6西格玛 GreenBelt教材绿带

Table
1. Six Sigma Introduction
9. Regression( )
2.
10. DOE
3. Define
11. RSM( )
4.
12. Case Study
5.
13.
6.Graph
1. Table
7.
2. Minitab
8. ANOVA
1. Introduction
2/293
LGENT/Six Sigma Part
Six Sigma History

(Six Sigma ) Six Sigma ,
!
Six Sigma 1
(1987~1995)
,
Six Sigma
Six Sigma 2
(1996~1999)
Process
,
Focusing
Six Sigma 3
(1998~)
Impact
3/293
Six Sigma 4
(1999~)
Six Sigma
Business Process
&
Six Sigma is the way

Itself we work
Baseline
Paradigm Shift for Six Sigma

1. Customer Focused
3. Data
Customer
Satisfaction
In God we trust, but the others

must use data -- Deming -Positive
Differentiation
4. Hidden Factory
Indifference
Zone
Negative
Differentiation
5.
Product Value
CoPQ Six Sigma

Cost
Defect
2.
Metrics : You can & have to Measure

Everything That Result
3
4
In Customer Satisfaction
Quality
4/293
Six Sigma
1.
- .
- .
CTQ ,
.
- Group Group .
2.
- , .
-
0) Spec Out
1)
2) (Re-work)
3)
3.
-
-
5/293
Six Sigma
1. Data Baseline
- Data .
- Data / .
- Q Data Gathering
.
- ( , , )
& .
- CoPQ Hidden Factory .
2. Data
- Data.
- Bongo Data.
3. Data
- Data ?
- Data , Data
, .
, Data .
- Data.
6/293

- ,
-
-
- ,
7/293
Six Sigma 3
Six Sigma is the way itself we work

Improve an existing Product
Manufacturing 6

Field
IT Real Time Monitoring
Improve an existing Service
Output
Cycle Time Reduction
TQ 6
Improve an existing Process
Process Optimization

Build 6quality into new designs
R&D 6
Needs CTQ
Tolerance
(Margin )
8/293
Six Sigma Process
Business System
Select
Sustain
(Product, Part, Process, People)
IDOV
Design
Optimize
ReDesign
Yes
Define*
New
?
DMADV
Verify
Yes
No
Measure
Analyze
ReDesign
?
No
Control
Improve
DMAIC
* D(Define)DOV is usually named as I(Identify)DOV.

9/293
DMAIC Process
Process
Define
???
???
Six Sigma Process
Measure
Analysis
Improve
Control
,
.
10/293
ore Process for Easy Six Sigma

6 Project Data , Core Process
Project Loss .
Define

ex) 1.2 /
C
O
R
E
P
R
O
C
E
S
S

ex)
Measurement
Analysis
ex) : oo~oo
ex) Y
(x1,x2,x3,x4)
Gage R&R
ex) %Study
%Tolerance
Categories

(Vital Few)
ex) Y
Y
< >
.
ex) Z = 3.4
(x2:
x4: )
ex) Y = f(x)
x1:
x2:
x3:
x4:
Improvement

ex) x2, x4

ex)
x2, x4
Y
ex) Z = 6.5
Control
/
ex)
Monitoring
ex) Xbar-R Chart
Check Sheet

ex) /
/
Update
- : $
-
( )
:
:
* Source : DDM
11/293
Defect !
12/293
Go !
,
Best
Quality !
2.
13/293
Six Sigma
10 Sample
( : 1004)
(N=1,000)
,
!
(Sample,10)
Sample
( )
.
96
97
98
99 100 101 102 103 104

1) AQL Yes : Sampling 10 OK
2) SPC No : Sample Data 2.8% Epidemic
* AQL(Average Quality Level) :

SPC(Statistically Process Control) :
14/293
Six Sigma
LSL
(Sigma)
- , s
- (Variation)
-
( Sigma Level )
USL
6.68 %
Defect
Probability Area
-3
+3
3.4ppm
-6
+6
6 6 .
15/293
Six Sigma
PPM
3.4
1%
233
5~15%
6,210
15~25%
66,807
25~40%
Stretch Goal
( )
99% ?
579
308,537( )
15
(Shift 1.5)
Process
Capability
ex) 99% 1,000 /
R
T
Y
Yield = 0.991000 ? = 0.000043171

Yield = 0.9991000 ? = 0.367695424
Yield = 0.99991000 ? = 0.904832893
16/293
Six Sigma
6
5
4
;
;
;
, ,
, ;
,
, ;
2
1
0.5 ;
0.2 ;
0.1 ;
0.0 .
17/293
Six Sigma
/
Complexity
Parts/Product
Yield(%)
5
99.38
99.98
100.00
87.08
98.76
99.95
100.00
15.78
70.77
96.93
99.88
100.00
10
2.49
50.08
93.96
99.77
100.00
20
0.06
25.08
88.29
99.54
99.99
50
0.00
3.15
73.24
98.84
99.93
100
0.00
0.10
53.64
97.70
99.97
200
0.00
0.00
28.77
95.45
99.93
500
0.00
0.00
4.44
89.02
99.83
1000
0.00
0.00
0.20
79.24
99.66
2000
0.00
0.00
0.00
62.79
99.32
5000
0.00
0.00
0.00
31.24
98.31
10000
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.76
96.66
20000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.95
93.42
50000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
84.36
Cp
0.67
1.00
1.33
1.67
2.00
Cpk
0.17
0.50
0.83
1.17
1.50
PPM
308770.21
66810.63
6209.70
232.67
3.40
69.12
93.32
47.78
* . 2
18/293
Six Sigma

LSL
USL
I am Data
Spec-in
Spec-out
LSL
USL Spec-in
Spec
Spec
19/293
Six Sigma
:
:
: ( SPEC)
LSL
, Risk( , )
, Cost (?)
T
USL
1.
LSL
USL
2.
LSL
USL
3.
20/293
Six Sigma
, , Six Sigma
Margin
R&D 6
LSL
USL
Needs Meet CTQ

Tolerance
(Margin )
Manufacturing 6
LSL
USL

Field
IT Real Time Monitoring
Output
TQ 6
Cycle Time Reduction

LSL
USL
or
Process Optimization

21/293
Data :
22/293
Data
(Variable)
(Ratio)
Data
(Continuous Data)
Data
(Discrete Data)
(Location)
(Spread)
(Shape)
(Attribute)
(Nominal)
(Category)
(Defect)
/ Issue
Data : , , Data
( )
Data
Data : / , Data
( )
Data
23/293

(Normal Distribution) ?
( )

?
24/293

(Normal Distribution)
LSL
f(x) =
USL
1
???
1
x-
[
]
2
2
1,
,
X-T
Z=
X ()
Defect !!!
() Z
(or ) X
Target
(X)
Z ,
,
Target :
Z :
Data .
25/293

Z Value
?
Z
LSL
USL
1s
Z=
X -T
X ( USL LSL)
()
Z .
T=
Level ,
Z=6 6 .
Process
, () ,
6
Z=6 6 Process
,
3.4ppm ,
3~4 Process
* : 0, 1
26/293
- Z
Cp, Cpk.
-6
-3
+3
+6
- Cpk
.
Cp =
- K
.
( )
( )
Cpk = Cp (1-K)
27/293
K=
| T- |
( -
)/2

( ) ?
,

- ,
- ,
- (r)
- -1 1
-
r=0
r=0
r=1
r=-1
28/293

, Re-touch, Re-check, Re-control
Input
1 :
99%
2 : 92%
3 : 93%
: 97%
Loss
Tool
RTY*= 0.99 X 0.92 X 0.93 X 0.97 = 82.16 %
, ,
Model Change Loss,
6
1 1 Project Team
* RTY(Rolled Throughput Yield) :

29/293
Graph
A B Hinge Force
Minitab Menu : Stat / Basic Statistics / Display Descriptive Statistics
* Descriptive Statistics : Spec Fix ( Spec )

30/293
Graph
Descriptive Statistics
Variable: PK
Anderson-Darling Normality Test
A-Squared:
P-Value:
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
Mean
StDev
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
N
Minimum
1st Quartile
Median
3rd Quartile
Maximum
95% Confidence Interval for Mu
0.554
0.144
2.09500
0.06333
4.01E-03
-7.9E-01
0.801533
40
1.91000
2.06250
2.10500
2.13750
2.19000
95% Confidence Interval for Mu

2.07475
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.11525
Box Plot
95%
Force
95% Confidence Interval for Sigma

0.05187
0.08131
95% Confidence Interval for Median
95% Confidence Interval for Median
2.08000
2.12000
B Graph Display Hinge Force

31/293
Graph
A B Hinge Force
Minitab Menu : Stat / ANOVA / one way(un stack) or Graph / Boxplot
Boxplots of A - B
(means are indicated by solid circles)
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
A B
Hinge Torque
One-way Analysis of Variance

Analysis of Variance
Source DF
SS
MS
F
P
Factor
1 0.02664 0.02664 9.84 0.002
Error
78 0.21111 0.00271
Total
79 0.23775
Individual 95% CIs For Mean
Based on Pooled StDev
Level
N
Mean StDev -+---------+---------+---------+----PK
40 2.0950 0.0633 (--------*-------)
RPM
40 2.1315 0.0375
(-------*-------)
-+---------+---------+---------+-----
32/293
Graph -
Box plot
Max within Upper Limit
Q3:Min Max 75%

4
(Median)
Q1:Min Max 25%

1
Min within Lower Limit

Data:1,2,3,4,5
33/293
Graph

Minitab Menu : Stat / Quality Tools / Pareto Chart
Pareto Chart for Region

100
60
50
80
Cumulative Data
40
60
30
40
20
Count Data
20
10
0
Defect
Count
Percent
Cum %
Percent
22.9
17.9
1.8
5.7
2.0
0.9
4.6
3.1
2.2
1.9
Count
E U
CIS/
S/
CI
rs
t he
22.9
17.9
5.7
4.6
3.1
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.7
36.3
28.4
9.0
7.3
4.9
3.5
3.2
3.0
4.3
36.3
64.8
73.8
81.1
86.0
89.5
92.7
95.7
100.0
34/293
3. Define(Identify)
35/293
Define
CTQ
Six Sigma .
, CTQ, Cost Impact
Theme .
.
Loss ,
Top , Top Down .
D , Theme .
Customer Impact CTQ.
36/293
Theme
Interaction
Seeds
Needs
Six Sigma
Project !
Activity Focus(CTQs)

SVC
Supplier Customer
Delivery
Cycle time

Price
Seeds
Cost
Needs
Long Cycle Time

Quality
Defect

Billing Accuracy
,,,
Customer and Supplier exchange value

through a Seeds-Needs interaction !!!
37/293
CTQ Tool
CTQ
Critical To Quality ,
,Service
Process
, ,
CTQ.
CTQ Tool
Spec.

CTQ CTQP(Performance)
CTQS (Spec.)
/ 6 CTQ .
, .

Focus Groups Interview(FGI)
Mapping(CNM)
QFD
Quick Market Intelligence
Logic Tree,
Pareto Diagram
FMEA, FTA
FAST
IOC Chart
6 Definition
Tool.
Tool
(Do thing right Do right thing)
38/293
Define - Process Mapping

Process ,
Tool.
Input
(X)
Process
Output
(Y)
,,,
CDT

,,,
CDT
,,,
CDT
Y:
Y1
Y2 CDT
Yield:0.69
Yield 0.88
Yield 0.92
Y1
Y2
Yield 0.92
Yield 0.88

,,,

,,,
Y:
Y 1 :
Yield:0.90
Yield :0.98
Theme !!!
39/293
Define - Pareto Chart

80% 20% .(2:8 )
FB000
Theme !!!
80
60
Trivial
Many
200
40
Percent
300
Count
100
Vital
Few
100
20
0
Defect
Count
Percent
Cum %
0
te r
con
s
i
M
r
we
ers
Oth
in
H- L
c us
Fo
84
80
73
35
27
19
12
11
24.0
24.0
22.9
46.9
20.9
67.7
10.0
77.7
7.7
85.4
5.4
90.9
3.4
94.3
3.1
97.4
as
oR
i re
Mo
40/293
o
Sp
o
op
Define - Logic Tree
, MECE* Tree
Tool .
No
NoRaster
Raster
Vcp
Power on/off
Mode change
DPM Change
TR
ST on/off
IC
/ESD/PLT
CS
X-Ray
CTQ
Icp
Dummy T Sat
CS
Mute
DY Lp min
ASO
ASO
Drive T
Drive
Drive Duty
Worst
C/S
Hfe min/max
H Size min/max
MECE : Mutually, Exclusively, Collectively Exhaustive
Freq Low/High
41/293
Define (Cause & Effect Diagram)

4M 6M 1E 8M 2E , CTQ.
MAN
MACHINE
SKILL
CAPA
SKILL
SKILL
KNOWHOW
NECK ITEM
CAPA
2
MODEL
METHOD
MATERIAL
42/293
Define Process Mapping(1)

Process Cycle Time Theme Process Mapping
.
Define : Process Mapping
Input
Process
Data
Output
KPI
()
Data
Data
Guide Line
Guideline
()
Feedback
No
Start End Point

?
Process ?
-
- Output
Input Output,
Process KPI
Feedback
F/B
Function Deployment Function() Process Mapping FunctionFunction.
Copyright : MNT Revision : 99.06.03
LG Electronics MNT OBU
43/293
efine Process Mapping(2)-As is mapping

CTR(Cycle Time Reduction)
.
Function
Gr.
NO
YES
The Time
Required
( PDM )
( , )
( )
Report ( )
Gr.
Part
Sample
Min 0.2 Min 0.2
Min 0.2
Min 0.2
Min 0.5
Min 3
Max 0.5 Max 0.5
Max 0.5
Max 0.5
Max 2
Max 5
44/293
Define Activity Matrix

TQ Six Sigma Process Activity Matrix,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Needs 1Needs 2Needs 3Needs 4Needs 5Needs 6Needs 7

1
3
4
3
1
4
9
3
12
Needs
9
9 9CTQ 3
30
3
3
3
9
3
1
4
9
9
1 1 Process
1
1
1
5
9
3
3
1
3
9
28
1
3
1
3
9
17
32
18
9
5
22
20
16
122
1,3,9 ( ) ?
Only 1 theme ?
theme ?
Needs ?
1 :
- 4, 9
- Needs 1, Needs 5
2 : Pareto Chart
45/293
Define - QFD Step 1

(Segmentation)
1 5
.
.
.
.
QFD

, , Manual
PL
LIST
Benchmarking
- /
-
. SVC ( , )
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step-1: , Marketing, ,
PL , ,
Step-2: team , ,
PL , .
CTQ : , , PL ,

.
. : (9 ), (3 ), (1 )
.
* QFD : Quality Function Deployment
46/293
Design
SWIVEL
STAND
HINGE
Tilt
( )
HINGE FORCE
STAND
Define - QFD Step 1( )
SET
126
50
47/293
21
45
5
27
27
Define - QFD Step 2

CTQ

. .
.
- Benchmarking
-
-
- SVC ( , )
-
- ( , PL ), (
, / )
.

.
.
.
.
CTQ
CTQ
QFD
QFD
CTQ
CTQ
. .
48/293
Define - QFD Step 2( )
Stand Design
HINGE COVER
: (9 )
: (3 )
: (1 )
NUT
SPRING
BRACKET
CTQ
HINGE FORCE
126
HINGE
50
STAND
21
STAND
45
27
Design
CTQ
1215 1134 1134
1134
CTQ CTQ CTQ
CTQ
49/293
450
126
414
306
432
27
Define - FMEA
,
Mode, , Tool.
: 000
: 00.01.15
: 000 LCD Model

:
: , , ,
:
Rev. No: 0
Inverter
Adapter
Mode
Fuse Open
10
Trans
10
Cap.
10
1
Cap
10
Mode
B/L
B/L
B/L
Adapter
Mode
Inrush Current
Spec Over
Tans Spec
Over
B/L
Trans
RPN
10
40
CTQ

Feedback
CTQ
Cap. Spec
Over
Spec Over
Ripple
Spec
Over
IQC Sample Test

Margin
Margin
IQC Aging Test
Trans
1
20
CTQ
IQC Aging Test
Cap.
1
10
CTQ

Cap.
1 Cap.

Module
32
IQC Aging Test
Module Monitor
IQC Aging Test

Module Monitor
IQC Aging Test
FMEA : Failure Modes & Effect Analysis
50/293
Define - IOC Chart
System Subsystem Input Output Constraint
,
Input Output , Latitude( ) .
Functional Inputs
1. Brkt Side(R) Opener Door
Boss : 70.05,
3.54+0.05/-0
2. Opener Door :
62.80.15, 6.20.05, 2.40.08
3. Opener Door :
2.050.8, 15.90.12, 20.15
4. Guide Rack :14.9+0/-0.1
5.Gear Rack Cam :13.1+0/-0.1
,,,,,,
Inputs
: 0~60
Main Function
Functional Outputs
1. Eject Door CST Gap :

3.82mm
Eject( ) Door
2. Door Top Case Gap :

0.8~1.5mm
3. Opener Door :
58.8~60.2mm
Constraints
Set
CST VHS (Cassette )
25~80%RH
Outputs
CST Door
Eject
( )
Door
( )
* IOC : Input, Output, Constraint

51/293
(Theme )
1. ( Event) :
88
,,
Theme
Theme
Load
Sample.
2. Needs :
3. :
4.
: IBM 5-UPs*
5. :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
6. (6M 1E*) - CTQ

5M( , , , , )
5M
Cost Cost
CTQ, ,
7. ( )
( Digit )
* 5-UPs :
8. ( )
* 6M 1E: 4M Measurement( , , ), Management, Environment .

Money ,Mind, Equipment 8M 2E.
52/293
Define
Define Project Review Point

Theme lssue
CTQ
( Needs , Field )
, ,
Benefit ?
Y , ?
?
Tool Theme ?
53/293
4.
(Gage R&R)
54/293
(Normality Test)
Six Sigma Tool Data
.
But, Data ( : , ),
( : ) .
, Data Data
.
Data Error(Key-in Error ) .

1) Data
2) Normality Test
3)
-
- ( ) , Data (Transformation)
Cp, Cpk
- , Data .
, Box -cox .
55/293
(Normality Test)
Data(N = 30) :
Minitab Menu : Stat / Basic Statistics / Normality Test
Normal Probability Plot
CTQ
.999
.99
.95
Probability
44
42
45
40
44
47
37
44
45
40
40
40
41
41
44
45
45
39
46
41
40
40
.80
.50
.20
.05
.01
.001
37
42
47
Arrival Time
Average: 42.0333
StDev: 2.55266
N: 30

A-Squared: 0.839
P-Value: 0.027
P 0.05 !!!
* : , ?
1. Another distribution
2. Sampling
3. Error & Key-in Error etc
56/293
(Normality Test)
Box-cox Transformation
Minitab Menu : Stat / Control Charts / Box-cox Transformation
Box-Cox Plot for Arrival Time
Last Iteration Info
2.75
Lambda
StDev
Low
0.617
2.599
Est
0.674
2.599
Up
0.730
2.599
StDev
2.70
Est Lambda
Box-cox
Best
2.65
2.60
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Lambda
57/293
(Normality Test)
Lambda
Minitab Menu : Stat / Quality Tools / Capability Analysis(Normal)
Est Lambda
58/293
(Normality Test)
Process Capability Analysis for Arrival Time
LSL
Process Data
USL
USL
50.0000
Target
Within
LSL
35.0000
Mean
42.0333
Sample N
Overall
30
StDev (Within)
2.59922
StDev (Overall)
2.57476
Process Capability Analysis for Arrival Time

Potential (Within) Capability
Cp
Box-Cox Transf ormation, With Lambda
= 0.6740.96
CPU
1.02
Process Data
USL
50.0000
USL*
13.9671
Target
*
Target*
*
LSL
35.0000
LSL*
10.9825
Mean
42.0333
Mean*
12.4203
Sample N
30
StDev (Within)
2.59922
StDev* (Within)
0.51805
StDev (Overall)
2.57476
StDev* (Overall)
0.51271
Potential (Within) Capability
Cp
0.96
CPU
1.00
CPL
0.93
Cpk
0.93
Cpm
CPL
0.90
Cpk
0.90
Cpm
*
Overall Capability
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
USL*
34
36
Within
38
40
Observed Performance
Overall
42
44
46
Exp. "Within" Performance
48
Exp. "Overall" Performance
Pp
0.97
PPM < LSL
0.00
PPM < LSL
3405.52
PPM < LSL
PPU
1.03
PPM > USL
0.00
PPM > USL
1088.25
PPM > USL
PPL
0.91
PPM Total
0.00
PPM Total
4493.76
PPM Total
Ppk
0.91
13.0
13.5
14.0
50
3150.94
986.92
4137.86
???
*
Overall Capability
Pp
PPU
PPL
Ppk
LSL*
0.97
1.01
0.93
0.93
PPM < LSL
0.00
PPM > USL
0.00
PPM Total
0.00
Exp. "Within" Performance

PPM < LSL*
2756.99
PPM > USL*
1414.43
PPM Total
4171.42
59/293
Exp. "Overall" Performance

PPM < LSL*
2521.42
PPM > USL*
1277.04
PPM Total
3798.46
MSA(Measurement System Analysis)
Rational Sub-grouping
Rational Subgrouping (White Noise),
(Black Noise) / .
Rational Subgroups
Process
Response
(Black Noise)
Gabbage in Gabbage out

Diamond in Diamond out
(White Noise)
Time
Rational Subgroup (Sub grouping )

( Process X Subgrouping, 6M 1E)
- Man
: , ,
- Machine(Equipment) : , &
- Material : Lot, ,
- Method :
- Measurement : ,
- Management & Environment
- (Mind & Money)
60/293
Rational Subgrouping( )?
Rational Subgrouping Six Sigma Tool

-
-
(white noise)
white noise ( )

Zst
(black noise)
black noise ,
( )

61/293
System
Measurement System Variation = Measurement System Precision

+ Gage linearity & Accuracy
....
Accurate and precise
..
.
. ..
....
precise but not accurate
Accurate but not precise
.
.
.
. .
.
Not accurate or precise
1. Precision : variation you see when you measure the same part repeatedly with same device
Minitab Menu : Stat / Quality Tools / Gage R&R Study or Gage Run chart
Repeatability : the variation due to the measuring device,
the variation observed when the same operator measures the same part repeatedly with same device
Reproducibility : the variation due to the measurement system
the variation when different operators measure the same parts using the same device
2. Linearity & Accuracy : difference between the measurement and the parts actual value
Minitab Menu : Stat / Quality Tools / Gage Linearity and Accuracy study
Linearity : the difference in the observed accuracy values through the expected range of measurements
Accuracy : the difference between the observed average measurement and a master value
Stability : the total variation obtained with a particular device, on the same part,
when measuring a single characteristic over time
62/293
System
Data( )
1.
: = +
System ( / ,Calibration Study)
: 2 = 2 + 2
Gage R&R
2.
Precision
Gage
(Reproducibility)
(Reproducibility)
Accuracy
(Repeatability)
(Repeatability)
(Calibration)
Accuracy
(Stability)
(Linearity)
* :
63/293

Gage
System
Gage
LSL
USL
LSL
USL
LSL
USL
A
B
:
: , , Gage
( , , )
: Gage,
: Gage,
: Range
Gage
LSL
Gage
USL
LSL
LSL
USL USL
Gage
( )
64/293
( )
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
. System
Tool.
80%
( )
20%
Gage R&R
?
20%
29%
( )
Accept,
21% ~ 29% Accept
( )
( )
Gage Process Spec 10% .
ex) Gap 0.1 mm Gage 0.01 mm.
65/293
Gage R&R
, Heat sink PCB Heat sink Hole ,
, Heat sink Hole , System .
Gage R&R , .
Minitab Menu : Stat / Quality Tools / Gage R&R Study(crossed)
Spec : 12 0.3
Sampl e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
12. 37
12. 36
12. 33
12. 29
12. 32
12. 31
12. 30
12. 30
12. 31
12. 31
12. 34
12. 35
12. 35
12. 34
12. 32
12. 31
12. 31
12. 33
12. 35
12. 34
66/293
1
2
12. 35
12. 34
12. 35
12. 32
12. 29
12. 3
12. 32
12. 31
12. 31
12. 28
12. 34
12. 33
12. 35
12. 35
12. 29
12. 3
12. 29
12. 32
12. 32
12. 32

Gage R&R
ANOVA.
ANOVA
- 5.15 is Defaulted Number

- 5.15(*Sigma) means
the number of StDev needed
to capture 99% of process
measurements
the width of the interval you
need to capture 99% of your
process measurements
,
OK , %Tolerance
% Study Var Gage R&R
.
67/293

Gage R&R
Two-Way ANOVA Table With Interaction
Source
DF SS
MS
sample
9 0.01369 1.52E-03 5.24521 0.01069
man
1 0.00064 6.40E-04 2.20690 0.17156
man*sample
9 0.00261 2.90E-04 2.00000 0.09440
Repeatability 20 0.00290 1.45E-04
Total
39 0.01984
Gage R&R
Source
VarComp StdDev
System
( )
5.15*Sigma
Total Gage R&R 2.35E-04 1.53E-02 0.078948

Repeatability 1.45E-04 1.20E-02 0.062014
Reproducibility 9.00E-05 9.49E-03 0.048857
man
1.75E-05 4.18E-03 0.021544
man*sample
7.25E-05 8.51E-03 0.043851
Part-To-Part
3.08E-04 1.75E-02 0.090350
Total Variation 5.43E-04 2.33E-02 0.119983
Source

1. % Contribution
d + e = c, b + c = a, a + f = g
2. %Study Var & %Tolerance
d2 + e2 = c2, b2 +c 2 = a2,
a 2 + f 2 = g2
%Contribution %Study Var %Tolerance
65.80
13.16
aTotal Gage R&R 43.30
Repeatability
26.71
51.69
10.34
b
40.72
8.14
cReproducibility 16.58
3.22
17.96
3.59
dman
13.36
36.55
7.31
eman*sample
56.70
75.30
15.06
fPart-To-Part
100.00
20.00
gTotal Variation 100.00
System
(Gage R&R )
Gage
( )
.
, ( ,
) .
Number of Distinct Categories = 2
68/293

Gage R&R
:
Gage name:
Date of study :
Reported by :
Tolerance:
Misc:
Gage R&R (ANOVA) for data
man*sample Interaction
2
3.0SL=12.35
X=12.32
Average
Sample Mean
Xbar Chart by man

12.37
12.36
12.35
12.34
12.33
12.32
12.31
12.30
12.29
-3.0SL=12.30
1
2
sample
R Chart by man
Sample Range
0.05
3.0SL=0.04247
0.04
0.03
0.02
R=0.01300
0.01
0.00
-3.0SL=0.00E+00
0
man
Percent
100
10
By sample
%Total Var
%Study Var
%Toler
50
0
Reprod
12.37
12.36
12.35
12.34
12.33
12.32
12.31
12.30
12.29
12.28
Components of Variation
Repeat
By man
Gage R&R
man
12.37
12.36
12.35
12.34
12.33
12.32
12.31
12.30
12.29
12.37
12.36
12.35
12.34
12.33
12.32
12.31
12.30
12.29
12.28
sample
Part-to-Part
69/293
10

, Gage R&R.
Minitab Menu:Gage R&R(Nested)
, .. .
only, (Repeat,,), (Repro,,).
) 3 5 Sample 2 .
par t
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
par t
15. 4257
16. 8677
15. 5018
15. 1268
15. 7251
12. 8191
15. 1429
13. 8563
14. 1119
16. 5675
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
par t
13. 1025
15. 5494
13. 8316
14. 2388
16. 8403
14. 325
15. 1448
14. 5478
16. 3736
17. 5779
70/293
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
14. 0156
15. 0697
14. 7948
14. 8448
14. 2155
13. 7057
16. 4566
16. 2174
15. 0697
16. 3231
Nested ANOVA Table

Source
DF
man
part (man)
Repeatability
Total
Gage R&R
2
12
15
29
SS
MS
0.0336
22.6950
17.8192
40.5478
0.01678
1.89125
1.18795
0.00887
1.59203
0.99117
0.19564
%Contribution
(of VarComp)
Source
VarComp
Total Gage R&R

Repeatability
Reproducibility
Part-To-Part
Total Variation
1.18795
1.18795
0.00000
0.35165
1.53960
77.16
77.16
0.00
22.84
100.00
Source
StdDev
(SD)
Study Var
(5.15*SD)
%Study Var
(%SV)
Total Gage R&R

Repeatability
Reproducibility
Part-To-Part
Total Variation
1.08993
1.08993
0.00000
0.59300
1.24081
5.61315
5.61315
0.00000
3.05396
6.39015
87.84
87.84
0.00
47.79
100.00

71/293
Gage R&R
Group Hinge Force.
Hinge force 4 .
4 Gage R&R .
.
CTQ A Tot al R&R

( A) Repeat abi l i t y
Repr oduci bi l i t y
CTQ B Tot al R&R
( B) Repeat abi l i t y
CTQ C Tot al R&R
( C) Repeat abi l i t y
CTQ D Tot al R&R
( D) Repeat abi l i t y
%study var
%tolerance
43. 9
23. 5
37. 1
11. 6
8. 6
7. 8
19. 5
13. 2
14. 3
45. 4
35. 3
28. 5
9. 3
5. 6
7. 4
14. 0
10. 5
9. 2
67. 9
32. 5
59. 6
56. 0
43. 2
35. 7
72/293
/ Data : 1
Gage R&R
A
Sample No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Good
Good
No Good
No Good
Good
Good
No Good
No Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
No Good
Good
Good
No Good
No Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
No Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
B
1
% Gage R&R = 3/20 * 100% = 15%
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
No Good No Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
No Good No Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Not Good ,
Gage .
) Sample 1 , 2 , 4 , 7
) Sample 3 , 8 , 13
:
Gage .
: ,
.
73/293
Data Gage R&R - %Gage R&R
/ Data : 2
Back Cover ,
. 30 Sample,2 , 2 :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
A- 1
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
A- 2
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
B- 1
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
B- 2
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
74/293
: 30
: 12
% Gage R&R: 12/30 = 42
?
12
: 1
-A:1
- B : 11
Data Gage R&R
1.
2.
3.
Data Gage R&R

1.
= ( / ) * 100 (%)

- : ( )2 / 4
- : ( )2-1 / 4,
Sample , 4
?
30(sample ) * 42 / 4 = 120.
75/293
Data Gage R&R

1.
Sampl e No. A- 1
1
0Y
2
3Y
3
0Y
4
3Y
5
0N
6
4Y
7
3N
8
0Y
9
0N
10
3Y
11
0Y
12
4Y
13
0N
14
3N
15
0N
16
0Y
17
0Y
18
3N
19
0Y
20
0Y
21
0Y
22
3N
23
3Y
24
0Y
25
3Y
26
0Y
27
0Y
28
0N
29
3Y
30
0N
38
A- 2
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
B- 1
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
76/293
B- 2
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
1)
2 1 sample
2 Sample
4 .
4 2
.
38 .
2)
(120)
- (38) = 82
3)
82 / 120 = 68.3 %
( % Gage R&R)
Data Gage R&R

2.
Sampl e No. A- 1
1
0
0Y
2
3
1Y
3
0
0Y
4
3
1Y
5
0
0N
6
4
0Y
7
3
1N
8
0
0Y
9
0
0N
10
3
1Y
11
0
0Y
12
4
2Y
13
0
0N
14
3
1N
15
0
0N
16
0
0Y
17
0
0Y
18
3
1N
19
0
0Y
20
0
0Y
21
0
0Y
22
3
1N
23
3
1Y
24
0
0Y
25
3
1Y
26
0
0Y
27
0
0Y
28
0
0N
29
3
1Y
30
0
0N
38
12
A- 2
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
B- 1
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
B- 2
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
1) :
sample
2 .
Sample
1. 2 30
sample.
1*2*30 = 60
2)
= 12
(60)
- (12) = 48
3)
48 / 60 = 80 %
%
( % Gage R&R)
4)
A = 1/30 = 3.3%
( = 1)
B = 11/30 = 36.7%
( = 11)
, . B !!!
77/293
Data Gage R&R

4.
: sample
.
Sampl e No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0
3
0
3
0
4
3
0
0
3
0
4
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
3
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
38
A- 1
0Y
1Y
0Y
1Y
0N
2Y
1N
0Y
0N
1Y
0Y
2Y
0N
1N
0N
0Y
0Y
1N
0Y
0Y
0Y
1N
1Y
0Y
1Y
0Y
0Y
0N
1Y
0N
14
A- 2
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
B- 1
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
78/293
1)
B- 2
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
2 30 sample
30 * ((2)2 / 4) = 30
2 30 * 2 = 60
2)
= 9
= 5
= 14
3)
46 / 60 = 77 %
%
( % Gage R&R)
4)
*
A
B
20
17
19
18
5) ?
Gage Run chart
Gage Run Chart ?

Minitab Menu : Stat / Quality Tools / Gage Run Chart
Gage name:
Date of study :
Reported by :
Tolerance:
Misc:
data
Runchart of data by sample, man
12.37
12.36
12.35
12.34
12.33
12.32
12.31
12.30
12.29
12.28
data
sample
1
2
10
12.37
12.36
12.35
12.34
12.33
12.32
12.31
12.30
12.29
12.28
sample
79/293
Gage Linearity and accuracy
Gage Linearity & Accuracy
Minitab
Menu : Stat / Quality Tools / Gage Linearity Study
part
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
master
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
response part
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.4
5.1
3.9
4.2
5
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
master
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
response part
3.9
4
4.1
3.8
5.8
5.7
5.9
5.9
6
6.1
6
6.1
6.4
6.3
6
6.1
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.7
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
master
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
response
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.8
7.5
7.6
7.7
9.1
9.3
9.5
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.2
9.3
9.4
In this case, you must structure your data so each row contains a part, master measurement,
and the observed measurement on that part(the response)
80/293

Gage R&R
Source
VarComp
StdDev
5.15*Sigma
Total Gage R&R

Repeatability
Part-to-Part
Total Variation
0.0571
0.0571
7.5392
7.5963
0.23894
0.23894
2.74576
2.75613
1.2305
1.2305
14.1407
14.1941
Source
%Contribution
%Study Var
Total Gage R&R

Repeatability
Part-to-Part
Total Variation
0.75
0.75
99.25
100.00
8.67
8.67
99.62
100.00
81/293

Gage name:
Date of study :
Reported by :
Tolerance:
Misc:
Gage Linearity Study for Response
Gage Variation due to linearity

Overall process variation
Gage Linearity
Linearity :
%Linearity :
R-Squared:
1.86889
13.167
0.978
Accuracy Average
Gage Accuracy
Bias:
%Bias:
-5.3E-02
0.376
Percent of Process Variation

14
Gage Variation due to accuracy

Overall process variation
12
Percent
10
-1
8
6
4
10
2
0
Master Part Measurement
Linearity
Accuracy
* Hint : Linearity = slope * process sigma

82/293
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
(SPC) Data
, Data
Data
System ,Gage R&R
2 , .
83/293
5.
84/293
Data
Data
Data Display
Sample Size
Control Chart
Sigma(or Z-Value) (DPMO or )
Data( )
Data, .
Data : , , Data
Data : , Data .
Data( )
Data , Count .
Data : , , , .
Data : Yes/No, Good/Bad .
,
1) / ,
2)
,
, .
85/293
Data -
1. (Process Capability) ?
, .
(Process Capability) (natural tolerance) .
4M(Method, Man, Machine, Material) .
, ,
6.
6.
, ,
. .
( (
) )
Cp
Cp
Cpk
Cpk
Cpm
Cpm
2.
Spec(USL, LSL)
(Target) : esp. Spec

( , )
86/293
Data -
( )

Baseline : Spec
Spec
-
-
Cp
Target
= Spec
Pp
Cpk
Cpm
Target
=
Spec
Ppk
Ppm
Cpmk
87/293
Ppmk
Data - Cp
Cp =
Cpm =
USL - LSL
6
USL - LSL
Cpk = Min (
USL -
,
3
Cpmk = Min (
USL -
33 2 + (-T)2
6 2 + (-T)2
- LSL
)
3
,,
- LSL
))
22
22
33
++ (-T)
(-T)
Pp Cp, Ppk Cpk, Ppm Cpm, Ppmk Cpmk

But, , .
st=
1
n-l
lt=
1
n-l
(xij - xj)2
j=1 i=1
=2
(xij - x)
l
l = sample number
m = sample size
n=l*m
j=1 i=1
* : , !!!
88/293
(Process Capability Index)
Cp
, 1 .
, (6) ( , ).
Cp=
( )
Cpu+Cpl
USL - LSL
=
=
2
6
Cpu =
USL -
3
Cp =
(Design Tolerance)
(Product Capability)
Cpl =
( )
- LSL
3
( )
LSL
USL
89/293
USL
LSL
Cp
(1)
(1)
( (
, ,
) )
. .
.
,
Cp (A ) .
Cp 2.0
2.0 Cp 1.8
(2)
(2)
. .
(3)
(3)
. .
1.8 Cp 1.5
(4)
(4)
, ,
. .
1.5 Cp
LSL
USL
: Cp 2 ,
: Cp 2 ,
0.0.
: : Cp
Cp==11
USL-LSL
USL-LSL==6,
6,
0.67%
0.67% . .
: : Cp
Cp
1,1,
. .
Cpk
1.5
1.33
1.0
Zlt
3
4.5
4.0
3.0
Zst
1.5
Cp
6.0
( 3)
2.0
5.5
1.8
4.5
1.5
90/293
Minitab Cp
Cp( Spec)
A Line , ST Cp .
:
:
2000.05.25
2000.05.25
ST
17
19
24
28
24
26
19
20
22
23
25
26
20
24
21
25
26
21
17
25
Spec : 24
Spec : 24
MINITAB
MINITAB, ,
Cp
Cp
- -
USL
LSL
USL LSL
- -
Cpk
Cpk ,

Cp
Cp
, ,
, ,
, ,
( (1
1
) )
91/293
Minitab Cp
Cp( Spec)
AAA B Torque (Spec : 25 +/- 5)

Torque
24
14
18
27
17
32
31
27
21
27
24
21
24
26
31
34
28
32
24
16
22
37
36
21
16
17
22
34
20
19
16
16
18
30
21
16
14
15
14
14
92/293
Minitab Cp
Cp( Spec)
Spec 25 +/- 5, 24 +/-5 , Cp ?


Cp
--> , Cp
Cp
.
Cpk
Cp ( )
-
-
93/293
Cpk
2 .

( , ).
Cpk = (1 - K) Cp = Min (Cpu , Cpl) = Min (
K=
M-
T
M=
USL -
,
3
- LSL
)
3
USL-LSL
USL+LSL
, T=
2
2
K1 , .
Cpu =
USL -
3
Cpl =
- LSL
3
Cpk
Cpk
Cp
Cp
. .
KK==00
( (
00
) )
, ,
Cpk
Cpk==Cp.
Cp.
94/293
LSL
Cpk
USL
LSL
USL
1 Cp K ( M ).
K = 0 ( 0 ) Cpk = Cp.
Cpk 1.5
Blue
1.5 Cpk 1.33
Green
1.33 Cpk 1.0
Yellow
1.0 Cpk
Red
.
, Cpk (A ) .
.
(1)
(1)
( (
, ,
) )
. .
(2)
(2)
. .
(3)
(3)
. .
(4)
(4)
95/293

1. Z
Cpk
Cpk
Zlt
Zst
1.5
4.5
6.0
1.33
1.0
4.0
3.0
1.5
5.5
Cp
( 3)
3
2.0
4.5
1.8
1.5
2. MINITAB
QQ1.1.
Cp
Cp
Cpk
?
Cpk ?
QQ2.2.Cpk
CpkCpl
Cpl, , Cpu
Cpu
QQ3.3.
Cpk
Cpk
, ,
??
QQ4.4.Cpk
Cpk=0
=0
??
QQ5.5.Cp
CpCpk
Cpk
?
?
96/293
Minitab Cpk
Cpk
Cpk ?
Cpk , Cpk Spec .
( , , Cpk .
Spec , Cpk )
97/293
Minitab Pp Ppk
Spec(Spec : 25 +/- 5) Data Data
Pp, Ppk .
Lot1
24
14
18
27
17
32
31
27
Lot2
21
27
24
21
24
26
31
34
Lot3
28
32
24
16
22
37
36
21
Lot4
16
17
22
34
20
19
16
16
Lot5
18
30
21
16
14
15
14
14

- Subgroup Size ???
- Subgroup Number ???
98/293
Target Spec - Cpm,Cpmk

BBB B CTQ (Spec : 26 +4 / -6)
CTQ
24
14
18
27
17
32
31
27
21
27
24
21
24
26
31
34
28
32
24
16
22
37
36
21
16
17
22
34
20
19
16
16
18
30
21
16
14
15
14
14
99/293
Data -
Cp
Spec
Cp Cpk :
Spec
Cpk
Spec
Cp
Cpm
Spec
Cpmk
Spec
* Pp, Ppk, Ppm, Ppmk

- , .
-
-
.
100/293
Z bench & 4 Block Diagram

Z bench is the reported baseline Z Value
Z bench is the Z value from the normal table which corresponds to the total number of defects
Zst = Cp * 3 :
Zlt = Cpk * 3 : +
Zshift = Zst Zlt :
4 Block Diagram
6 Block Diagram( MBB )
Zshift( )
1.5
1.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
6.0
Zst ( )
101/293
: Data Process
Data
:
( , )
:
Data
Y
Cp,
Pp
Cpk,
Ppk
,
,
Cpm,
Ppm
102/293
Cpmk,
Ppmk
Data (1/4)
Example
LGENT SVC Part SVC .
. 1,000 150
, 22 ( ) .
Z ?
Hint) Example Data, (Cp, Cpk)
Data .
Unit
Unit : Process / Output
.
- ;
- Size
Example Unit ?
103/293
Data (2/4)
(Defect)

, Process
, SVS
Example ?
SVC Error,
DPU(Defect per Unit)

DPU Unit , Unit
DPU Unit , .
Example DPU ?
DPU =
Unit
Unit
104/293
Data (3/4)
(Opportunity)
Unit
SVC .
Example
DPO(Defect per Opportunity)

DPO Opportunity
Example DPO ?
DPO =
Unit
Unit *
DPMO(Defect per Million Opportunity)

DPMO = DPO * 1,000,000 ( DPO ppm )
Example DPMO ?
(DPO,CPMO) SVC Unit
.
105/293
Data (4/4)
DPMO Sigma (Z)
999,996.6
999,995
999,991
999,987
999,979
999,968
999,952
999,928
999,892
999,841
999,767
999,663
999,517
999,313
999,032
998,650
998,134
997,445
996,533
995,339
993,790
991,802
989,276
986,097
977,250
971,284
964,070
955,435
945,201
933,193
DP MO
3.4
5
9
13
21
32
48
72
108
159
233
337
483
687
968
1,350
1,866
2,555
3,467
4,661
6,210
8,198
10,724
13,903
22,750
28,716
35,930
44,565
54,799
66,807
Z Value
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
919,243
903,199
884,930
864,334
841,345
815,940
788,145
758,036
725,747
691,462
655,422
617,911
579,260
539,828
500,000
460,172
420,740
382,089
344,578
308,538
274,253
241,964
211,855
184,060
158,655
135,666
115,070
96,801
80,757
66,807
DP MO
80,757
96,801
115,070
135,666
158,655
184,060
211,855
241,964
274,253
308,538
344,578
382,089
420,740
460,172
500,000
539,828
579,260
617,911
655,422
691,462
725,747
758,036
788,145
815,940
841,345
864,334
884,930
903,199
919,243
933,193
106/293
Z Value
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
54,799
44,565
35,930
28,716
22,750
17,864
13,903
10,724
8,198
6,210
4,661
3,467
2,555
1,866
1,350
968
687
483
337
233
159
108
72
48
32
21
13
9
5
3
DP MO
945,201
955,435
964,070
971,284
977,250
982,136
986,097
989,276
991,802
993,790
995,339
996,533
997,445
998,134
998,650
999,032
999,313
999,517
999,663
999,767
999,841
999,892
999,928
999,952
999,968
999,979
999,987
999,991
999,995
999,997
Z Value
- 0.1
- 0.2
- 0.3
- 0.4
- 0.5
- 0.6
- 0.7
- 0.8
- 0.9
-1
- 1.1
- 1.2
- 1.3
- 1.4
- 1.5
- 1.6
- 1.7
- 1.8
- 1.9
-2
- 2.1
- 2.2
- 2.3
- 2.4
- 2.5
- 2.6
- 2.7
- 2.8
- 2.9
-3
: Sample Size
1)
- .(200 )
2) /Project
3)
- 95% ,
P=0.5
* : L/C Manufacturing BB
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
15000
20000
25000
50000
100000
100000
107/293
3%
714
811
870
909
938
959
976
989
1000
1034
1053
1064
1087
1099
1111
5%
222
240
255
267
277
286
333
353
364
370
375
378
381
383
385
390
392
394
397
398
400
7%
145
152
158
163
166
169
185
191
194
196
197
198
199
200
200
201
204
204
204
204
204
10%
83
86
88
89
90
91
95
97
98
98
98
99
99
99
99
99
100
100
100
100
100
6. Graph
108/293
Graph Process
1)
< ?>
Output.
Output (Session3, ) Focusing
Output data data
2)
data, Graph Output ..
3) Graph ?
Graph , Output,
.
, .
Graph : data
.
109/293
Graph
1. data Dotplot,Histogram
CTQ .
CTQ data
2. Boxplot, Graph
CTQ X .
CTQ ,X data.
3. : Plot,Matrix Plot
CTQ CTQ X .
CTQ X data.
110/293
Dot plot
Data
Graph
Graph
111/293
Histogram
Frequency
10
0
60
65
70
75
Height
112/293
Plot :
75
Height
70
65
60
100
150
200
Weight
113/293
Plot :
71.5
64.5
Height
185
Weight
125
88.5
Pulse
65.5
.5
64
114/293
.5
71
5
12
5
18
.5
65
.5
88
Plot :
Correlations: Height, Weight, Pulse

Height Weight
Weight
0.786
0.000
Pulse
-0.223 -0.203
0.033
0.054
Cell Contents: Pearson correlation

P-Value
115/293
Marginal Plot :
20
15
9
17
13
220
1
200
9
180
Weight
12
160
32
140
24
120
12
100
1
80
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
Height
116/293
7.
117/293

Y X
Y=f(X1, X2, , , Xn), Y X
, X Graph ,
,
(Trivial Many),
Y X .
Trivial Many
Graph
Vital Few
Red X
Critical X

(Hypothesis Test)?
(Population) ,
(Sample) .
:
, , ,.
ex) TEAM
172 cm.
(N)
Sample
Sample
(Ho)
:
(H1 or Ha)
: Not Ho
(Ho, Null Hypothesis)

:
(H1 or Ha, Alternative Hypothesis)
: Not Ho
119/293

(Hypothesis Test)
?
(N)
Sample
172 cm
Sample :

: (.........*.........) 95%
(.....*.......)
90%
Sample (X bar) () ?
Data . Sample
(X bar, )
,
(C.I. : Confidence Level).
,
() = 5%.
120/293
(Hypothesis Test) ? -
( )
( )
( )
1 - :

( )
( )
( )
(Ho)
,
1 - : ( )
( )
(Ho)
( )
121/293
(Hypothesis Test)
2 (A,B), Sample 2
, ?
(Ho) , Ho
2 A,B
95%
Case 1
A (........*........)
B
2 (A,B) , Sample
95%
Overlap

(Ha)
P-Value
P 0.05
Overlap
(.....*.......)
(A)
160 cm
(B)
172 cm
2 A,B
95%
Case 1
2 (A,B) , Sample
95%
.( )
Sample ,
(Ho)
P-Value
= 5%(0.05) ,
P>0.05 .
Overlap
A (.........*.........)
B
(.....*.......)
(A)
(B)
170 cm 172 cm
122/293
Process
1. Y( Theme)
X
Trivial Many
Vital( )Few( )
( )
Graph
2. Graph : Histogram, Plot, Box plot, (Scatter Plot)

1.
- ( , ) , Data
- : (Alternative)
- : (Null)
2.
a
b ( 5%)
c
d Data P
e P
3. P-Value
- , .
123/293
Process
Graph
Define
Theme
Measure
CTQ
CTQ
Gage R&R
Yes
No
?
Analysis
Graph
Improve
(DOE)
Control
No
Yes
Chi-square
Test
(Y)
Subgroup2
No
Yes
1 Sample
T-Test
(X)
, Baseline
Y
Y .
Process ,
.
Subgroup =2
No
Yes
ANOVA
2 Sample T
Vital Few
124/293
2 Sample T Test
CB999 LG CDT (SS) CDT,

CDT Bright Uniformity .
Sampling 20 CDT, B/U
(2 Sample T)
Data
P 0.05
.999
.99
.95
Probability
.80
.50
.999
.20
.99
.05
.95
.01
Probability
SS
LG
82.1
85.9
76.5
88.5
57.9
82.3
90.9
83.3
73.3
83.0
65.0
87.3
78.3
85.0
68.7
86.5
75.1
82.7
81.5
85.3
.001
60
70
80
90
SS
Average: 74.93
StDev: 9.39007
N: 10

A-Squared: 0.159
P-Value: 0.925
.80
.50
.20
.05
.01
.001
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
LG
Average: 84.98
StDev: 2.11229
N: 10
125/293

A-Squared: 0.264
P-Value: 0.612
2 Sample T Test
Data
Minitab Menu : Stat / ANOVA / Test for equal variance
.
Test for Equal Variances for C3
95% Confidence Intervals for Sigmas
Factor Levels
LG
SS
0
10
Data .
20
F-Test
Test Statistic: 0.051
P-Value
: 0.000
P 0.05
Data
Levene's Test
P-Value
: 0.014
Data
Data
Boxplots of Raw Data
LG
SS
60
70
80
90
C3
126/293
2 Sample T Test
2 2 Sample T Test
Minitab Menu : Stat / Basic Statistics/ 2 Sample T Test
Data
Data
check
(
)
127/293
2 Sample T Test
Boxplots of C3 by C4
90
Two-sample T for C3
C3
80
70
C4
Mean
StDev
SE Mean
LG
10
84.98
2.11
0.67
SS
10
74.93
9.39
3.0
Difference = mu (LG) - mu (SS)
60
LG
SS
C4
Estimate for difference: 10.05

95% CI for difference: (3.16, 16.94)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =):
T-Value = 3.30 P-Value = 0.009 DF = 9
P 0.05 2 CDT B/U

LG CDT B/U
P Margin
P 0.009 = 0.05 , 2 CDT B/U .
: ???
128/293
1 Sample T Test
Height 70.( .)
- : = 70
- : 70
Height
Minitab Menu : Stat / Basic Statistics/ 1 Sample T Test
66.00
72.00
73.50
73.00
69.00
73.00
72.00
74.00
72.00
71.00
74.00
Test of mu = 70 vs mu not = 70
72.00
70.00
Variable
67.00
Height
Mean
20
71.175
:71.175
:2.561
:0.573
95%
:69.976 ~72.374
p-value:5.4%(0.054)
StDev SE Mean
2.561
0.573
71.00
72.00
69.00
Variable
Height
95.0% CI
p-value 0.05 , . , 70
70 .
(69.976, 72.374) 2.05 0.054
73.00
74.00
66.00
* : Option greater than, less than, not equal ?

129/293
Paired T
, , .
/ .( 10 )
Minitab Menu : Stat / Basic Statistics/ Paired T

Before
after
76
81
60
52
85
87
58
70
91
86
75
77
82
90
64
63
79
85
88
83
Boxplot of Differences
(with Ho and 95% t-confidence interval for the mean)
Paired T-Test and CI: before, after

Paired T for before - after
N
before
10
after
10
Difference
10
Mean
75.80
77.40
-1.60
StDev
11.64
12.18
6.38
SE Mean
3.68
3.85
2.02
95% CI for mean difference: (-6.16, 2.96)

T-Test of mean difference=0(vs not=0):T-Value=-0.79 P-Value=0.448
130/293
-10
_
X
]
Ho
10
Differences
Paired T : CI Mean Difference

2 Sample T : CI Difference
Chi Square Test
Y Data , X Data .
Example : 1 Line
line .
A
B
C
131/293
B
15
26
33
C
21
31
17
D
45
34
49
13
5
20
Chi Square Test
Chi-Square Test: A, B, C, D
Expected counts are printed below observed counts
A
15
22.51
B
21
20.99
C
45
38.94
D
13
11.56
Total
94
26
22.99
31
21.44
34
39.77
5
11.81
96
33
28.50
17
26.57
49
49.29
20
14.63
119
74
69
128
38
309
Total
Chi-Sq = 2.506 + 0.000 + 0.944 + 0.179 +

0.394 + 4.266 + 0.836 + 3.923 +
0.711 + 3.449 + 0.002 + 1.967 = 19.178
DF = 6, P-Value = 0.004
line ?
?
?
132/293
1-Proportion
DID A Six Sigma PJT , 300 sample, 15 .

A 15% , ?
Minitab Menu : stat /Basic Statistics/1-Proportion
Click

Test of p = 0.15 vs p not = 0.15
Sample
1
15
300
Sample p
0.050
95.0% CI
P-Value
(0.028251,0.081127) 0.000
133/293
2-Proportion
DID A,B line , Data. A Line 1000 75 ,

B Line 1500 120 . Line ?
Minitab Menu : stat /Basic Statistics/2-Proportion
Test and CI for Two Proportions

Sample
1
2
X
75
120
N
1000
1500
Sample p
0.075000
0.080000
Estimate for p(1) - p(2):

95% CI for p(1) - p(2):
P-value : 0.646(64.6%)
P-value .
, A ,B line
.
-0.005
(-0.0263305, 0.0163305)
Test for p(1)-p(2)=0(vs not=0): Z=-0.46 P-Value=0.646
134/293
Y X
Graph
Boxplots of Hitachi and LG

95
70
100
60
80
90
60
40
30
40
Percent
Count
50
T Test( )
ANOVA( )
F Test( )
Chi Square Test
20
20
10
0
LG
S /W
Count
Percent
Cum %
31
43.1
43.1
21
29.2
72.2
9
12.5
84.7
ata
6
8.3
93.1
ta
Da
ve
Sa
4
5.6
98.6
ers
Oth
1
1.4
100.0
Hitachi
Defect
85
t
ce p
on
TEAM
135/293
Analysis
Analysis Project Review Point
, X ?
( Y )
X Y
Y X, ?
Project , ?
136/293
Page : Typical Six Sigma Problems
1. Poor Project Selection

-
-
2. Short-cutting Activity
- DMAIC
3. Consultant Producing Deliverables
- Consultant(MBB, BB)
Output
4. Statistics Hang-ups
-
5. Implementation Failure
-
- Output
137/293
8. ANOVA( )
138/293
: 2 , Y
( Y ) (Total SS : Sum of Square) .

(Factor) SS ( SSB : Sum of Square Between)
(SSE : Sum of Square Within) .
Y ( ) .
(Vital Few) .
: Project Y,
: .
(Factor) : Y
(Level) :
(Sum of Square)
, (Xi -X)2
Balance / Unbalance
- Sample
- , X 2 , Balance( ) .
Y
X
25
40
22
40
139/293
81
150
78
150

ANOVA (SSB, ) ( )
(SSE, ) ( ) .
ANOVA =
=
(Xij -X)2
j
SST
(Xij -Xi)2
= SSE(Error)
Average SS between
Average SS within
+
+
(Xi -X)2 + 2AB
SSB(Treatment)
( )
( )
2 (T Test 2 )
T Test ANOVA .
ANOVA
One Way ANOVA : 2
Balanced ANOVA : 2
DOE(Design of Experiment):
.
140/293
(One Way ANOVA)
Team 3 Soldering .
A , B,C .
.
1. 3
Minitab Menu : Graph / plot
A
9
12
14
13
18
B
18
15
14
17
15
C
21
19
21
16
23
Display (Stacking).
141/293
(One Way ANOVA)
2. .
- (Factor) ?
- Y ?
- ?
- Tool ?
- ? ?
3. .
P 0.954,
0.05,
142/293
(One Way ANOVA)
4.
Minitab Menu : Stat / ANOVA / Test for Equal Variances
Test for Equal Variances
Response Strength
Factors Factor
ConfLvl 95.0000
Bonferroni confidence intervals for standard deviations
Lower
Sigma
Upper
N Factor Levels
1.76780 3.27109 12.5901 5 1

0.88802 1.64317 6.3244 5 2
1.42985 2.64575 10.1832 5 3
Bartlett's Test (normal distribution)

P-Value
: 0.452
Levene's Test (any continuous distribution)

P-Value
: 0.706
143/293
(One Way ANOVA)
5.
Minitab Menu : Stat / ANOVA / One way
144/293
(One Way ANOVA)
5. ,
One-way ANOVA: Strength versus Factor
Analysis of Variance for Strength
Source DF
SS
MS
F
P
Factor
2 117.73 58.87 8.66 0.005
Error
12 81.60
6.80
Total
14 199.33
Level
N
Mean StDev ----------+---------+---------+-----1
5 13.200 3.271 (-------*------)
2
5 15.800 1.643
(------*------)
3
5 20.000 2.646
(------*------)
----------+---------+---------+-----Pooled StDev = 2.608
14.0
17.5
21.0
DF
Factor n-1
SS
MS
SSB SSB/(n-I)
Error
n*(m-1) SSE SSE/(n*(m-1))
Total
n*m-1
F
MSB/MSE
SST
n: (Subgroup number)
m: (Subgroup size)
145/293
(Two Way ANOVA)
, , Data .
Minitab Menu : Stat / ANOVA / Two-way
A
A
B
B
A
A
B
B
A
A
B
B
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
34
43
57
40
85
68
67
53
41
24
42
52
146/293
(Two Way ANOVA)
:
Analysis of Variance for
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
2
1919
959
9.25 0.015
1
21
21
0.21 0.666
Interaction 2
561
281
2.71 0.145
Error
6
622
104
Total
11
3123
1
2
3
A
B
Individual 95% CI
Mean --+---------+---------+---------+--------43.5
(-------*-------)
68.3
(--------*-------)
39.8 (--------*-------)
--+---------+---------+---------+--------30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
Individual 95% CI
Mean ------+---------+---------+---------+----49.2 (----------------*----------------)
51.8
(----------------*----------------)
------+---------+---------+---------+----42.0
48.0
54.0
60.0
?
147/293
(Balanced ANOVA)
Balanced ANOVA .
Minitab Menu : Stat / ANOVA / Balanced ANOVA
148/293
(Balanced ANOVA)
Factor
Type Levels Values
fixed
3
1
2
3
fixed
2
A
B
Analysis of Variance for
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
2
1918.5
959.3 9.25 0.015
1
21.3
21.3 0.21 0.666
*
2
561.2
280.6 2.71 0.145
Error
6
622.0
103.7
Total
11
3123.0
(Click Results)
Means( )

1 A
1 B
2 A
2 B
3 A
3 B
149/293
N
2
2
2
2
2
2
38.500
48.500
76.500
60.000
32.500
47.000
(General Linear ANOVA)
General Linear Model( GLM) .

Minitab Menu : Stat / ANOVA / General Linear Model
150/293
Factor
Type Levels Values
fixed
3123
fixed
2AB
Analysis of Variance for , using Adjusted SS for Tests
Source
DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
Adj MS
F
P
2
1918.5
1918.5
959.2 9.25 0.015
1
21.3
21.3
21.3 0.21 0.666
* 2
561.2
561.2
280.6 2.71 0.145
Error
6
622.0
622.0
103.7
Total
11
3123.0
(Click Results)
Least Squares Means for
*
1 A
1 B
2 A
2 B
3 A
3 B
151/293
Mean SE Mean
38.50
7.200
48.50
7.200
76.50
7.200
60.00
7.200
32.50
7.200
47.00
7.200
Graph (Click Factor Plots)
152/293
( Graph)
( Graph)
Interaction Effects Plot-LS Means for
Main Effects Plot-LS Means for
80
3
60
64
58
40
1
52
80
46

B
60
40
1
B
40
A
153/293
ANOM(Analysis of Means)
ANOVA ANOM
.
One-way ANOM for DATA by level
14
13
12
16
19
16
23
24
27
19
19
17
level
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
25
20.6300
Mean
DATA
20
18.25
15.8700
15
Levels of level
Analysis of Means
Summary Table
Contents: number of nonmissing data
cell mean
cell standard deviation
Rows: level
DATA
N
1
2
3
4
All
154/293
3
3
3
3
12
DATA
Mean
DATA
StDev
13.000
17.000
24.667
18.333
18.250
1.000
1.732
2.082
1.155
4.575
ANOVA ANOM
.
A
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
-5
-8
6
4
8
10
-8
-5
-4
-6
- 10
- 12
- 10
-8
2
4
10
5
Analysis of Means
Summary Table
Contents: number of nonmissing data
cell mean
cell standard deviation
Rows: A
Columns: B
1
All
2
-6.5000
2.1213
2
5.0000
1.4142
2
9.0000
1.4142
6
2.5000
7.3144
2
-6.5000
2.1213
2
2
-5.0000 -11.0000
1.4142
1.4142
6
-7.5000
3.0822
2
-9.0000
1.4142
2
3.0000
1.4142
2
7.5000
3.5355
6
0.5000
7.8422
All
6
-7.3333
1.9664
6
1.0000
4.8580
6
1.8333
10.1275
18
-1.5000
7.5088
Cell Contents -Y:N

Mean
StDev
155/293
Effect
Two-way ANOM for Y by A, B

Interaction Effects
5
4.47032
0
-4.47032
-5
B
A
Main Effects
Mean
3
A
Level
0.29809
-1.5
-3.29809
-4
1
2
3
B
Value
1
2
3
Level
1
2
3
Value
1
2
3
-8
Mean
0.29809
-1.5
-3.29809
-4
-8
156/293
14
13
12
16
19
16
23
24
27
19
19
17
lev el
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
25
DATA
DATA
20
15
level
157/293
: ( )
Y
74
72
86
84
76
78
72
70
91
89
87
85
48
46
65
63
56
54
61
63
78
76
71
69
62
60
81
79
77
75
55
53
72
70
63
61
50
52
70
72
60
62
49
51
68
66
64
62
52
50
69
67
60
62
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
158/293
: ( )
General Linear Model: Y versus A, B, C
Factor
Type Levels Values
A
fixed
3 1 2 3
B
fixed
3 1 2 3
C
fixed
3 1 2 3
Analysis of Variance for Y, using Adjusted SS for Tests
Source
DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
Adj MS
F
A
2
1270.37
1270.37
635.19 246.61
B
2
1588.59
1588.59
794.30 308.39
C
2
2632.15
2632.15
1316.07 510.97
A*B
4
1285.19
1285.19
321.30 124.74
B*C
4
87.41
87.41
21.85
8.48
A*C
4
8.30
8.30
2.07
0.81
Error
35
90.15
90.15
2.58
Total
53
6962.15
Unusual Observations for Y
Obs
Y
Fit
1
74.0000
71.3704
37
50.0000
52.7037
40
72.0000
69.3704
SE Fit
0.9520
0.9520
0.9520
159/293
Residual
2.6296
-2.7037
2.6296
P
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.530
St Resid
2.04R
-2.09R
2.04R
: ( )
Histogram of the Residuals
Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals
(response is Y)
(response is Y)
8
1
Normal Score
Frequency
7
6
5
4
3
-1
2
1
-2
0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
-0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-3
Residual
-2
-1
Residual
160/293
: ( )
Main Effects Plot - LS Means for Y
74
70
66
62
58
1
161/293
: ( )
Interaction Plot - LS Means for Y
1
80
A
3
65
2
1
50
80
B
3
65
2
1
50
162/293
: ( )
Test for Equal Variances
Response
Y
Factors
A B C
ConfLvl
95.0000
Bonferroni confidence intervals for standard deviations
Lower
Sigma
Upper
N Factor Levels
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
1
1
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
1
2
Test for
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
1
3
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
2
1
95% Confidence Intervals for Sigmas
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
2
2
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
2
3
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
3
1
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
3
2
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
1
3
3
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
1
1
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
1
2
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
1
3
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
2
1
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
2
2
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
2
3
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
3
1
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
3
2
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
2
3
3
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
1
1
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
1
2
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
1
3
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
2
1
0
500
1000
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
2
2
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
2
3
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
3
1
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
3
2
0.426982
1.41421
1218.65
2
3
3
3
Bartlett's Test (normal distribution)
Test Statistic: -0.000
P-Value
: 1.000
** Note ** Cannot calculate Levene's statistic with these data
163/293
Equal Variances for Y

Factor Levels
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Bartlett's Test
Test Statistic: -0.000
P-Value
: 1.000
9.
164/293

1.
.
( / Point)
.
Y( ) X( ) .
Y = a + b + error
where,
a = constant , b = slope
2.
: Y X 1
: 2 X
: (X)1 , (Y)1 2
3. Data ?
, X
Data.
X .
165/293
Regression Analysis: Y versus X

The regression equation is
Y = 4.71 + 1.48 X
Predictor
Coef
SE Coef
Constant
4.712
3.242
X
1.48018
0.06408
S = 4.270
R-Sq = 98.5%
T
1.45
23.10
P
0.184
0.000
R-Sq(adj) = 98.3%
Source
DF
SS
Regression
1
9727.7
Residual Error
8
145.9
Total
9
9873.6
Fits Y .
MS
F
P
9727.7 533.55
18.2
0.000
Y = 4.71 + 1.48X
Residual( ) Error
.
C3 = C2 - C4
Minitab Menu: Stat / Regression / Regression
166/293
-
3. (Residual)
Minitab Menu : Stat / Regression /Regression
Histogram of the Residuals
(response is Y)
Frequency
0
-6
-4
-2
Residual
Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals

(response is Y)
Normal Score
-1
-5
Residual
.999
.99
1) 0
2)
3) Random
( )
Probability
.95
.80
.50
.20
.05
.01
.001
-5
RESI1
Average: 0
StDev: 4.02569
N: 10
167/293

A-Squared: 0.414
P-Value: 0.269
-
4. (Residual) -
Minitab Menu : Stat / Regression / Regression
Residuals Versus the Fitted Values
(response is Y)
Residual
-5
20
70
120
Fitted Value
/ 0, Data Random
.
168/293
-
5.
Minitab Menu : Stat / Regression / Fitted Line Plot
CI:
PI:
Regression Plot
Y = 4.71171 + 1.48018 X
S = 4.26989
R-Sq = 98.5 %
R-Sq(adj) = 98.3 %
140
120
100
80
60
40
Regression
20
95% CI
95% PI
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Lot (Y)
R-Sq = 98.5 %,
( (Recommend) R-Sq 65 % )
169/293
- 1
, . , . minitab
, .
Minitab Menu : Stat / Regression / Regression
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
x1
4
8
9
8
8
12
6
10
6
9
x2
4
10
8
5
10
15
8
13
5
12
y
9
20
22
15
17
30
18
25
10
20
9 11
X1 9, X2 11
Y .
170/293
- (1)


y = - 0.65 + 1.55 x1 + 0.760 x2
Predictor
Constant
x1
x2
Coef SE Coef
-0.651
2.908
1.5515
0.6462
0.7599
0.3968
S = 2.278
R-Sq = 90.1%
T
-0.22
2.40
1.91
P
0.829
0.047
0.097
R-Sq(adj) = 87.3%
Source
DF
SS
MS
Regression
2
332.07
166.04
Residual Error 7
36.33
5.19
Total
9
368.40
Source
x1
x2
DF
1
1

F
32.00
P
0.000
ANOVA ,
Seq SS
313.04
19.03
Predicted Values for New Observations

New Obs Fit SE Fit
95.0% CI
95.0% PI
1
21.671
0.831 ( 19.706, 23.637) ( 15.934, 27.409)
171/293
-

, .
.
.
data .( )
Minitab Menu : Stat / Regression / Stepwise
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
x1
7
1
11
11
7
11
3
1
2
21
1
11
10
x2
26
29
56
31
52
55
71
31
54
47
40
66
68
x3
6
15
8
8
6
9
17
22
18
4
23
9
8
x4
60
52
20
47
33
22
6
44
22
26
34
12
12
y
78. 5
74. 3
104. 3
87. 6
95. 9
109. 2
102. 7
72. 5
93. 1
115. 9
83. 8
113. 3
109. 4
172/293
Stepwise Regression: y versus x1, x2, x3, x4
Stepwise Regression: y versus x1, x2, x3, x4

Alpha-to-Enter:
0.15
Alpha-to-Remove:
0.15
Alpha-to-Enter:
0.15
Alpha-to-Remove:
0.15
Response
is
y
on
4
predictors,
with
N
Response is y on 4 predictors, with N== 13
13
Step
1
2
3
4
Step
1
2
3
4
Constant
117.57
103.10
71.65
52.58
Constant
117.57
103.10
71.65
52.58
x4
-0.738
-0.614
-0.237
x4
-0.738
-0.614
-0.237
T-Value
-4.77
-12.62
-1.37
T-Value
-4.77
-12.62
-1.37
P-Value
0.001
0.000
0.205
P-Value
0.001
0.000
0.205
x1
1.44
1.45
1.47
x1
1.44
1.45
1.47
T-Value
10.40
12.41
12.10
T-Value
10.40
12.41
12.10
P-Value
0.000
0.000
0.000
P-Value
0.000
0.000
0.000
x2
0.416
0.662
x2
0.416
0.662
T-Value
2.24
14.44
T-Value
2.24
14.44
P-Value
0.052
0.000
P-Value
0.052
0.000
SS
8.96
2.73
2.31
2.41
8.96
2.73
2.31
2.41
R-Sq
67.45
97.25
98.23
97.87
R-Sq
67.45
97.25
98.23
97.87
R-Sq(adj)
64.50
96.70
97.64
97.44
R-Sq(adj) 138.7
64.50
96.70
97.64
97.44
C-p
5.5
3.0
2.7
C-p
138.7
5.5
3.0
2.7
S,R-Sq,
R-Sq(adi),C-p .
S ,S
.
R-Sq R-Sq(adi) ,
.
+1 C-p
.
1) , X4. S ;
2) , X4,X1 X1,X2. S C-p
. 2 C-p X1,X2;
3) X4,X1,X2;
4) , . X1,X2 ;
5) :
Y=52.58+1.47*X1+0.662*X2
173/293
-
..
Minitab Menu : Stat / Regression / Best Subset
Best Subsets Regression: y versus x1, x2, x3, x4

Response is y
xxxx
Vars R-Sq R-Sq(adj) C-p
S
1234
1 67.5
64.5
138.7 8.9639
X
1 66.6
63.6
142.5 9.0771
X
2 97.9
97.4
2.7
2.4063 X X
2 97.2
96.7
5.5
2.7343 X
X
3 98.2
97.6
3.0
2.3087 X X X
3 98.2
97.6
3.0
2.3121 X X X
4 98.2
97.4
5.0
2.4460 X X X X
,
3
. X1 X2.
Y X1,X2 :
Y=52.6=1.47X1+0.662X2
174/293

* Y A,B . Y .
Data :
Menu : stat / regression / regression
A
1) R-Sq ?
A,B :
A :
B :
2) A B ?
? .
10
15
17
27
33
40
44
49
56
67
35
25
25
16
39
49
39
40
52
44
59
96
123
193
220
264
288
325
368
425
3) A B 35 Y 95%
?
( : Minitab menu predictor .
)
Y Y ?
175/293
10. (DOE)

, Xs ,
, .
(DOE)
Critical
Xs
Vital Few
Vital Few Combination

1. Y
.

Control
2.
,

Vital Few
Optimization
3.

, ,
(DOE)
Y X , ,
, Y X
177/293
(DOE)
(DOE)?
(DOE) ?
- DMAIC Process
Define
,
, .
Theme
Measure
CTQ
CTQ
Gage R&R
Prism(DOE)
Analysis
( )
( )
New
NewData
Data
True State
of Nature
Noise
Available
Available
Data
Data
Graph
Improve
(DOE)
Control
( )
&&
Process
Optimization !!!
- Y
Trial & Error
- Y
- Process
178/293
(DOE)
(DOE)
(DOE) Process
,,,
1 2
Random
/

-
- ,
+
- 2~5
Block

/
Randomization
Data
Graph

missing
value
(factor) : data
(level) :
fixed factor :
( , , )
Block : , ,
1. Principle of Randomization( )
.
( Error )
2. Principle of Replication( )
1)
2)
3. Principle of Blocking
.
Block Block
.
4. Principle of Confounding
2 Block
, Block
.
5. Principle of Orthogonality( )
(Orthogonal Array Table)
,
.
179/293
(DOE)- (23 )
(DOE) ?
Monitor C/A + B/C Gap ,
3 2 23
Process
Cube Plot
1. : Factorial Design
Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Factorial /Create Factorial Design
(-)
(+)
Latch height
20
25
Latch width
320
330
Resin
ABS
PC+ABS
Data
180/293
Height
20
25
20
25
20
25
20
25
width
320
320
330
330
320
320
330
330
resin
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
gap
0.28
0.21
0.27
0.51
0.42
0.22
0.41
0.49
(DOE)- (23 )
(DOE) ?
2
3
Minitab Menu
Click
181/293
(DOE)- (23 )
(DOE) ?
2.
Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Factorial/Analyze Factorial Design
3
confounding
182/293
(DOE)- (23 )
(DOE)
?
2.
Fractional Factorial Fit: gap versus height, width, resin
Estimated Effects and Coefficients for gap (coded units)

Term
Effect
Constant
Coef
SE Coef
0.35125
0.003750
93.67
0.007
height
0.01250
0.00625
0.003750
1.67
0.344
width
0.13750
0.06875
0.003750
18.33
0.035
resin
0.06750
0.03375
0.003750
9.00
0.070
height*width
0.14750
0.07375
0.003750
19.67
0.032
height*resin
-0.07250
-0.03625
0.003750
-9.67
0.066
width*resin
-0.00750
-0.00375
0.003750
-1.00
0.500
Analysis of Variance for gap (coded units)

Source
DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
Main Effects
0.047237
2-Way Interactions
Residual Error
Total
0.0472375
0.0157458 139.96
0.062
0.054138
0.0541375
0.0180458 160.41
0.058
0.000113
0.0001125
0.0001125
0.101487
183/293
Adj MS
(DOE)- (23 )
(DOE)
?
3. : (Main Effects Plot)

Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Factorial/Factorial Plot
Main Effects Plot (data means) for gap

20
25
0
32
0
33
0.42
gap
0.39
0.36
0.33
0.30
height
width
184/293
resin
(DOE)- (23 )
(DOE) ?
3. : (Interaction Plot) , Y
Interaction Plot (data means) for data

-1
-1
0.5
height
0.4
1
0.3
-1
0.5
width
0.4
1
0.3
-1
resin
185/293
(DOE)- (23 )
(DOE) ?
3. : Cube Plot , Graph
0.41
0.49
0.27
width
0.51
0.42
0.22
resin
-1
0.28
0.21
-1
-1
1
height
186/293
(DOE)- (23 )
(DOE) ?
4. (Confirmation Plot)
Cube Plot Process Y .
( )
( )
Process Capability Analysis for after
Process Capability Analysis for before

USL
Process Data
USL
0.300
Target
LSL
Mean
Sam ple N
StDev (ST)
StDev (LT)
USL
Process Data
ST
LT
*
*
USL
LSL
0.328
10
0.0481739
0.0481739
Mean
Sample N
StDev (ST)
0.2
10
0.0265457
StDev (LT)
0.0265457
Potential (ST) Capability
Potential (ST) Capability
Cp
CPU
CPL
*
-0.19
*
Cp
Cpk
-0.19
Cpm
Overall (LT) Capability
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
CPU
CPL
1.26
*
Cpk
1.26
Cpm
0.50
Expected ST Performance
Expected LT Performance
Pp
PPU
*
-0.19
PPM < LSL

PPM > USL
*
600000.00
PPM < LSL

PPM > USL
*
719456.61
PPM < LSL

PPM > USL
*
719456.61
PPL
Ppk
*
-0.19
PPM Total
600000.00
PPM Total
719456.61
PPM Total
719456.61
187/293
ST
LT
0.3
Target
Overall (LT) Capability
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
Expected ST Performance
Expected LT Performance
PPM < LSL
PPM < LSL
PPM < LSL
PPU
PPL
1.26
*
PPM > USL

PPM Total
0.00
0.00
PPM > USL

PPM Total
82.58
82.58
PPM > USL

PPM Total
82.58
82.58
Ppk
1.26
Pp
0.25
(DOE)-
: A(170,190), B(2.4), Y( ), , 2 .
188/293
(DOE)-
Pareto Chart of the Standardized Effects
(response is Y, Alpha = .10)
A: A
B: B
A
AB
Normal Probability Plot of the Standardized Effects

1
A: A
B: B
0.5
Normal Score
0.0
-0.5
-2
-1
Standardized Effect
189/293
(DOE)-
Main Effects Plot (data means) for Y
Centerpoint
95
0
17
0
19
90
85
80
75
B
Interaction Plot (data means) for Y

A
94
170
190
Centerpoint
Mean
84
74
2
190/293
(DOE)-
95
85
Y
4
75
3
170
191/293
180
2
190
(DOE)-
?
, . 24 = 16, 25 = 32, 26 = 64 ,,,,

- , Load, Cost
- ,
3 Y
3 , Rule

- Screening &
: 5 . ,
25-1 .
Y =
Low
High
(A)
10
15
(B)
(C)
100
120
(D)
140
180
(E)
Factor
192/293
(DOE)-
2.
Minitab Menu : Stat/ DOE / Factorial / Create Factorial Design
Best
193/293
Not Acceptable
Acceptable
(DOE)- :
(Resolution) : Alias

- 2 (1+2=3), 2

- 3 (1+3=4), 2 (2+2=4)

- 4 (1+4=5), 2 3 (2+3=5)
194/293
(DOE)-
3. / / Cube Plot
Minitab Menu : Stat/ DOE /
Factorial Design/ Factorial Plot
2.
195/293
(DOE)-
3. &
Main Effects Plot (data means) for Y
10
15
0
10
12
14
0
18
75
70
65
60
Interaction Plot (data means) for Y

1
55
A
100
120
140
180
90
70
15
10
50
90
70
2
1
50
90
70
120
100
50
90
70
180
140
50
196/293
(DOE)-
4. Cube Plot
Cube Plot (data means) for Y

67
82
65
78
55
49
56
45
61
95
63
93
53
53
1
10
60
120
100
69
15
140
197/293
180
(DOE)-
8. Pareto Chart
Minitab Menu : Stat/ DOE / Factorial / Analyze Factorial Design
Pareto Chart of the Effects

A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
B
D
BD
A
B
C
D
E
DE
E
CE
A
BC
AB
BE
AE
AD
AC
CD
C
198/293
10
20
(DOE)-

,

, / .
Data 2 ,
199/293
11.
200/293
Response Surface Design

1. (Central Composite)
Axial Point
Cube Point
1. Data Ys Xs ,
Xs
Ys .
2.
Xs .
Center Point
2. Box-Behnken
(3 )
3.
,
Data
.
.
.
.
.
201/293

(Central Composite)
202/293
.
, .
, .
5 Test
100 , 5 ,
.
: (Central-Composite)

- 10 , , Discussion
3 , .
- : 10 , 20
- : 15 , 20
- : 5 , 8
203/293
Minitab
Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Response Surface / Create Response Surface Design
Type of Design
- Central Composite
( Cube plot , )
- Box Behnken
( Cube plot , )
204/293
StdOrder
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
RunOrder
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Blocks
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
A
10.0000
20.0000
10.0000
20.0000
10.0000
20.0000
10.0000
20.0000
6.5910
23.4090
15.0000
15.0000
15.0000
15.0000
15.0000
15.0000
15.0000
15.0000
15.0000
15.0000
B
15.0000
15.0000
20.0000
20.0000
15.0000
15.0000
20.0000
20.0000
17.5000
17.5000
13.2955
21.7045
17.5000
17.5000
17.5000
17.5000
17.5000
17.5000
17.5000
17.5000
C
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
8.00000
8.00000
8.00000
8.00000
6.50000
6.50000
6.50000
6.50000
3.97731
9.02269
6.50000
6.50000
6.50000
6.50000
6.50000
6.50000
Y
49.7
87.5
48.9
85.6
50.4
85.7
57.9
83.8
24.3
82.0
76.8
72.8
75.2
74.9
71.5
76.8
75.4
76.8
69.8
75.3
Cube
Point
Axial or Star
Point
Center
Point
( :6.591 6.6)
205/293
(Vital Few)
Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Response Surface / Analyze Response Surface Design
206/293
-->
Response Surface Regression: Y versus A, B, C
Term
Coef
SE Coef
T
P
Constant
74.221
1.0663
69.603 0.000
A
17.042
0.7075
24.088 0.000
B
-0.280
0.7075
-0.396 0.700
C
0.410
0.7075
0.579 0.575
A*A
-7.166
0.6887 -10.405 0.000
B*B
0.488
0.6887
0.709 0.494
C*C
0.577
0.6887
0.838 0.422
A*B
-1.313
0.9244
-1.420 0.186
A*C
-1.662
0.9244
-1.798 0.102
B*C
1.037
0.9244
1.122 0.288
S = 2.615
R-Sq = 98.6%
R-Sq(adj) = 97.3%
Analysis of Variance for Y

Source
Regression
Linear
Square
Interaction
Residual Error
Lack-of-Fit
Pure Error
Total
DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
Adj MS
F
P
9 4795.63
4795.63
532.85 77.95 0.000
3 3969.70
3969.70
1323.23 193.57 0.000
3
781.43
781.43
260.48 38.10 0.000
3
44.50
44.50
14.83 2.17 0.155
10
68.36
68.36
6.84
5
25.57
25.57
5.11 0.60 0.707
5
42.79
42.79
8.56
19 4863.99
207/293
( )
SST = SSR( ) + SSE( ) +2(Yi ^

- Yi)(Yi - Yi)^
0
^ - Yi)2 + (Yi - Yi)^2

(Yi - Yi)2 = (Yi
R-Sq = SSR/SST =Seq SS(Regression)/Seq SS(Total)
=
R-Sq(adj) = an approximately unbiased estimate of the population
R2 that is calculated by the formula
1-
Seq SS Error/(n-p)
Seq SS Total/(n-1)
,
10
P:
,
19
208/293
: Pure Error Lack of Fit
general, the residual error can be made up of three parts

In
Curvature, if there are center points in the data
Lack of Fit, if a reduced model was fit
Pure Error, if there are any replicates
Pure Error
(
)
Lack of Fit
(
)
Pure Error
-
- Center Point 6 (Cube:4, Axial:2)
DF (6-1)
Lack of Fit
-
-
209/293
&
: ( )
Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Response Surface

/ Analyze surface design /storage
210/293
-
Minitab Menu : Stat / Regression / Residual Plot
211/293
-
212/293
-
Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Response Surface / Analyze surface design /graph
213/293

Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Response Surface / Analyze Response Surface Design
A, A*A, A*C
A*C
C.
214/293
Response Surface Regression: Y versus A, C

Term
Coef
SE Coef
T
P
Constant
75.014
0.7359 101.941 0.000
A
17.042
0.6963
24.474 0.000
C
0.410
0.6963
0.588 0.565
A*A
-7.262
0.6717 -10.811 0.000
A*C
-1.662
0.9098
-1.827 0.088
S = 2.573
R-Sq = 98.0%
Y=75.014 + 17.042*A
+0.410*C-7.262A2
-1.662*A*C
R-Sq(adj) = 97.4%
Analysis of Variance for Y

Source
Regression
Linear
Square
Interaction
Residual Error
Lack-of-Fit
Pure Error
Total
DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
4 4764.66
4764.66
2 3968.63
3968.63
1
773.93
773.93
1
22.11
22.11
15
99.33
99.33
4
16.05
16.05
11
83.28
83.28
19 4863.99
Adj MS
F
P
1191.17 179.89 0.000
1984.31 299.67 0.000
773.93 116.88 0.000
22.11 3.34 0.088
6.62
4.01 0.53 0.716
7.57
Unusual Observations for Y

Observation
Y
Fit
7
57.900
52.782
19
69.800
75.014
SE Fit Residual St Resid

1.474
5.118
2.43R
0.736
-5.214
-2.11R
215/293
(1)
Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Response Surface / Contour/Surface(Wire frame) Plot
Display
216/293
(1)
Contour Plot of Y
9
29
34
39
44
49
54
59
64
69
74
79
84
7
6
5
4
8
13
18
23
217/293
(2)
Minitab Menu : Stat / DOE / Response Surface / Response Optimizer
Target , Y .
Lower, Upper Y .
218/293
(2)
New
Hi
D
Cur
0.94678 Lo
Y
Targ: 90.0
y = 87.8714
d = 0.94678
A
23.4090
[21.8931]
6.5910
C
9.0227
[3.9773]
3.9773
Click !!!
A, C
87.8714
21.8931 ,
3.9773
,
, 22 , 4 ?..
219/293
220/293
A,B,C,D 4 3
Y1,Y2
221/293
80
200
80
200
80
200
80
200
80
200
80
200
80
200
80
200
80
200
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140
160
160
190
190
160
160
190
190
160
160
190
190
160
160
190
190
175
175
160
190
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
2
2
2
2
6
6
6
6
2
2
2
2
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
2
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
2
7
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
Y1
69.3
71.2
75.2
95.5
66.5
91.2
80.2
95.4
78.5
70.8
68.4
72.7
84.8
77.8
79.6
76.9
87.5
91.5
94.4
80.7
98.7
95.1
91.8
66.6
80.1
93.2
86.3
81.5
94.5
87.1
Y2
76
79.2
75.9
90.2
75.9
92.4
88
91
70.6
73.2
69
73.1
70.4
79.9
81.5
82.7
86.6
82.2
88.6
75.1
86.4
93.4
94.6
76
93.7
90.5
81.4
79.2
93
80.7
Response Surface Regression: Y1 versus A, B, C, D

The analysis was done using coded units.
Estimated Regression Coefficients for
Y1
Term
Constant
A
B
C
D
D*D
A*D
B*D
T
47.789
1.932
0.733
1.720
-2.194
-4.460
-2.907
-2.412
S = 6.467
Coef
89.22
2.94
1.12
2.62
-3.34
-10.75
-4.70
-3.90
SE Coef
1.867
1.524
1.524
1.524
1.524
2.410
1.617
1.617
R-Sq = 67.7%
P
0.000
0.066
0.472
0.099
0.039
0.000
0.008
0.025
Response Surface Regression: Y2 versus A, B, C, D
The analysis was done using coded units.

Estimated Regression Coefficients for Y2
R-Sq(adj) = 57.5%
Analysis of Variance for Y1

Source
Regression
Linear
Square
Interaction
Residual Error
Lack-of-Fit
Pure Error
Total
DF
7
4
1
2
22
17
5
29
Seq SS
1932.5
503.6
832.1
596.8
920.1
747.1
173.0
2852.6
Adj SS
1932.5
503.6
832.1
596.8
920.1
747.1
173.0
Adj MS
276.07
125.90
832.05
298.40
41.82
43.95
34.59
Y1
71.200
98.700
1.27
B*D
0.427
S = 5.743
Coef
85.900
2.778
1.128
3.422
-4.822
-5.922
-1.225
-0.588
SE Coef
1.658
1.354
1.354
1.354
1.354
2.140
1.436
1.436
R-Sq = 59.7%
T
51.813
2.052
0.833
2.528
-3.562
-2.767
-0.853
-0.409
P
0.000
0.052
0.414
0.019
0.002
0.011
0.403
0.686
R-Sq(adj) = 46.8%
Analysis of Variance for Y2
Unusual Observations for Y1

Observation
2
21
Term
Constant
A
FB
P
6.60 C 0.000
3.01 D 0.040
19.89 D*D
0.000
7.13 A*D
0.004
Fit
81.817
86.594
SE Fit
4.104
2.410
Residual
-10.617
12.106
Source
St Resid
Regression
-2.12R
Linear
2.02R
Square
DF
7
4
1
2
22
17
5
29
Interaction
Residual Error
Lack-of-Fit
Pure Error
Total
Seq SS
1073.22
791.16
252.52
29.53
725.64
502.65
222.99
1798.85
Adj SS
1073.22
791.16
252.52
29.53
725.64
502.65
222.99
Adj MS
153.32
197.79
252.52
14.77
32.98
29.57
44.60
F
4.65
6.00
7.66
0.45
P
0.003
0.002
0.011
0.645
0.66
0.761
Unusual Observations for Y2

Observation
20
222/293
Y2
75.100
Fit
87.028
SE Fit
2.140
Residual
-11.928
St Resid
-2.24R
Optimal
Hi
D
Cur
0.68470 Lo
A
200.0
[200.0]
80.0
B
190.0
[190.0]
160.0
C
6.0
[6.0]
2.0
D
7.0
[3.1026]
2.0
Y1
Maximum
y = 99.2178
d = 0.92178
Y2
Maximum
y = 95.0860
d = 0.50860
223/293
12. Case Study
224/293
Define
LGENT Team
.
Six Sigma Tool
.
225/293
Define
Sub-System Modeling(Y )
Y
-Y ? :
- . 3 Y.
Y1 : , Y2 : , Y3 :
Y
- : .
- , : , Data.
Gage R&R
Y
- Benchmarking Y
- : 2.5, : 20,000, : 3.3
226/293
Measure
Sub-System Modeling(X ) &
(X)
- , QFD 3
- : Course, ,

Y : , ,
: Course, ,

1 : ~
1 2
2 : ~
3 :
1000 cc
1300 cc
1500 cc
1800 cc
2000 cc
Screening
All Head
Melt-in
1 : Auto / Stick
2 : Maker
3 :
N : ,,,
1500 cc(1)
1800 cc(2)
Auto(1)
Stick(2)
227/293
Measure
&
3 2 2 Table Data
Minitab Menu : stat / DOE / factorial design / create factorial design
StdO rder
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
RunO rder
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
CenterP t
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Bloc
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
course
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
cha jong
228/293
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
cc
1500
1500
1500
1500
1800
1800
1800
1800
1500
1500
1500
1500
1800
1800
1800
1800
fatique
3.8
2.7
3.6
4.3
1.2
2.4
3.2
1.9
3.9
2.6
3.6
4
1.5
2.6
3.4
1.7
Cost
Time
23000
27000
16000
20000
24000
28000
19000
21000
24000
28000
16000
21000
25000
29000
20000
21000
3.7
4.0
3.6
3.9
3.3
3.9
3.4
3.9
3.4
4.1
3.5
4.0
3.2
3.7
3.1
3.8
Analyze
Minitab Menu : stat / regression / regression

fatigue = 9.62 - 0.250 course + 0.625 cha jong - 0.00442 cc
Predictor
Coef
StDev
T
P
Constant
9.625
1.952
4.93
0.000
course
-0.2500
0.3299
-0.76
0.463
cha jong
0.6250
0.3299
1.89
0.083
cc
-0.004417
0.001100
-4.02
0.002
S = 0.6599
R-Sq = 62.8%
R-Sq(adj) = 53.5%

cost = 19250 + 3500 course - 6750 cha jong + 5.00 cc
Predictor
Coef
StDev
T
P
Constant
19250
2632
7.31
0.000
course
3500.0
444.9
7.87
0.000
cha jong
-6750.0
444.9
-15.17
0.000
cc
5.000
1.483
3.37
0.006
S = 889.8
R-Sq = 96.2%
R-Sq(adj) = 95.2%

time = 4.21 + 0.512 course - 0.0125 cha jong -0.000792 cc
Predictor
Coef
StDev
T
P
Constant
4.2125
0.3442
12.24
0.000
course
0.51250
0.05818
8.81
0.000
cha jong
-0.01250
0.05818
-0.21
0.834
cc
-0.0007917
0.0001939
-4.08
0.002
S = 0.1164
R-Sq = 88.7%
R-Sq(adj) = 85.9%
229/293
Analyze

Critical X
, ( )
, ,
230/293
Improve

.
Minitab Menu : stat / DOE / response surface / Analyze RS Design
Response Surface Regression
The Response
analysis Surface
was done
using coded units.
Regression
Estimated
Regression
Coefficients
for units.
fatigue
The analysis
was done
using coded
Response Surface Regression
Estimated Regression Coefficients for cost
The analysis was done
Term
Coefusing coded
StDevunits.
T
P
Estimated
Regression
Coefficients
for
time
Constant
2.9000Coef 0.1863
Term
StDev 15.563 0.000
T
P
course
-0.1250
0.1863
-0.671
0.519
Constant
22625
190.9
118.492 0.000
StDev
T
P
cha course
jongTerm
0.31251750Coef
0.1863
0.128
190.9 1.677
9.165
0.000
3.6563
0.03125
117.000
0.000
cc cha Constant
-0.6625
0.006
jong
-3375 0.1863
190.9 -3.555
-17.676
0.000
course
0.2562
0.03125
8.200
0.000
course*cha
jong
-0.1125 750 0.1863
0.561
cc
190.9 -0.604
3.928
0.003
cha
jong
-0.0062
0.03125
-0.200
0.846
course*cc
0.0375-250 0.1863
0.845
course*cha jong
190.9 0.201
-1.309
0.223
cc
-0.1187
0.03125
-3.800
0.004
cha course*cc
jong*cc
0.0000-375
0.1863
1.000
190.9 0.000
-1.964
0.081
course*cha jong
-0.0062
0.03125
-0.200 0.846
cha jong*cc
250
190.9
1.309 0.223
course*ccR-Sq = 64.4%
0.0313
1.000 0.343
S = 0.7454
R-Sq(adj) 0.03125
= 40.7%
cha jong*cc
0.0187
0.03125
0.600 0.563
S = 763.8
R-Sq = 97.9%
R-Sq(adj) = 96.5%
= 0.1250
= 90.2%
R-Sq(adj) = 83.7%
AnalysisS of
Variance forR-Sq
fatigue
Source
DF for cost
Seq SS
Adj SS
Adj MS
F
P
for
time
Regression
6
9.0600
9.0600
1.51000
2.72
0.086
Source
DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
Adj MS
F
P
Source
DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
Adj MS 0.022F
P
Linear
3
Regression
6 8.8350
244500000 8.8350
244500000 2.94500
407500005.30
69.86 0.000
Regression
6
1.29875
1.29875
0.216458
13.85
0.000
Interaction
3
0.937
Linear
3 0.2250
240250000 0.2250
240250000 0.07500
800833330.14
137.29
0.000
Linear
3
1.27687
1.27687
0.425625 27.24 0.000
Residual
Error
9
5.0000
5.0000
0.55556
Interaction
3
4250000
4250000
1416667
2.43 0.132
Interaction
3
0.02187
0.02187
0.007292
0.47 0.713
Lack-of-Fit
1
242.00 0.000
Residual Error
9 4.8400
5250000 4.8400
5250000 4.84000
583333
Residual Error 8
9
0.14062
0.14062
0.015625
PureLack-of-Fit
Error
1 0.1600
2250000 0.1600
2250000 0.02000
2250000
6.00 0.040
Lack-of-Fit
1
0.00563
0.00563
0.005625
0.33 0.580
Total Pure Error
15
14.0600
8
3000000
3000000
375000
Pure Error
8
0.13500
0.13500
0.016875
Total
15 249750000
Total
15
1.43937
231/293
Improve

Multiple Response Optimization .
Minitab Menu : stat / DOE / response surface / response Optimizer
1. Y 2
2. Y
3. Y
232/293
Improve
(2) Spec
Y ,
Spec
Spec
233/293
Control
Spec
3 Y , Spec
- : 1
- : Stick
- : 1800 cc
Y
- : 2.75
- : ??????
- : 3.2688
- : 2.5
- : 20000
- : 3.3
Six Sigma Project

- Spec
- Y (Z),
.
234/293
13.
235/293
,
Y
IT System, Data, (Control Chart).
(Control Chart)
: Graph Performance
Logic
Output
UCL
X
Controller
LCL
Sampling
Process
Input
Output

- Process (Common Cause) (Special Cause) .
- ,
Process .
Process .
UCL
Process
=
X
( )
Process
,
LCL
237/293
(Control Chart)

- (Special Cause)
Out of Control Points

Patterns(Shift & Drift)
Patterns(Cylces)
238/293
(Control Chart)
Data
Yes
Is the interest in
nonconforming units
-I.E..
Percent badparts
No
n=1
Yes
CUSUM
EWMA
Is the interest in
nonconformities
-I.E..
Discrepancies/part?
Yes
Yes
Subgroup size
No
No
Yes
Subgroup
size
No
Xbar-R
Xbar-S
Xmedian-R
No
I-mR
p
239/293
Yes
np
(Xbar-R)-

Monitor C/A + B/C Gap,
.
( : Latch 320 mm, Latch 25 mm, Resin : ABS)
, Y .
Monitoring
Minitab Menu : Stat / Control chart / X bar-R
99 6 19 8 Y , Gap Data
240/293
(Xbar-R)-

Sampling N = 10 Data ,
X bar R .
Xbar/R Chart for gap
Sample Mean
0.25
UCL=0.2464
0.24
0.23
Mean=0.2223
0.22
0.21
0.20
LCL=0.1982
0.19
Sample Range
Subgroup
UCL=0.1107
0.10
Graph
Out of Control Point,
Out of Pattern
Gap
R=0.0575
0.05
LCL=0.004347
0.00
241/293
(Xbar-S)
599.
4
598.
0
597.
6
598.
0
597.
6
601.
2
599.
0
600.
4
600.
6
599.
0
602.
2
599.
8
599.
8
601.
0
601.
599.8 601.6
602.8 603.4
600.0 597.0
599.6 599.8
602.2 597.8
603.8 602.4
603.6 602.2
601.8 600.6
602.0 596.2
603.6 602.4
600.8 601.4
600.2 599.2
600.4 601.6
600.2 600.4
602.2 598.0
598.0 601.2
598.4 604.2
600.8 600.2
602.8 600.0
597.6 596.8
Xbar/S Chart for A

1
603
SampleMean
601.6 600.8
600.4 598.6
598.4 600.0
600.0 600.4
596.8 600.8
602.8 600.8
600.8 597.2
603.6 600.4
604.2 599.8
602.4 596.4
598.4 600.4
599.6 598.2
603.4 598.6
600.6 599.6
598.4 599.0
598.2 598.2
602.0 599.4
599.4 599.4
599.4 600.2
600.8 599.0
Minitab Menu:Stat/Control Charts/Xbar-s
UCL=602.4
602
601
Mean=600.2
600
599
LCL=598.0
598
Subgroup
SampleStDev
Data Xbar-S .
(Subgroup Size=5,
Subgroup Size 5)
10
20
UCL=3.211
2
S=1.537
1
0
242/293
LCL=0
P( )
Data P .
20
18
14
16
13
29
21
14
6
6
7
7
9
5
8
9
9
10
9
10
240
sample
98
104
97
99
97
102
104
101
55
48
50
53
56
49
56
53
52
51
52
47
1424
0. 204
0. 173
0. 144
0. 162
0. 134
0. 284
0. 202
0. 139
0. 109
0. 125
0. 140
0. 132
0. 161
0. 102
0. 143
0. 170
0. 173
0. 196
0. 173
0. 213
0. 169
P Chart for
UCL=0.3324
0.3
Proportion
subgroup
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Minitab Menu:Stat/Control Charts/P
0.2
P=0.1685
0.1
LCL=0.004728
0.0
0
10
20
Sample Number
243/293
NP( )
Minitab Menu:Stat/Control Charts/NP
Data NP .
51
35
21
32
48
19
12
31
18
35
33
41
45
24
19
29
493
sample
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
48000
0. 017
0. 012
0. 007
0. 011
0. 016
0. 006
0. 004
0. 010
0. 006
0. 012
0. 011
0. 014
0. 015
0. 008
0. 006
0. 010
0. 010
NP Chart for
1
1
50
SampleCount
subgroup
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
UCL=47.38
40
NP=30.81
30
20
LCL=14.25
10
1
0
10
15
Sample Number
244/293
C ( )
subgroup
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
18
14
16
13
29
21
14
6
6
7
7
9
5
8
9
9
10
9
10
12
Minitab Menu:Stat/Control Charts/C
C Chart for
1
30
SampleCount
Data C .
UCL=22.39
20
C=12
10
LCL=1.608
0
0
10
20
Sample Number
245/293
U( )
Data U .
8
13
13
16
14
15
13
10
24
12
138
968
1216
1004
1101
1076
995
1202
1028
1184
992
10766
U Chart for
0.025
UCL=0.02360
0.020
SampleCount
subgroup
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Minitab Menu:Stat/Control Charts/U
0.015
U=0.01282
0.010
0.005
LCL=0.002034
0.000
0
10
Sample Number
246/293
Control
Control Project Review Point
?( )
, , Audit ?
Cost ?
Project ?
247/293
1 : Table
248/293
Data(DPMO) Z
999,996.6
999,995
999,991
999,987
999,979
999,968
999,952
999,928
999,892
999,841
999,767
999,663
999,517
999,313
999,032
998,650
998,134
997,445
996,533
995,339
993,790
991,802
989,276
986,097
977,250
971,284
964,070
955,435
945,201
933,193
DP MO
3.4
5
9
13
21
32
48
72
108
159
233
337
483
687
968
1,350
1,866
2,555
3,467
4,661
6,210
8,198
10,724
13,903
22,750
28,716
35,930
44,565
54,799
66,807
Sigma
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
919,243
903,199
884,930
864,334
841,345
815,940
788,145
758,036
725,747
691,462
655,422
617,911
579,260
539,828
500,000
460,172
420,740
382,089
344,578
308,538
274,253
241,964
211,855
184,060
158,655
135,666
115,070
96,801
80,757
66,807
DP MO
80,757
96,801
115,070
135,666
158,655
184,060
211,855
241,964
274,253
308,538
344,578
382,089
420,740
460,172
500,000
539,828
579,260
617,911
655,422
691,462
725,747
758,036
788,145
815,940
841,345
864,334
884,930
903,199
919,243
933,193
249/293
Sigma
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
54,799
44,565
35,930
28,716
22,750
17,864
13,903
10,724
8,198
6,210
4,661
3,467
2,555
1,866
1,350
968
687
483
337
233
159
108
72
48
32
21
13
9
5
3
DP MO
945,201
955,435
964,070
971,284
977,250
982,136
986,097
989,276
991,802
993,790
995,339
996,533
997,445
998,13
998,650
999,032
999,313
999,517
999,663
999,767
999,841
999,892
999,928
999,952
999,968
999,979
999,987
999,991
999,995
999,997
Sigma
- 0.1
- 0.2
- 0.3
- 0.4
- 0.5
- 0.6
- 0.7
- 0.8
- 0.9
-1
- 1.1
- 1.2
- 1.3
- 1.4
- 1.5
- 1.6
- 1.7
- 1.8
- 1.9
-2
- 2.1
- 2.2
- 2.3
- 2.4
- 2.5
- 2.6
- 2.7
- 2.8
- 2.9
-3
(1/2)
Z
0.01
Z
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
bench
0.08
0.09
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
5.00E-01
4.60E-01
4.21E-01
3.82E-01
3.45E-01
3.09E-01
2.74E-01
2.42E-01
2.12E-01
1.84E-01
4.96E-01
4.56E-01
4.17E-01
3.78E-01
3.41E-01
3.05E-01
2.71E-01
2.39E-01
2.09E-01
1.81E-01
4.92E-01
4.52E-01
4.13E-01
3.74E-01
3.37E-01
3.02E-01
2.68E-01
2.36E-01
2.06E-01
1.79E-01
4.88E-01
4.48E-01
4.09E-01
3.71E-01
3.34E-01
2.98E-01
2.64E-01
2.33E-01
2.03E-01
1.76E-01
4.84E-01
4.44E-01
4.05E-01
3.67E-01
3.30E-01
2.95E-01
2.61E-01
2.30E-01
2.00E-01
1.74E-01
4.80E-01
4.40E-01
4.01E-01
3.63E-01
3.26E-01
2.91E-01
2.58E-01
2.27E-01
1.98E-01
1.71E-01
4.76E-01
4.36E-01
3.97E-01
3.59E-01
3.23E-01
2.88E-01
2.55E-01
2.24E-01
1.95E-01
1.69E-01
4.72E-01
4.33E-01
3.94E-01
3.56E-01
3.19E-01
2.84E-01
2.51E-01
2.21E-01
1.92E-01
1.66E-01
4.68E-01
4.29E-01
3.90E-01
3.52E-01
3.16E-01
2.81E-01
2.48E-01
2.18E-01
1.89E-01
1.64E-01
4.64E-01
4.25E-01
3.86E-01
3.48E-01
3.12E-01
2.78E-01
2.45E-01
2.15E-01
1.87E-01
1.61E-01
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.59E-01
1.36E-01
1.15E-01
9.68E-02
8.08E-02
6.68E-02
5.48E-02
4.46E-02
3.59E-02
2.87E-02
1.56E-01
1.33E-01
1.13E-01
9.51E-02
7.93E-02
6.55E-02
5.37E-02
4.36E-02
3.51E-02
2.81E-02
1.54E-01
1.31E-01
1.11E-01
9.34E-02
7.78E-02
6.43E-02
5.26E-02
4.27E-02
3.44E-02
2.74E-02
1.52E-01
1.29E-01
1.09E-01
9.18E-02
7.64E-02
6.30E-02
5.16E-02
4.18E-02
3.36E-02
2.68E-02
1.49E-01
1.27E-01
1.07E-01
9.01E-02
7.49E-02
6.18E-02
5.05E-02
4.09E-02
3.29E-02
2.62E-02
1.47E-01
1.25E-01
1.06E-01
8.85E-02
7.35E-02
6.06E-02
4.95E-02
4.01E-02
3.22E-02
2.56E-02
1.45E-01
1.23E-01
1.04E-01
8.69E-02
7.21E-02
5.94E-02
4.85E-02
3.92E-02
3.14E-02
2.50E-02
1.42E-01
1.21E-01
1.02E-01
8.53E-02
7.08E-02
5.82E-02
4.75E-02
3.84E-02
3.07E-02
2.44E-02
1.40E-01
1.19E-01
1.00E-01
8.38E-02
6.94E-02
5.71E-02
4.65E-02
3.75E-02
3.01E-02
2.39E-02
1.38E-01
1.17E-01
9.85E-02
8.23E-02
6.81E-02
5.59E-02
4.55E-02
3.67E-02
2.94E-02
2.33E-02
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.28E-02
1.79E-02
1.39E-02
1.07E-02
8.20E-03
6.21E-03
4.66E-03
3.47E-03
2.56E-03
1.87E-03
2.22E-02
1.74E-02
1.36E-02
1.04E-02
7.98E-03
6.04E-03
4.53E-03
3.36E-03
2.48E-03
1.81E-03
2.17E-02
1.70E-02
1.32E-02
1.02E-02
7.76E-03
5.87E-03
4.40E-03
3.26E-03
2.40E-03
1.75E-03
2.12E-02
1.66E-02
1.29E-02
9.90E-03
7.55E-03
5.70E-03
4.27E-03
3.17E-03
2.33E-03
1.70E-03
2.07E-02
1.62E-02
1.25E-02
9.64E-03
7.34E-03
5.54E-03
4.15E-03
3.07E-03
2.26E-03
1.64E-03
2.02E-02
1.58E-02
1.22E-02
9.39E-03
7.14E-03
5.39E-03
4.02E-03
2.98E-03
2.19E-03
1.59E-03
1.97E-02
1.54E-02
1.19E-02
9.14E-03
6.95E-03
5.23E-03
3.91E-03
2.89E-03
2.12E-03
1.54E-03
1.92E-02
1.50E-02
1.16E-02
8.89E-03
6.76E-03
5.08E-03
3.79E-03
2.80E-03
2.05E-03
1.49E-03
1.88E-02
1.46E-02
1.13E-02
8.66E-03
6.57E-03
4.94E-03
3.68E-03
2.72E-03
1.99E-03
1.44E-03
1.83E-02
1.43E-02
1.10E-02
8.42E-03
6.39E-03
4.80E-03
3.57E-03
2.64E-03
1.93E-03
1.40E-03
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
1.35E-03
9.68E-04
6.87E-04
4.83E-04
3.37E-04
2.33E-04
1.59E-04
1.08E-04
7.25E-05
4.82E-05
1.31E-03
9.36E-04
6.64E-04
4.67E-04
3.25E-04
2.24E-04
1.53E-04
1.04E-04
6.96E-05
4.63E-05
1.26E-03
9.04E-04
6.41E-04
4.50E-04
3.13E-04
2.16E-04
1.47E-04
9.97E-05
6.69E-05
4.44E-05
1.22E-03
8.74E-04
6.19E-04
4.34E-04
3.02E-04
2.08E-04
1.42E-04
9.59E-05
6.42E-05
4.26E-05
1.18E-03
8.45E-04
5.98E-04
4.19E-04
2.91E-04
2.00E-04
1.36E-04
9.21E-05
6.17E-05
4.09E-05
1.14E-03
8.16E-04
5.77E-04
4.04E-04
2.80E-04
1.93E-04
1.31E-04
8.86E-05
5.92E-05
3.92E-05
1.11E-03
7.89E-04
5.57E-04
3.90E-04
2.70E-04
1.85E-04
1.26E-04
8.51E-05
5.68E-05
3.76E-05
1.07E-03
7.62E-04
5.38E-04
3.76E-04
2.60E-04
1.79E-04
1.21E-04
8.18E-05
5.46E-05
3.61E-05
1.04E-03
7.36E-04
5.19E-04
3.62E-04
2.51E-04
1.72E-04
1.17E-04
7.85E-05
5.24E-05
3.46E-05
1.00E-03
7.11E-04
5.01E-04
3.50E-04
2.42E-04
1.65E-04
1.12E-04
7.55E-05
5.03E-05
3.32E-05
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
3.18E-05
2.08E-05
1.34E-05
8.62E-06
5.48E-06
3.45E-06
2.15E-06
1.33E-06
8.18E-07
4.98E-07
3.05E-05
1.99E-05
1.29E-05
8.24E-06
5.23E-06
3.29E-06
2.05E-06
1.27E-06
7.79E-07
4.73E-07
2.92E-05
1.91E-05
1.23E-05
7.88E-06
5.00E-06
3.14E-06
1.96E-06
1.21E-06
7.41E-07
4.50E-07
2.80E-05
1.82E-05
1.18E-05
7.53E-06
4.77E-06
3.00E-06
1.87E-06
1.15E-06
7.05E-07
4.28E-07
2.68E-05
1.75E-05
1.13E-05
7.20E-06
4.56E-06
2.86E-06
1.78E-06
1.10E-06
6.71E-07
4.07E-07
2.57E-05
1.67E-05
1.08E-05
6.88E-06
4.35E-06
2.73E-06
1.70E-06
1.05E-06
6.39E-07
3.87E-07
2.47E-05
1.60E-05
1.03E-05
6.57E-06
4.16E-06
2.60E-06
1.62E-06
9.96E-07
6.08E-07
3.68E-07
2.36E-05
1.53E-05
9.86E-06
6.28E-06
3.97E-06
2.48E-06
1.54E-06
9.48E-07
5.78E-07
3.50E-07
2.26E-05
1.47E-05
9.43E-06
6.00E-06
3.79E-06
2.37E-06
1.47E-06
9.03E-07
5.50E-07
3.32E-07
2.17E-05
1.40E-05
9.01E-06
5.73E-06
3.62E-06
2.26E-06
1.40E-06
8.59E-07
5.23E-07
3.16E-07
250/293
(2/2)
Z
Z
0.01
bench
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
3.00E-07
1.80E-07
1.07E-07
6.27E-08
3.66E-08
2.12E-08
1.22E-08
6.98E-09
3.96E-09
2.23E-09
2.85E-07
1.71E-07
1.01E-07
5.95E-08
3.47E-08
2.01E-08
1.16E-08
6.60E-09
3.74E-09
2.11E-09
2.71E-07
1.62E-07
9.59E-08
5.64E-08
3.29E-08
1.90E-08
1.09E-08
6.24E-09
3.53E-09
1.99E-09
2.58E-07
1.54E-07
9.10E-08
5.34E-08
3.11E-08
1.80E-08
1.03E-08
5.89E-09
3.34E-09
1.88E-09
2.45E-07
1.46E-07
8.63E-08
5.06E-08
2.95E-08
1.70E-08
9.78E-09
5.57E-09
3.15E-09
1.77E-09
2.32E-07
1.39E-07
8.18E-08
4.08E-08
2.97E-08
1.61E-08
9.24E-09
5.26E-09
2.97E-09
1.67E-09
2.21E-07
1.31E-07
7.76E-08
4.55E-08
2.64E-08
1.53E-08
8.74E-09
4.97E-09
2.81E-09
1.58E-09
2.10E-07
1.25E-07
7.36E-08
4.31E-08
2.50E-08
1.44E-08
8.26E-09
4.70E-09
2.65E-09
1.49E-09
1.99E-07
1.18E-07
6.98E-08
4.08E-08
2.37E-08
1.37E-08
7.81E-09
4.44E-09
2.50E-09
1.40E-09
1.89E-07
1.12E-07
6.62E-08
3.87E-08
2.24E-08
1.29E-08
7.39E-09
4.19E-09
2.36E-09
1.32E-09
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
1.25E-09
6.94E-10
3.84E-10
2.11E-10
1.55E-10
6.25E-11
3.38E-11
1.82E-11
9.72E-12
5.18E-12
1.18E-09
6.54E-10
3.61E-10
1.98E-10
1.08E-10
5.88E-11
3.18E-11
1.71E-11
9.13E-12
4.86E-12
1.11E-09
6.17E-10
3.40E-10
1.87E-10
1.02E-10
5.53E-11
2.98E-11
1.60E-11
8.57E-12
4.56E-12
1.05E-09
5.81E-10
3.21E-10
1.76E-10
9.59E-11
5.20E-11
2.81E-11
1.51E-11
8.05E-12
4.28E-12
9.88E-10
5.48E-10
3.02E-10
1.66E-10
9.02E-11
4.89E-11
2.64E-11
1.42E-11
7.56E-12
4.02E-12
9.31E-10
5.16E-10
2.84E-10
1.56E-10
8.49E-11
4.60E-11
2.48E-11
1.33E-11
7.10E-12
3.77E-12
8.78E-10
4.87E-10
2.68E-10
1.47E-10
7.98E-11
4.32E-11
2.33E-11
1.25E-11
6.66E-12
3.54E-12
8.28E-10
4.59E-10
2.52E-10
1.38E-10
7.51E-11
4.07E-11
2.19E-11
1.17E-11
6.26E-12
3.32E-12
7.81E-10
4.32E-10
2.38E-10
1.30E-10
7.06E-11
3.82E-11
2.06E-11
1.10E-11
5.87E-12
3.12E-12
7.36E-10
4.07E-10
2.24E-10
1.22E-10
6.65E-11
3.59E-11
1.93E-11
1.04E-11
5.52E-12
2.93E-12
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
2.75E-12
1.45E-12
7.64E-13
4.01E-13
2.10E-13
1.09E-13
5.68E-14
2.94E-14
1.52E-14
7.85E-15
2.58E-12
1.36E-12
7.16E-13
3.76E-13
1.96E-13
1.02E-13
5.32E-14
2.76E-14
1.42E-14
7.35E-15
2.42E-12
1.28E-12
6.72E-13
3.52E-13
1.84E-13
9.58E-14
4.98E-14
2.58E-14
1.33E-14
6.88E-15
2.27E-12
1.20E-12
6.30E-13
3.30E-13
1.72E-13
8.98E-14
4.66E-14
2.42E-14
1.25E-14
6.44E-15
2.13E-12
1.12E-12
5.90E-13
3.09E-13
1.62E-13
8.41E-14
4.37E-14
2.26E-14
1.17E-14
6.02E-15
2.00E-12
1.05E-12
5.54E-13
2.90E-13
1.51E-13
7.87E-14
4.09E-14
2.12E-14
1.09E-14
5.64E-15
1.87E-12
9.88E-13
5.19E-13
2.72E-13
1.42E-13
7.38E-14
3.83E-14
1.98E-14
1.02E-14
5.28E-15
1.76E-12
9.26E-13
4.86E-13
2.55E-13
1.33E-13
6.91E-14
3.58E-14
1.86E-14
9.58E-15
4.94E-15
1.65E-12
8.69E-13
4.56E-13
2.39E-13
1.24E-13
6.47E-14
3.36E-14
1.74E-14
8.97E-15
4.62E-15
1.55E-12
8.15E-13
4.28E-13
2.24E-13
1.17E-13
6.06E-14
3.14E-14
1.63E-14
8.39E-15
4.32E-15
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
4.05E-15
2.08E-15
1.07E-15
5.48E-16
2.81E-16
1.44E-16
7.34E-17
3.75E-17
1.92E-17
9.79E-18
3.79E-15
1.95E-15
9.99E-16
5.12E-16
2.62E-16
1.34E-16
6.87E-17
3.51E-17
1.79E-17
9.16E-18
3.54E-15
1.82E-15
9.35E-16
4.79E-16
2.45E-16
1.26E-16
6.42E-17
3.28E-17
1.68E-17
8.56E-18
3.31E-15
1.70E-15
8.74E-16
4.48E-16
2.30E-16
1.17E-16
6.00E-17
3.07E-17
1.57E-17
8.00E-18
3.10E-15
1.59E-15
8.18E-16
4.19E-16
2.15E-16
1.10E-16
5.61E-17
2.87E-17
1.47E-17
7.48E-18
2.90E-15
1.49E-15
7.65E-16
3.92E-16
2.01E-16
1.03E-16
5.25E-17
2.68E-17
1.37E-17
7.00E-18
2.72E-15
1.40E-15
7.16E-16
3.67E-16
1.88E-16
9.60E-17
4.91E-17
2.51E-17
1.28E-17
6.54E-18
2.54E-15
1.31E-15
6.69E-16
3.43E-16
1.76E-16
8.98E-17
4.59E-17
2.35E-17
1.20E-17
6.12E-18
2.38E-15
1.22E-15
6.26E-16
3.21E-16
1.64E-16
8.40E-17
4.29E-17
2.19E-17
1.12E-17
5.72E-18
2.22E-15
1.14E-15
5.86E-16
3.00E-16
1.54E-16
7.85E-17
4.01E-17
2.05E-17
1.05E-17
5.35E-18
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
5.00E-18
2.56E-18
1.31E-18
6.67E-19
3.41E-19
1.75E-19
8.94E-20
4.58E-20
2.35E-20
1.21E-20
4.68E-18
2.39E-18
1.22E-18
6.24E-19
3.19E-19
1.63E-19
8.37E-20
4.29E-20
2.20E-20
1.13E-20
4.37E-18
2.23E-18
1.14E-18
5.83E-19
2.98E-19
1.53E-19
7.82E-20
4.01E-20
2.06E-20
1.06E-20
4.09E-18
2.09E-18
1.07E-18
5.46E-19
2.79E-19
1.43E-19
7.32E-20
3.75E-20
1.93E-20
9.90E-21
3.82E-18
1.95E-18
9.98E-19
5.10E-19
2.61E-19
1.34E-19
6.85E-20
3.51E-20
1.80E-20
9.26E-21
3.57E-18
1.83E-18
9.33E-19
4.77E-19
2.44E-19
1.25E-19
6.40E-20
3.28E-20
1.69E-20
8.67E-21
3.34E-18
1.71E-18
8.73E-19
4.46E-19
2.28E-19
1.17E-19
5.99E-20
3.07E-20
1.58E-20
8.11E-21
3.13E-18
1.60E-18
8.16E-19
4.17E-19
2.14E-19
1.09E-19
5.60E-20
2.87E-20
1.48E-20
7.59E-21
2.92E-18
1.49E-18
7.63E-19
3.90E-19
2.00E-19
1.02E-19
5.24E-20
2.69E-20
1.38E-20
7.10E-21
2.73E-18
1.40E-18
7.14E-19
3.65E-19
1.87E-19
9.56E-20
4.90E-20
2.52E-20
1.29E-20
6.64E-21
10.0
6.22E-21
5.82E-21
5.44E-21
5.09E-21
4.77E-21
4.46E-21
4.17E-21
3.91E-21
3.66E-21
3.42E-21
251/293
0.09
2 : Minitab
252/293

1 :
, 7 .
.
Stat/basic statistics / display descriptive statistics
253/293
Before
58.5
60.3
61.7
69.0
64.0
62.6
56.7
After
60.0
54.9
58.1
62.1
58.5
59.9
54.4

1 :
Descriptive Statistics
Variable
Before
After
N
7
7
Mean
61.83
58.27
Variable
Before
After
Minimum
56.70
54.40
Median
61.70
58.50
Maximum
69.00
62.10
TrMean
61.83
58.27
Q1
58.50
54.90
StDev
4.01
2.79
SE Mean
1.52
1.05
Q3
64.00
60.00
Trimmed Mean( )
Minitab removes the smallest 5% and the largest 5% of the values (rounded the nearest integer),
and then averages the remaining data
SE Mean(Standard Error of Mean)

StDev / N
254/293

1 :
calc / calculator
Before
58.5
60.3
61.7
69.0
64.0
62.6
56.7
255/293
After
60.0
54.9
58.1
62.1
58.5
59.9
54.4
2.5641
-8.9552
-5.8347
-10.0000
-8.5938
-4.3131
-4.0564

2 :
21 .
1
calc/column statistics or row statistics
stat / basic statistics / store descriptive statistics
256/293

2 :
, Data .
257/293

2 :
Session Window ?
Manip / display data
Data Display
Row size
Mean1 SEMean1 StDev1 Variance1 Q1_1 Median1
1 27.5
28.2190
0.424467 1.94515
3.78362
26.9
28.4
2 27.6
3 27.6
4 30.3
5 28.8
6 22.9
7 26.6
8 31.8
9 28.4
10 26.9
11 30.0
12 31.2
13 29.4
14 28.0
15 26.8
16 28.8
17 28.5
18 26.3
19 29.9
20 26.9
21 28.4
Row
IQR1
Sum1 Minimum1
Maximum1 Range1
N1
1
2.75
592.6
22.9
31.8
8.9
21
Data Display
Row Mean1 SEMean1 StDev1 Variance1 Q1_1 Median1
Q3_1
1
28.2190 0.424467 1.94515 3.78362
26.9
28.4
29.65
Row Sum1 Minimum1 Maximum1 Range1
SSQ1
1
592.6
22.9
31.8
8.9
16798.3
258/293
Q3_1
29.65
IQR1
2.75

3 : -2 (1)
0.4. 15 5 ?
Calc / probability distributions / binominal
Probability Density Function

Binomial with n = 15 and p = 0.400000
x
5.00
P( X = x)
0.1859
259/293

3 : -2 (2)
0.4. 15 10
Calc / probability distributions / binominal
Data Display
K2
0.0338333
* Minitab , P(X>x)
P(Xx)
1-P(Xx) .
260/293

3 : -
10 , P(X14) ?
Calc / probability distributions / Poisson
Cumulative Distribution Function

Poisson with mu = 10.0000
x P( X <= x)
14.00
0.9165
261/293

3 : -
, P(X- 0.28) ?
Calc / probability distributions / normal
Cumulative Distribution Function

Normal with mean = 0 and
standard deviation = 1.00000
x P( X <= x)
-0.2800
0.3897
262/293

4 :
225 25 , , 64.32.
95%
Stat / basic statistics / 1 Sample Z
55
47
85
71
76
53
71
38
67
73
69
49
73
70
55
52
87
70
81
63
78
52
33
89
51
Z Confidence Intervals
The assumed sigma = 15.0
Variable N
C1
25
Mean StDev
64.32 15.11
SE Mean
95.0 % CI
3.00
(58.44, 70.20)
263/293

4 : -
9
90%
Stat / basic statistics / 1 Sample t
50000
51000
54000
52000
54000
50000
53000
52000
52000
T Confidence Intervals
Variable
C2
N
9
Mean
52000
StDev
1500
SE Mean
500
264/293
90.0 % CI
( 51070, 52930)

4 : -
9 . .
, 90%
50000
51000
54000
52000
54000
50000
53000
52000
52000
T Confidence Intervals
Variable
C2
N
9
Mean
52000
StDev
1500
SE Mean
500
265/293
90.0 % CI
( 51070, 52930)

5 : -
Hinge Force , 20 .
Hinge Force 95% ( )
P K2
2.07
2.13
2.17
2.07
2.11
2.06
2.12
2.14
2.1
2.11
2.16
2.08
2.12
2.09
2.18
2.11
2.19
2.18
2.13
2.12
RP M1
2.17
2.17
2.15
2.16
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.11
2.17
2.11
2.12
2.19
2.12
2.15
2.14
2.12
2.15
2.12
2.12
Two Sample T-Test and Confidence Interval

Two sample T for PK vs RPM
N
Mean
StDev
SE Mean
PK
20
2.1220
0.0387
0.0087
RPM 20
2.1395
0.0233
0.0052
95% CI for mu PK - mu RPM: ( -0.0380, 0.0030)
T-Test mu PK = mu RPM (vs not =): T = -1.73 P = 0.091 DF = 38
Both use Pooled StDev = 0.0320
266/293

5 : -
Hinge Force , 20 .
Hinge Force 95%
P K2
2.07
2.13
2.17
2.07
2.11
2.06
2.12
2.14
2.1
2.11
2.16
2.08
2.12
2.09
2.18
2.11
2.19
2.18
2.13
2.12
RP M1
2.17
2.17
2.15
2.16
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.11
2.17
2.11
2.12
2.19
2.12
2.15
2.14
2.12
2.15
2.12
2.12

Two sample T for PK vs RPM
N
Mean
StDev SE Mean
PK 20 2.1220 0.0387 0.0087
RPM 20 2.1395 0.0233 0.0052
95% CI for mu PK - mu RPM: ( -0.0381, 0.0031)
T-Test mu PK = mu RPM (vs not =): T = -1.73 P = 0.093 DF = 31
267/293

6 :
Program, Program Program
. Program / , Program
( 10 )
Stat / basic statistics / paired t
before
76
60
85
58
91
75
82
64
79
88
after
81
52
87
70
86
77
90
63
85
83
Boxplot of Differences
(with Ho and 95% t-confidence interval for the mean)
Paired T-Test and Confidence Interval

N
Mean
StDev SE Mean
before
10
75.80
11.64
3.68
after
10
77.40
12.18
3.85
Difference
10
-1.60
6.38
2.02
T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs not = 0): T-Value = -0.79 P-Value = 0.448
-10
268/293
_
X
]
Ho
10
Differences

7 : p
LGENT 500 , 120 .
p 95%
Stat / basic statistics / 1 Proportion
Test and Confidence Interval for One Proportion

Test of p = 0.5 vs p not = 0.5
Exact
Sample
X
N Sample p
95.0 % CI
P-Value
1
120 500 0.240000 (0.203197, 0.279910) 0.000
269/293

8 :
, XXX .
5000 , 2000 , 2400 , 1200
. XXX 90% .
Test and Confidence Interval for Two Proportions

Sample
X
N Sample p
1
2400 5000 0.480000
2
1200 2000 0.600000
Estimate for p(1) - p(2): -0.12
90% CI for p(1) - p(2): (-0.141441, -0.0985588)
Test for p(1) - p(2) = 0 (vs not = 0): Z = -9.21 P-Value = 0.000
270/293

9 :
225 25 .
70, 70.
( =0.05).
Stat / basic statistics / 1 Sample Z
55
47
85
71
76
53
71
38
67
73
69
49
73
70
55
52
87
70
81
63
78
52
33
89
51
P
(Significance Probability)
Z-Test
Test of mu = 70.00 vs mu < 70.00
The assumed sigma = 15.0
P =0.05 ,
0.029
Variable
N
Mean StDev SE Mean
Z
P
C1
25
64.32 15.11
3.00 -1.89
0.029
271/293

9 : -
, 9 . .
52,000 , 500 .
Team 50,000 .
=0.05 .
50000
51000
54000
52000
54000
50000
53000
P =0.05.
0.002, .
, 50,000.
52000
52000
T-Test of the Mean
Test of mu = 50000 vs mu > 50000
Variable
N
Mean StDev SE Mean
T
P
C2
9
52000
1500
500
4.00
0.0020
272/293

10 : -
A B C. .
, =0.05 .( )
A
82
81
80
89
86
83
80
74
86
86
86
83
B
76
81
91
82
76
80
77
87
77
83
Boxplots of A and B
90
85
80
75
P =0.05 ,
0.31,
,

Two sample T for A vs B
N
Mean
StDev SE Mean
A 12
83.00
4.00
1.2
B 10
81.00
4.99
1.6
95% CI for mu A - mu B: ( -2.0, 6.0)
T-Test mu A = mu B (vs not =): T = 1.04 P = 0.31 DF = 20
Both use Pooled StDev = 4.47
273/293

10 : -
. , .
A
82
81
80
89
86
83
80
74
86
86
86
83
B
76
81
91
82
76
80
77
87
77
83
P =0.05,
0.32, .
,

Two sample T for A vs B
N
Mean
StDev SE Mean
A 12
83.00
4.00
1.2
B 10
81.00
4.99
1.6
95% CI for mu A - mu B: ( -2.1, 6.1)
T-Test mu A = mu B (vs not =): T = 1.02 P = 0.32 DF = 17
274/293

11 :
6, Program / .
=0.05 .
Stat / basic statistics / paired t
before
76
60
85
58
91
75
82
64
79
88
after
81
52
87
70
86
77
90
63
85
83
Paired T-Test and Confidence Interval

N
Mean
StDev SE Mean
before
10
75.80
11.64
3.68
after
10
77.40
12.18
3.85
Difference
10
-1.60
6.38
2.02
T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs not = 0): T-Value = -0.79 P-Value = 0.448
275/293

12 :
CB773D 60% Focus .
EB771D 100 , 70% Focus .
=0.05 , Focus .
Test and Confidence Interval for One Proportion

Test of p = 0.6 vs p > 0.6
Sample
X
N Sample p
95.0 % CI
Z-Value P-Value
1
70 100 0.700000 (0.610183, 0.789817)
2.04 0.021
276/293

13 :
, XXX .
5000 , 2000 , 2400 , 1200
. XXX . =0.05 .
Test and Confidence Interval for Two Proportions

Sample
X
N Sample p
1
2400 5000 0.480000
2
1200 2000 0.600000
Estimate for p(1) - p(2): -0.12
95% CI for p(1) - p(2): (-0.145549, -0.0944512)
Test for p(1) - p(2) = 0 (vs not = 0): Z = -9.07 P-Value = 0.000
277/293

14 : (1/2)
3 Group, A,B,C
. .
Stat / ANOVA / One-way(Unstacked)
B C
5 8
1 6
3 8
5 9
3 5
4
Boxplots of A - C
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
278/293
0
A
A
4
7
6
6

14 : (2/2)
3 Group, A,B,C
. .
Stat / ANOVA / One-way(Unstacked)
One-way Analysis of Variance

Source
DF
SS
Factor
2
38.28
Error
12
27.05
Total
14
65.33
MS
19.14
2.25
F
8.49
P
0.005

Level
N
Mean
StDev ----------+---------+---------+-----A
4
5.750
1.258
(-------*-------)
B
6
3.500
1.517 (------*-----)
C
5
7.200
1.643
(------*------)
----------+---------+---------+-----Pooled StDev = 1.501
4.0
6.0
8.0
279/293

14 : (1/3)
4 3 Material 3 .
. .
Calc / Make Patterned Data / Simple Set of Numbers ( )
Stat / ANOVA / Two-way
Material
B1
B2
B3
A1
64,66,70
72,81,64
74,51,65
A2
65,63,58
57,43,52
47,58,67
A3
59,68,65
66,71,59
58,39,42
A4
58,41,46
57,61,53
53,59,38
280/293

14 : (2/3)
(A: ) . Minitab .
(B:Material)
.
281/293

14 : (3/3)
Two-way Analysis of Variance

Analysis of Variance for Producti
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
A
3 1156.6
385.5
6.16 0.003
B
2
349.4
174.7
2.79 0.081
Interaction 6
771.3
128.5
2.05 0.097
Error
24 1501.3
62.6
Total
35 3778.6
282/293

15 :
, . =0.05
.
Stat / Basic Statistics / Correlation
girl
69
64
65
63
65
62
65
64
66
59
62
73
72
71
70
boy
boy
71
68
66
67
70
71
70
73
72
65
66
69
68
67
66
65
60
65
70
girl
Correlations (Pearson)
Correlation of boy and girl = 0.558, P-Value = 0.074
283/293

16 : ( 1/3)
LG , Brainstorming.
Data. .
Stat / Regression / Regression
65
50
55
65
55
70
65
70
55
70
50
55
3
7
5
1
3
3
1
2
4
2
3
4
85
74
76
90
85
87
94
98
81
91
76
74
284/293

16 : ( 2/3)
Regression Analysis
Stat = 53.7 + 0.607 Math - 1.93 Absent
Predictor
Constant
Math
Absent
Coef
53.68
0.6073
-1.9346
S = 3.721
StDev
14.18
0.1984
0.9144
R-Sq = 82.9%
T
P
3.79 0.004
3.06 0.014
-2.12 0.063
R-Sq(adj) = 79.1%
Source
DF
SS
Regression
2
603.66
Residual Error
9
124.59
Total
11
728.25
Source
Math
Absent
DF
1
1
MS
F
P
301.83
21.80
13.84
0.000
Seq SS
541.69
61.97
285/293

16 : ( 3/3)
Residuals Versus the Fitted Values

(response is Stat)
Residual
-5
70
80
90
Fitted Value
286/293

17 : (1/2)
New Design A, B, C LA, New York, Seoul, London
4 200 . .
Design , =0.05 .
Stat / Tables / Chi-Square Test
New Design
21
121
58
200
New York
18
133
49
200
Seoul
10
147
43
200
18
138
44
200
67
539
194
800
LA
London
287/293

17 : (2/2)
Chi-Square Test
1
,
.
P Value = 0.147
?
So, Design ?
A
B
C Total
21
121
58
200
16.75 134.75 48.50
18
133
16.75 134.75
49
200
48.50
10
147
16.75 134.75
43
200
48.50
18
138
16.75 134.75
44
200
48.50
Total
67
539
194
800
Chi-Sq = 1.078 + 1.403 + 1.861 +

0.093 + 0.023 + 0.005 +
2.720 + 1.114 + 0.624 +
0.093 + 0.078 + 0.418 = 9.510
DF = 6, P-Value = 0.147
288/293

18 : (1/2)
DID . 1
, 400 .
, 1 .
= 0.01 .
Stat / Tables / Chi-Square Test
23
60
29
112
28
79
60
167
49
63
121
60
188
152
400
, .
:
:
289/293

18 : (2/2)
Chi-Square Test
Bad
23
16.80
Good Better Total

60
29
112
52.64 42.56
28
25.05
79
78.49
9
18.15
49
63
121
56.87 45.98
Total
P Value = 0.000
?
So, ?
60
188
60
167
63.46
152
400
Chi-Sq = 2.288 + 1.029 + 4.320 +

0.347 + 0.003 + 0.189 +
4.613 + 1.089 + 6.300 = 20.179
DF = 4, P-Value = 0.000
290/293

19 : (1/4)
, 600
1 ~ 6 87, 96, 108, 89, 122, 98. ?
= 0.05 .
Minitab Program. .
1. Worksheet
Chi Square
291/293

19 : (2/4)
2. Calc / calculator
292/293

19 : (3/4)
3. Calc / Probability Distribution / Chi-square
4. Calc / Caculator
293/293

19 : (4/4)
5. P 0.127, .
294/293

6西格玛 GreenBelt教材 绿带

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Table

1. Six Sigma Introduction

12. Case Study

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

Six Sigma History

Six Sigma is the way

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

Paradigm Shift for Six Sigma

In God we trust, but the others

CoPQ Six Sigma

Metrics : You can & have to Measure

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

Six Sigma is the way itself we work

Improve an existing Service

Build 6quality into new designs

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

Six Sigma Process

(Product, Part, Process, People)

* D(Define)DOV is usually named as I(Identify)DOV.

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

Six Sigma Process

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

ore Process for Easy Six Sigma

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

99 100 101 102 103 104

* AQL(Average Quality Level) :

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

ex) 99% 1,000 /

Yield = 0.991000 ? = 0.000043171

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

Needs Meet CTQ

Cycle Time Reduction

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

RTY*= 0.99 X 0.92 X 0.93 X 0.97 = 82.16 %

* RTY(Rolled Throughput Yield) :

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

* Descriptive Statistics : Spec Fix ( Spec )

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

95% Confidence Interval for Mu

95% Confidence Interval for Mu

95% Confidence Interval for Sigma

95% Confidence Interval for Median

95% Confidence Interval for Median

B Graph Display Hinge Force

LGENT/Six Sigma Part

One-way Analysis of Variance

6西格玛 GreenBelt教材绿带

6西格玛 GreenBelt教材绿带