INDUCTORS, CAPACITORS

AND ALTERNATING
CURRENT CIRCUITS
MOHAMAD TARMIZI BIN ARBAIN
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT OF POLITEKNIK PD
INDUCTORS
Basic principle of inductor
Inductors: electronic component that having
properties to apposes the current changing
Inductance: electric circuit that having properties
to appose the current changing
Induction: properties that opposes the current
changing
Unit: Henry (H)
1 Henry means total inductance in coil if the
current changing at rate 1 ampere second and
produce 1 volt of induces voltage
2 types of induction
Self induction
When current flow through a coil, the current will change and flux
cutting also change. This changing will produce e.m.f in a coil. The
direction of e.m.f is apposes the source voltage direction.
SYMBOL :-
2 types of induction
Mutual induction
When alternate current flow through coil and flux was produces. The
flux will connected to the coil B which is situated next to the coil A.
Hence, e.m.f will produce in coil B.
SYMBOL :-
Self induction formula,L
Direction of e.m.f is reverse with direction of current
E.m.f generate cause of flux changing


E.m.f generate cause of current changing


Using Faradays Law

dt
d
N e
|
=
1
dt
di
L e =
2
2 1
e e =
dt
di
L
dt
d
N =
|
di
dt
dt
d
N L - =
|
Thus, self induction ,L

L=Nd/di
L= self induction
N= numbers of turns
d/dt= flux changing
dt/di= current changing

Energy in inductor
To find the energy in the inductor use:






Unit : Joule (J)
2
2
1
LI E =
Inductors in series circuit
L
T
= L
1
+L
2
+L
3
+L
4
1/L
T
=1/L
1
+1/L
2
+1/L
3
Inductors in parallel circuit
Effect of inductor in curcuit
To smoothing effect on the wave form of the DC curcuit
To improve transmission characteristic of wave in phone
line
Inductive strain
In alternate current circuit, current will change
continuously and induces reverse e.m.f continuously.
The e.m.f will oppose the current continuously. The
opposition to the current flow by inductance known as
inductive strain.
fL X
L
t 2 =
CAPACITORS
A capacitor is an electrical device which have a function
to store electrical energy
A capacitor stores energy in the form of electric field that
is established by the opposite charges on the two plates
positives charges and negative charges
Current flow direction
V
C
Capacitor basic construction
A capacitor constructed of two parallel conductive plates
separated by an insulating material called the dielectric.
SYMBOL
C
UNIT
Farad (F)
Insulator
Conductor
Capacitance
Capacitance is a property of capacitor to
charge /electrical energy
Or the amount of charge that a capacitor
can store per unit voltage across its plates

V
Q
C =
Q= charge (coulomb)
V= voltage (volt)
Electrical energy in capacitors
To measure the energy in the capacitor
can use equation:

QV E
2
1
=
Q= charge (coulomb)
V= voltage (volt)
2
2
1
CV E =
) (
2
1
2
C
Q
E =
Types of capacitors
Variable dielectric air capacitors
Paper capacitors
Polyester capacitors
Mica capacitors
Ceramic capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors
Tantalum capacitors
Function of capacitors
Increase electrical circuit power factor
Reduces firework when is on circuit
Reduces the interference of radio repeat in
pendaflour circuit.
To firm electrical current
To store electrical charge
Capacitive strain, X
C
The opposition offered by a capacitor to
the flow of current through it:-
fC
X
C
t 2
1
=
C= capacitance (F)
F= frequency (Hz)
2 = constant
Capacitors in series circuit
C
T
= C
1
+C
2
+C
3
1/C
T
=1/C
1
+1/C
2
+1/C
3
Capacitors in parallel circuit
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Alternating current was current flow in two condition in positive or
negative value.
It start from zero to maximum positive, back zero and then flow to
maximum negative and flow back to zero.
AC waveform similar to the sinus waveform like below diagram
Diagram AC waveform
From diagram AC waveform, we can
generate the equation


V(t) = Moment Voltage (volt)
V
m
= Maximum Voltage/peak (volt)
t = Phase Angle change to time (rad/deg)
T = 2/ (second)
t V t v
m
e sin ) ( =
Term In AC Voltage
V
p
(peak voltage) = maximum voltage in the diagram.

V
pp
(peak to peak voltage) = measured from maximum
positive to maximum negative.

V
a
(average voltage) = the average value for sinus
waveform. Measured taken from the area under the AC
sinus line. The value was 63.7% from maximum voltage.

V
rms
(root means square voltage) = the important value
in electrical circuit. Most of meter show the reading in
rms value (70.7%) from the peak voltage in AC.
Diagram AC waveform with AC term position
I cycle = 360
0
= 2 rad

In phase waveform
Wave A and wave B was in phase waveform because start and end
at same time. But both of it have difference maximum voltage.
t V t v
p
e sin ) (
1
=
t V t v
p
e sin ) (
2
=
A :
B :
Out Of Phase Waveform
In this case, e.m.f value in all waveform were same (V
p
) but reach at maximum value
or zero value at different time.
Then it have different phase
Each of waveform has difference in phase angle ( and ).
Wave through zero point (0
o
) taken as references.
1. Wave B was references for all wave.
2. Wave A leads wave B with .
3. Wave C lags wave B with .
t V t v
p
e sin ) ( =
) sin( ) ( o e + = t V t v
p
) sin( ) ( | e = t V t v
p
VECTOR/PHASE DIAGRAM
Vector diagram was one diagram method to describe
information-information in sinus wave.
This method require draw the vector of root means
square (rms) for that wave base on it movement angle.
Waveform diagram
Below diagram was base on previous diagram but in more simple
and easy.
The length of the arrow base on the peak value (V
p
) for each wave.
Voltage for V
1
was taken as reference because it start from 0
o
Purely resistance (R)
For basic circuit use AC as poser supply, the current that flow in that circuit
can be determine by using Ohm Law
In AC resistance circuit, current and voltage in phase because no angle
movement.
Effect of resistance in the AC circuit
If the resistance higher, current flow will decrease
If the resistance lower, the current flow will increase.
Pure resistance will not effected the frequency of the circuit
Pure resistance circuit Pure resistance waveform Pure resistance vector
Purely induction (L)
When electric flow in the induction winding, this will become electromagnet
which will produce resistance voltage to oppose current flow.
This resistance to the current electric flow in the winding known as inductive
strain, X
L
.
In AC circuit if consist of induction, current will lags the volt with different
phase in 90
o
The effect induction in the AC circuit
The oppose to the current work known as inductive strain and in value
same as resistance.
Inductive strain was dependant to the frequency. Increase frequency will
increase voltage and also increase resistance.
Pure induction circuit Pure induction waveform Pure induction vector
Purely capacitance (C)
in AC circuit consist of capacitor, current will leads of voltage in 90
o
.
Effect of capacitor in AC circuit
Opposes to current known as capacitive strain.
Value same to the resistor resistance.
It dependent to frequency value. Which increasing frequency source,
thus the capacitive strain will increase.
Pure capacitance circuit Pure capacitance waveform Pure capacitance vector
RL circuit
Resistance and inductor in series connection
In the series circuit, current value same to every load. Then
current (I) become the reference factor.
From the figure, current will be limited by resistor(R) and
inductive strain, X
L
.
This make current flow in the resistance in phase with voltage
But when current through inductive strain X
L
it will lags in 90
o
RL series circuit
RL vector diagram
2 2
L R
V V V + =
L R
IR V =
L L
IX V =
Resistance
voltage
Inductive strain
voltage
Impedance triangle RL
Impedance define as the sum of resistance appear in AC
circuit.(symbol=Z, unit=)
It can be represent in triangle diagram to connected each
component known as impedance triangle.
By using Theorem Pythagoras can be created from impedance
triangle
Impedance triangle RL diagram
O = + = fL X X R Z
L
L t 2 ,
2
2
Current and voltage in RL series circuit.

Circuit current =

Drop voltage each component
and

Phase angle

Power factor,
Z
V
I =
) ( tan
1
R
X
L

= u
Z
R
= u cos
IR V
R
=
L L
IX V =
RC circuit
Resistance and capacitor in series connection
In the series circuit, current value same to every load. Then
current (I) become the reference factor.
From the figure, current will be limited by resistance ,R and
capacitive strain,X
C
.
This make current flow in the resistance in phase with voltage
But when current through inductive strain X
L
it will leads in 90
o
RC series circuit RC vector diagram
2 2
C R
V V V + =
IR V
R
=
C C
IX V =
Resistance
voltage
Capacitive strain
voltage
Capacitance triangle RC
From vector diagram, it can created triangle
impedance.
By using Theorem Pythagoras, capacitance
impedance equation was
Capacitance triangle RC diagram
2
2
C X R Z + =
) ( tan
1
R
X
C

= u
Current and voltage in RC series circuit.

Circuit current =

Drop voltage each component
and

Phase angle

Power factor,
Z
V
I =
Z
R
= u cos
IR V
R
=
C C
IX V =
RLC circuit
Inductor (L), Capacitor (C) and Resistor (R) connected in series
order and connected to AC power supply (V).

Current (I) subjected as reference factor in vector diagram
RLC series circuit
Before draw RLC vector diagram, two (2) condition need to be define

a) Inductive strain grater then capacitive strain. (X
L
>X
C
)

b) Capacitive strain grater than inductive strain. (X
C
> X
L
)
a)Inductive strain grater then capacitive
strain. (X
L
>X
C
)
a) Impedance circuit,

b) Current circuit

c) Drop voltage each component

d) Phase angle

e) Power factor
2 2
) (
C L
X X R Z + =
Z
V
I =
, IR V
R
=
and IX V
C C
=
L L
IX V =
) ( tan
1
R
X X
C L

=

u
Z
R
= u cos
The equation
same as
previous but
change at
phase angle
(-)

) ( tan
1
R
X X
C L

=

u
b) Capacitive strain grater than inductive
strain. (X
C
> X
L
)
a) Impedance circuit,

b) Current circuit

c) Drop voltage each component

d) Phase angle

e) Power factor
2 2
) (
C L
X X R Z + =
Z
V
I =
, IR V
R
=
and IX V
C C
=
L L
IX V =
Z
R
= u cos
The equation
Same as previous
But change at
Phase angle (-)
Power factor
Power factor can be phrase in percentage (%) or in
fraction.
Known as and rephrase as lead or lag.
is angle phase angle between voltage and current
Power factor also ratio between true power to apparent
power.

Also define as ratio resistance to impedance.

Lead power factor is current lead the voltage when
voltage taken as reference factor with +tive value.
Lag power factor is current follow voltage when voltage
taken as reference factor with tive value.
Good power factor when it value is 1.
u Cos
S
P
Cos = u
Z
R
Cos = u
Power in AC circuit
There are 3 power in AC circuit:
1. Apparent power, S.
2. Active power, P.
3. Reactive power.

Apparent power, S was lost power because of resistance to make current
and voltage separate or out of phase.


Apparent power, s
Symbol : S
Unit : voltage- Ampere (VA)
Apparent power = voltage x current
VI S =
Also known as active power. Define as power use or absorb by the resistance
component in AC circuit


True power, P
Symbol : P
Unit : Watt (W)
Apparent power = voltage x current x power factor
Strain power, Q
Also known as reactive power. Define as power use or absorb by the capacitor
component or inductor component in AC circuit


Symbol : Q
Unit : Voltage Ampere Strain (VAR)
Apparent power = voltage x current x sin
u cos VI P =
u sin VI Q =
Power triangle
Connection between apparent power,
strain power and true power and be define
in triangle known as power triangle.
Power triangle diagram