DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

What is DWDM?
Different signals with specific wavelengths are multiplexed on a single fiber for transmission of
Tramas SDH Paquetes IP Celdas ATM

long distance.

1 2

1 2

DWDM Development
42.5Gb/s 162.5Gb/s 322.5Gb/s 3210Gb/s 16010Gb/s =1.6Tb/s OADM, OXC, Combining data & optical signals.
1. Development of new voice and data services 2. Desire information and communication

WDM Technologies
WWDM : Wide WDM Low density: channel spacing of 100 nm between 1300 nm and 1610 nm

CWDM : Coarse WDM

WDM

Low density: channel spacing of 20 nm between 1270 nm and 1610 nm

DWDM - High Density - 200 GHz (1.6 nm) or 100 GHz (0.8 nm) or 50 GHz (0.4 nm) channel spacing
Optical amplification available in the C and L bands

Attenuation vs. Wavelength

Attenuation

dB
S band OHAbsorb Peak

Fifth band

C band

L Band

1280

1350

1450

1528

1530

1565 1570

1605

Wavelength (nm)

G.655 G.652

<=0.25dB/km <=0.25dB/km

(ventana 1550nm) (ventana 1550nm)

Advantages DWDM
It is a transparent transmission medium Allows long distance transmission High capacity Using existing fiber optic High cost-benefit Scalability Reliability Facility upgrades Electromagnetic interference is minimal

Application Modes
Open System
OTU DMUX Optical Amplifier MUX OTU Access channels

Access channels

OSC

Functional Diagram

Transmission Medium

Multimode Fiber Singlemode Fiber

Transmission Medium
Fibre Types G.652 (NDSF Non-Dispersion-Shifted Fiber): It is the type most commonly used single-mode fiber, also known as non-dispersion shifted fiber. Having intrinsic physical properties optimum for transmission at 1310 nm (zero dispersion). G.653 (DSF Dispersion-Shifted Fiber) : Known as dispersion-shifted fiber because at 1550 nm the dispersion becomes zero. G.655 (NZ-DSF Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber) : Known as fiber non-zero dispersion shifted. Suitable for DWDM systems transmission.

Limiting Factors
Attenuation

Dispersion

Polarization

Non-Linearity

ATTENUATION FACTORS IN F.O.

ATTENUATION FACTORS IN F.O.

As we can see the figure, when the optical fiber has a larger core diameter, it has less coupling loss. The optics fiber of less diameter in the core has the highest coupling loss, this is the main reason because we need use source with high power, as laser diode. Absorption Loss: Is defined as the conversion of light energy into heat, this phenomenon occurs inside the fiber. Another problem is the hydroxyl ion (OH-) which is caused by the water molecules that have been trapped in the glass during the manufacturing process.

ATTENUATION

Due to impurities in the glass. For manufacturing defects. For splices the connectors. Insertion Loss.

ATTENUATION
ATTENUATION IN THE FIBER (AF) Multi-Mode Fiber (62.5/125 m) = 850 nm = 1.300 nm Attenuation = 4dB/Km Attenuation = 2dB/Km

Single-Mode Fiber(9/125 m) = 1.300 nm = 1.550 nm Attenuation = 0.5dB/Km Attenuation = 0.2dB/Km

Dispersion
Dispersion loss: We can be said that the dispersion is the scattering of a light pulse that travels through an optical fiber, it causes relaxation time differences between input and output pulse (T2>T1).

Dispersion

Due to the spreading of the pulses, they tend to overlap often becoming unrecognizable by the receiver. Two general types of dispersion affect DWDM systems. One of these effects, chromatic dispersion is linear while the other polarized mode dispersion (PMD) is nonlinear.

Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion: Chromatic dispersion is a consequence of the different wavelengths propagate at different velocities. The effect of chromatic dispersion increases with the square of the speed. In the single-mode fiber chromatic dispersion has two components, material dispersion and the waveguide dispersion. Material dispersion: Is a quantity that depends on the substance of manufacture used, therefore, can be modified by varying the doping of the glass within certain limits. Waveguide dispersion: Dependent optical and geometrical parameters such as variations in the core diameter or changes in the refractive index profile of the fiber that cause a percentage of the light output is not reflected in the coating, but it is refracted, decreasing the amount of light reaching the other end.

Dispersion
G.652: muy usada, precisa compensacin de dispersin para transmisin a altas velocidades
Coeficiente de dispersin (ps/nmkm)

G.653: Sin dispersin en la ventana de 1550 nm

Fibra G.655 con coeficiente de dispersin positivo

G.653 G.652
Fibra G.655 con coeficiente de dispersin negativo

17

1310

1550

Longitud de Onda (nm)

1.

2.

Menor atenuacin y dispersin en la ventana de 1550 nm, adecuado para DWDM. Evita FWM eficientemente.

Dispersion vs. Fiber of type

OH absorption

G.652

G.655

G.653 17

1310

1550
Banda C Banda L

(nm)

Dispersin (ps/nm Km)

Atenuacin (dB)

Dispersion
Although chromatic dispersion is generally not a matter to be considered at speeds below STM-16, if you have higher speeds due to the width of the spectrum required. New types of fibers much reduced these effects. The phenomenon can also be mitigated by the DCM (dispersion compensators). PMD The polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is a problem for networks of high-speed DWDM, and especially for those that operate at 10 Gbps or more. The optical signal can be divided into two orthogonally opposite polarization modes traveling through the fiber at different speeds, causing a broadening of the pulse which is detected as a bit error after regeneration of the signal. If the dispersion exceeds certain limits, the bit error rate increases rapidly, limiting the length of the link and the transmission rate.

Dispersion
Measuring PMD of links is important for verification of highspeed networks, and also when modernizing legacy networks and DWDM technology giving them higher transmission speeds. As PMD is sensitive to the environment of the fiber and can vary over time, it is advisable to periodically measure PMD links. PMD addition, other nonlinear effects. Because nonlinear effects tend to occur when the optical power is too high, they become important in DWDM. Linear effects such as attenuation and dispersion can be compensated, but nonlinear effects are cumulative. The most important types of nonlinear effects are stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, modulation "self-phase", and the four-wave mixing. In DWDM of these types, the four-wave mixing is the most critical (FWM).

Factors Limiting the Transmission

OSNR (20dB for 2.5Gb/s, and 26dB for 10Gb/s without FEC) Attenuation Chromatic Dispersion PMD Non Linear Effects

Solution:
OSNR (14dB for 2.5Gb/s, and 20dB for 10Gb/s without FEC). Narrow Band Laser. Use of Amplifiers EDFA or RAMAN Chromatic Dispersion Compensation PMD (no resuleto)

Dispersion Compensation
The pulse width will make it by:
Positive dispersion coefficient The positive slope of dispersion at 1550 nm

DCM has a negative dispersion coefficient, may counteract the positive coefficient in the transmission.

Optical Components
Demultiplexor Amplificador Multiplexor Laser

Laser
OSC (Optical Supervisory Channel) Multiplexor, Demultiplexor EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier )

LASER
They are junction diodes consisting of positive and negative regions with a PN transition region (union) emitting electromagnetic radiation at optical frequencies. The emitted beam is very narrow, allowing the output to be coupled efficiently into small diameter fibers (single-mode fibers) by reducing scatter coupling
Types of LASER 1.-Direct modulation. 2.-Electro-absorption modulator (EA) external.

Direct modulation
LD
Current

Laser

The laser output is controlled by input current Transmission rate 2.5Gb / s Transmission range 100km

Direct Modulation
LD
Current

Laser

The laser output is controlled by input current Transmission rate 2.5Gb / s Transmission range 100km

Electro-Absorption (EA)
Laser
Laser
Voltage applied

Supports long-distance transmission (2.5Gb / s,> 600km). Less variation in signal frequency over time. High tolerance to dispersion (2.5Gb / s: 7200 ~ 12800ps/nm). High confidence.

Laser Control and Stability

Deviation from the center wavelength <= 0.2 * Channel Spacing Temperature sensitivity of the wavelength = 0.08nm / C Normal Operating Temperature: 25 C Range: 15 ~ 35 C Sensitivity of laser current = 0.008nm/mA

EDFA
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

E3 excited state Deterioro The pump light

Signal light at 1550 nm Signal light at 1550 nm

E2 metastable state

E1 base state

Energy level diagram EDFA

The doped glasses with erbium can be used in optical amplification, in which the erbium ions are optically pump around wavelength of 980nm or 1480nm and it radiate light at wavelength of 15550nm. This process can be used to created laser and optical amplifiers. The wavelength of 1550nm is especially important for optical communications because the standard optical fibers have minimum loss in these wavelength.

Typical Internal Structure of EDFA

Input Signal optical Splitter TAP optical bushing PD Pump laser EDF Pump laser EDF ISO ISO WDM WDM optical Coupler

Seal de salida

TAP

PD

optical Detector

Optical Amplifier - EDFA

Low noise (4-8dB) High Gain :10-30dB Big optical output power Polarization independence Independent amplification the signal speed
Tendencia en desarrollo: Amplificador Raman: gran ancho de banda de trabajo, espectro de amplificacin flexible, bajo ruido

But there are problems gain equalization, optical peaks and dispersion

EDFA Applications
1. Booster Amplifier (BA)

regeneration section
D W D M N E D W D M N E

BA

Connector

EDFA Applications
2. Line Amplifier(LA)

regeneration section
D W D M N E D W D M N E

LA

Connector

EDFA Applications
3. Pre-Amplifier (PA)

regeneration section
D W D M N E D W D M N E

PA

Connector

EDFA Limitations
Non-linearity: When the optical power is too high the fiber will begin to have a non-linear, taking effect in the rga transmission distance Peak power problem The problem of long-distance transmission shifts from scattering attenuation.

Multiplexing Techniques / demux

Filter dielectric sheet

Channel spacing can not be very small Systems ideal for 4 ~ 16 wavelengths

Multiplexing Techniques / demux

Arrayed Waveguide Grating(AWG)

They take up little space Large number of channels supported They have a flat response in the frequency They can be designed to multiplex and demultiplex simultaneously Temperature sensitive

Optical Supervision Channel (OSC)

Communication of information related to the administration and supervision - Wavelength: 1510 nm - Monitoring speed: 2Mb / s Add / removeRequerimiento: - Not limit the pumping wavelength of the LO - No service limit 1310 nm, - Available even when OA fails, - Long-distance transmission

OSC Frame Structure

14

15 16

31

TS0: FAS
TS1: E1 TS2: F1 TS3-TS14:D1-D12 (DCC

Channel)
TS15: E2 TS16-TS31: Reserved

OSC Transmission

O M

B A

FI U

FI U

P A

O D

OSC input

OSC output

Why use DWDM over other tecnologies?

In the actuality, DWDM haver more capacity than other tecnologies. Because DWDM use capacity in 10GB, 40 GB and 100GB. The carriers of Peru, use ring of 10 GB, in few years the carriers using ring of 100 GB. For example Telefonica have various rings of 40GB in Lima, and in the others cities have rings of 10GB as Cusco, Arequipa, Juliaca, etc. DWDM coexist with others tecnologies of transport as SDH, PDH. DWDM using in Transport Network in the actuality.

Advance
Red Metro DWDM OADM OC X OADM 10 GB 10 GB OC X OADM OADM OADM

Red Metro DWDM

OADM

Router Giga bit

Anillo acceso ptico

Nodos de

Router Giga bit

Anillo SDH ADM ADM ADM ADM

Router

Router Router

STM64, STM16
ATM

DWDM vs SDH
The carriers bought equipt of DWDM and SDH in course the few years.

DWDM 10% 20% 35% 45% 70% 90%

SDH 90% 80% 65% 55% 30% 10%

YEARS 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014

PROFITS IN THE ECONOMY