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AIM

TO HAVE A GLANCE ON THE

AVAILABLE RESOURCES OF ENERGY

IN LIEU OF EXISTING IN USE

SEQUENCE

INTRODUCTION TYPES OF ENERGY CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES GOVT DEPTT CONTRIBUTION ENERGY CONSERVATION METHODS CONCLUDING REMARKS

INTRODUCTION
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed However energy in one form may be converted into energy of some other form The well known energy options in the universe divided into two categories:1. 2. Dominant or Convential sources Alternative or renewable sources.

INTRODUCTION
1. DOMINANT OR CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

The available conventional or dominant energy sources are as under:i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Manpower Animal Power Fossil Fuel Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Hydel Power Nuclear Power
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INTRODUCTION
2. ALTERNATIVE OR RENEWABLE SOURCES

Main forms of alternative / renewable energy are as follows:i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Solar Energy Wind Power Energy Bio-mass Bio-fuels Coal Ocean Energy
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Alternative Power Generation

Carbon Efficient Projects like WHRPG 300 MW

Power Generation by Bagasse

FFCEL Wind Power Project Jhimpur FFCEL Wind Power Project Gharo, Thatta District Other Wind Projects

500
49.5 50 50 30

MW
MW MW MW MW

Other Solar, Geothermal, Biomass, etc

80

MW

SOLAR ENERGY
The

Sun

is

150

million

kilometers away. Energy intensity is approx

1800 2200 KWh per Sqm.

The outer edge of atmosphere facing the sun receives 1400 MW of solar power per Square KM per minute. .
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Applications of solar Technology

.

(a) Solar thermal

Solar thermal technologies can be used for: water heating space heating

space cooling
process heat generation .
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Applications of solar Technology

(b) Water Treatment

Solar distillation can be used to make saline water potable. According to research the plant having solar collection

area of 4700 sqm could

produce up to 22,700 Lit per day and operate for 40 years.
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A DISTANT VIEW OF SOLAR POWERED SEA WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM

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Applications of solar Technology

(c) Cooking
Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking and drying. Used with partially overcast skies and will typically reach

temperatures of 90150 C.

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SOLAR ENERGY

Solar Power Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity using following techniques: Directly using photovoltaics (PV) Indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP).

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SOLAR ENERGY

PhotoVoltic
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the

Photovoltic A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

photoelectric effect.

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REAR VIEW OF PV SOLAR PANEL

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SOLAR ENERGY

Concentrated Solar Power

CSP systems use

lenses or mirrors and tracking

systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

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SOLAR ENERGY
Energy storage methods Solar energy is not available at night, and energy storage is an important issue because modern energy

systems usually assume continuous availability of energy.

(i) Thermal mass: Thermal mass systems can store solar

energy in the form of heat at domestically useful

temperatures for daily or seasonal durations.
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PHOTOSENSITIVE SOLAR LIGHT, BATTERY & CHARGER (SIDE VIEW)

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SOLAR ENERGY
Advantages Free Supply electricity to a remote places Used for garden lights and battery chargers

Lesser reliance on the fossil fuels

Environment friendly

Sell when excess electricity and purchase when

need it
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SOLAR ENERGY
Disadvantages

Doesn't work at night.

High initial cost. Unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate.

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Production of Solar Energy

The first & largest CSP Plant is of 100 MW. In USA one of the CSP projects with 64 MW capacity is expected to be completed this year. In Iran a 250 KW solar parabolic power plant was tested at Sheraz in 1998. Iran has a plan for installation of 17 MW solar unit.

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2.

WIND POWER ENERGY

Wind can be used to generate mechanical electrical power or by

building a tall tower, with a large propellor on the top. The wind blows the

propellor round, which turns

a generator to produce
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electricity.

WIND POWER ENERGY

WIND TURBINE A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If this mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump.

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Types of Wind Turbines

HORIZONTAL WIND TURBINE In this type the wind turbine

and

generator

is

placed

horizontally to the direction of wind.

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Types of Wind Turbines

VERTICAL WIND TURBINE In this type the wind turbine and generator is placed

vertically to the direction of

wind.

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WIND POWER ENERGY (SEA) (SEA SHORE)

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WIND POWER ENERGY

Most productive Four turbines in Denmark with each having

generated 63.2 GW.

Highest-situated
The world's highest-situated wind turbine is located

in Argentina around 4100 m (13,500 ft) above sea level.

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WIND POWER ENERGY

Advantages Wind is free. Wind farms need no fuel.

Produces no waste or greenhouse gases.

The land beneath can usually still be used for farming.

Good method of supplying energy to remote areas.

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WIND POWER ENERGY

Disadvantages Wind is not predictable Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the

coast where land is expensive.

Affect television reception. Noisy.

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3.

COAL

Coal
black

is
or

combustible

brownish-black

sedimentary rock. Coal is composed of

carbon along with variable

quantities

of

hydrogen,

sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.

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COAL
Types of Coal
(i) Peat (ii) Lignite

(iii) Bituminous coal

(Iv) Anthracite (v) Graphite

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Bituminous & Anthracite

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USES OF COAL
Coal as fuel Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion. Gasification Coal gasification can be used to produce syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) gas. Liquefaction Coal can also be converted into liquid fuels such as gasoline or diesel by several different processes. Refined coal Refined coal is the product of a coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants.
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COAL
Advantages Large amounts of electricity can be generated cheaply.

Transportation is easy.
Gas-fired power stations are very efficient. Fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhere.

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COAL
Disadvantages Main drawback of coal is pollution. Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide.

Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous.

Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.

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4.

BIOMASS

Biomass

as

renewable energy source, is biological material As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly or

converted into other energy

products such as biofuel.
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Biomass Power Plant In USA In Pakistan

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BIOMASS
Biomass Sources Garbage, wood, waste,

landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Waste

energy

is

the

second-largest source.

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BIOMASS
Advantages To use waste materials where we can. The fuel tends to be cheap. Less demand on the fossil fuels.

Disadvantages
Collecting or growing the fuel in sufficient quantities can be difficult. biofuel makes greenhouse gases just like fossil fuels do. Some waste materials are not available all year round.
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5.
Biofuels mean fuels

BIOFUELS
for

vehicles, such as "biodiesel"

and "bioethanol. Biofuels are made from two main

sources:
Growing crops such as corn, sugar cane, soya or from palm oil. Growing algae
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BIOFUELS
Advantages Less demand on the fossil fuels. Biofuel production is being carbon-neutral.

Disadvantages
It takes huge areas of land. Produce greenhouse gases just like fossil fuels. Fuel Sources are not available all round the year.

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6.

OCEAN WAVES ENERGY

Waves from the sea enter the chamber of generation plant. Air is blown in and out of the chamber forcing the

turbine to rotate and convert

wave energy into

mechanical energy, further converted into electrical

energy by generator.
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TIDAL ENERGY
A huge dam (called a

"barrage") is built across a river. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam. The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a

turbine. Large lock gates,

like the ones used on
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canals, allow ships to pass.

Tidal Power (Major Drawback)

Major drawback of tidal power stations is that they

can only generate when

the tide is flowing in or out. Tides are totally

predictable, so we can plan to have other power

stations
times

generating
when the

at
tidal
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station is out of action.

GEOTHERMAL POWER
Geothermal energy is

obtained by trapping the heat of the earth. It is expensive to build a power

station but operating costs

are low. Ultimately, this

energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.

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GOVT. DEPTT FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

According to the latest Audit report following four

overlapping government institutes are burning monetary

resources up to Rs. 250 millions each year without producing even a single mega watt of energy:-

AEDB
PCRET

Alternative energy Development Board

Pakistan Counsel of Renewable Energy

HDIP
NECC .

Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan

National Energy Conservation Centre
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ENERGY CONSERVATION METHODS

Use Natural Light as far as possible.

Orientations of houses should be such that they

should gain max heat in winter & min in summer.

Turn off spare lights in unoccupied places. Way of life adopted should be simpler enough. Less reliance on energy driven appliances.

Low energy consumption appliances be used as tube

lights, energy savers, LED lighting system.
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
Pakistan is facing the acute energy crises. The government as well as NGOs and private sector are not contributing although being so sensitive issue of energy. Although this country is rich with all type of resources either dominant or renewable but no useful form of energy is gained out of them. The energy resource are produced in abundance by nature. It is the man who has to reproduce and utilize these resources. The engineers can make the wonders. Now it is the need of time that priorities be defined for utilization of naturally existing energy resources into useful energy forms at all the forums and stages.
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