VITAMIN A

A pre-formed Vitamin RETINOL

and a pro-vitamin,beta carotene

Functions:
 Vit A participate in many bodily functions:

a) It helps in normal vision ,to contribute to the production

of retinal pigments which are need for vision in dim light.

B) It is necessary for maintaining the integrity and the

normal function of glandular and epithelial
tissue,respiratory and urinary tract as well as skin and eye.

C)It support growth skeletal growth.

 Sources:

Animal foods:-
Liver,eggs,butter,cheese,whole milk,fish,and meat

Plant foods:

Green leafy vegetables,spinach ,

yellow fruits (papaya,mango,pumpkin)

 Vitamin A Deficiency

Dry Eye

Xerophthalimia is the most widespread

and serious nutritional disorder leading to
blindness.

It is most common in children aged

1-3 years and often related to weaning.
Risk Factors:

It is often associated with PEM

1.Ignorance
2. Faulty feeding practices
3.Infection (Diarrhea,measles)
 Prevention and Control:

By WHO
1.Short term action
2. Medium term action
3. Long -term action
 Vitamin A prophylaxis Schedule

Once every 4-8

Children less 55 mg (100000 IU)
months
than 12 months

Children above 12 110 mg (200 000IU)

months of age

Newborn 27.5 mg (50 000 IU) At birth

 Medium-term action:

•Promote regular and adequate

•Fortification of certain foods

•Sugar,salt. tea, margarine

•dried skimmed milk

Long term-action

These are measures aimed at reduction of

ocular disease:
•To educate general and mothers
•To consume dark green leafy vegetable
•To give breast feeding
•To improve environment health
•To immunization against infection disease
 Nutritional anaemia

N.Anaemia is a disease syndrome caused by

malnutrition .

By far most frequent cause of nutritional

anaemia is iron deficiency

Nutritional anaemia is a world wide problem.

It is found especially among women of
child-bearing age,young children and
during pregnancy

A SIGNIFICANT % OF WOMEN OF
CHILDBEARING AGE (4% TO 12 %)
SUFFER FROM ANAEMIA
 Dosage:

Mothers:
One tablet of iron and folic acid containing
60 mg of elemental iron (180 mg of ferrous
sulfate) and 0.5 mg folic acid/daily.

Daily administration should be continued 2-3 months.

 Children:

In infants at 6 months1 and 2 years of age

One tablet of iron and folic acid containing

20 mg of elemental iron (60 mg of ferrous
sulfate) and 0.1 mg of folic acid /daily.
 Vitamin D
❚ The nutritionally important forms of vitamin D in
man are Calciferol (Vitamin D2) and Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D3)
❚ Calciferol may be derived by irradiation of the plant
sterol, ergo sterol.
❚ Cholecalciferol is the naturally occurring vitamin D
which is found in animal fats and fish liver oils.
❚ It is also derived from exposed to US rays of the
sunlight which convert the cholesterol in the skin to
vitamin D.
❚ Vitamin D is stored largely in the fat deports.
Functi ons:

❚ Intestine : Promotes intestinal absorption of

calcium and phosphorus.
❚ Bone: Stimulates normal mineralization. Enhances
bone reabsorption Affects collagen maturation.
❚ Kidney : Increase tubular reabsoption of phosphate
variables effects on reabsbtion of calcium
❚ Other: Permits normal Growth.
Sources:
❚ Vitamin D is unique because it is derived both from
sunlight and foods.
❚ Sunlight : Vitamin D is synthesized by the body by
the action of UV rays of sunlight on 7-
dehydrochlesterol, which is stored in large abundance
in the skin.
❚ Foods: Animal origin: Liver, egg yolk, butter and
cheese and some of fish contain useful amounts.
❚ Other: Vitamin D are foods artificially fortified with
Vitamin D such as milk, margarine, vanspathi and
infant food.
Deficiency:

❚ 1. Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets,

which is usually observed in young children between
the age of six months and two years. The disease is
characterized by growth failure, bone deformity,
muscular hypotonic, tetany and convulsion due to
hypo-calcemia.
❚ Osteomalacia: In adults, vitamin D deficiency
may results in the women when during pregnancy
and lactation.
 Prevention :

❚ Educating parents to expose their children

regulating to sunlight.
❚ Periodic dosing (Prophylaxis)
❚ Vitamin D fortification of the foods
especially milk.

Daily requirements :

Adults 2.5 mcg (100IU

Infants and Children 5.0mcg (200IU)
Pregnancy and lactation 10.0mcg (400IU)
Vitamin K

This vitamin occurs in two different Forms

• Vitamin K-1
• Vitamin K-2

Vitamin K -1 is found mainly in fresh green

vegetables, some fruits. Cow’s milk is a richer
source of vitamin K than human milk.
 Vitamin K-2 is synthesis ed by the intestinal
bacteria.

Lon term administration of antibiotic doses for

more than a week may temporarily suppress the
normal intestinal flora.

Vitamin K is stored in the liver.

The role of Vitamin K is to stimulate the production and

release of certain coagulation factors.

The daily requirement for man is 0.03 mg/Kg for the

adult
 Vitamin E( Tocoferol)

❚ Vitamin E is the generic name for a group of closely

related and naturally occurring fat soluble
compounds, the tocopherols.
❚ The richest sources are vegetable oils, cotton-seeds,
sunflower seed, egg yolk and butter.
❚ The usual plasma level of vitamin E in adults is
between 0.8 and 1.4 mg per 100 ml.
❚ Recently the cytotoxic effect of vitamin E on human
lymphocytes in vitro at high concentrations has been
reported. This being so, caution should be exercised
against the mega-dose consumption of vitamin E in
clinical practice.