTED BY.
SAJID AZIZ SAMO
REG. NO. 2K8-AR-156