Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Main questions
Where did this Taliban come from?
What was the role of domestic politics? Religious ideology, education, poverty?
Role of imperialism and occupations?
Some basics
Independence on August 14, 1947 East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan 4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, NWFP 3 territories: Azad Kashmir, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Gilgit-Baltistan National language is Urdu - but most people speak Punjabi (60-70%)
Pakistan (3)
Tensions with India, Kashmir situation etc., also created insecurity This led in turn to a strengthening of the military Resource scarcity Assassination of first PM Liaqaut Ali Khan By 1951, the US saw this as an opportunity to extend Cold War politics
9
10
Locus of power
President
Undemocratic constitutions (especially since Zia), with unprecedented concentration of powers in the President Weakness of the political system; Perceived threat of external aggression History & state formation; Elitism of the Muslim League; Concentration of power in the head; Cultural bias against politicians; Perhaps the most complex locus of power The USs own interests - oil - anti-communism
Military Bureaucracy
Religion The US
Regimes
M.A. Jinnah (1947-8) Ayub Khan (1958-69) Yahya Khan (1969-71) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1971-77) Benazir Bhutto & Nawaz Sharif Pervez Musharraf (1999-2008) Present
Sources of legitimacy
Creator of independent Pakistan Developmentalism Democratization Democracy/populism Democratic regime (?) War on Terror Democracy (?)
12
Constitution
3 constitutions since independence (1956, 1962, 1973) each reiterating the importance of Islam The last iteration (1973) of the constitution came after the cessation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971
Women in Pakistan
Zia-ul-Haqs Islamization policies had detrimental effects for women especially through a set of law called the Hudood Ordinances A vocal and vociferous womens movement emerged during Zias rule Womens movement in Pakistan struggling to articulate a balance between Islam and secularism
Opposition to military
The military has been met with opposition from other political parties But many of the same parties have often worked in tandem with the military to secure their power The times where political parties have emerged in opposition to the military is connected to the degree of economic marginalization in the country
Opposition to military
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan Peoples Party) took power in 1971 in the context of unrest in rural areas, including rural Punjab Roti, kapra, aur makaan - bread, clothes, and shelter (1971-1977) Glimmer of democracy Bhutto legacy (dynasty) is very strong but is also often romanticized (ex. treatment mohajirs) Post-Zia - constitutional coups
Schaeffer: (1)
First, 9/11 joined together separate problems across the Middle East: conflicts related to partition in India and Palestine and revolutions and wars in the Gulf and Afghanistan.
Schaeffer (2)
Before 9/11, these conflicts were treated as distinct problems. Today, they are seen as inextricably linked.
Schaeffer (3)
in regional terms, 9/11 prompted U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. The Bush administrations war on terror also led to the intensificationof already existing conflicts between Israelis and Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, and between Indians, Pakistanis, and Muslim insurgents in the Kashmir.
Schaeffer (4)
Third, in economic terms, 9/11 and the wars that followed contributed to recession and, more recently, a new housing crisis.