SOCIAL ISSUES RELATING TO URBAN PROBLEMS

MADE BY:ROHAN SHAH(PM2009023) SAMKIT SHAH(PM2009024)

CONTENTS

Introduction
India is taking giant strides in the fields of science & technology, but the

very foundations of the countrys infrastructure are facing grave concerns in the form of urban issues.

Urban economics :-is broadly the economic study of urban areas;

as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance.

Social issues :-are matters which directly or indirectly affect a person or many
members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values, or both.

Types of urban problems:1. Poverty 2. Traffic congestion 3. Environmental concerns 4. Inadequate sanitation 5. Unemployment 6. Inadequate education 7. Population density 8. Crime ,urban violence

SOCIAL ISSUES
Types of social issues:1. Drug abuse 2. Depression 3. Ill health 4. Physical violence 5. Indulgence in immoral activities 6. Low self esteem 7. Fear

1-poverty
India is becoming increasingly

globalized and urbanized. There are over 80 million poor people living in the cities and towns of India Poverty has an economic impact on the country and a social impact on the people India Urban Poverty Report gives a good insight on various causes and issues of urban poverty .

SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO POVERTY

The homeless and poor are at

a higher risk for drug abuse. Drug addiction has a negative impact on individuals and the society High unemployment has led many women, to enter into a life of prostitution. According to Article 37 of the law on the protection of women, "prostitution or whoring shall be prohibited.

2- TRAFFIC CONGESTION
Congestion is a major issue in

large urban agglomerations, usually above a threshold of about 1 million inhabitants. Congestion occurs when transport demand exceeds transport supply at a specific point in time and in a specific section of the transport system. The acute growth in the total number of vehicles leads to traffic

SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO TRAFFIC CONGESTION

Traffic flows influence the life and interactions of residents and

their usage of street space. More traffic impedes social interactions and street activities. People tend to walk and cycle less when traffic is high. Long commuting is linked with several social problems, such as isolation, as well as poorer health (obesity). Pollution, including noise, generated by circulation has become a serious impediment to the quality of life and even the health of urban populations. Traffic congestion causes number of accidents and fatalities.

3-lnadequate sanitation
One in every ten deaths in India is linked to poor sanitation and

hygiene. A Water and sanitation Program (WSP) showed that inadequate sanitation caused India considerable economic losses, equivalent to 6.4 per cent of Indias GDP in 2006 at US$53.8 billion (Rs.2.4 trillion). The Ganges river in India has a stunning 1.1 million litres of raw sewage being disposed into it every minute. The high level of contamination of the river by human waste allow diseases like cholera to spread easily, resulting in many deaths.

Social issues relating to lack of sanitation

United Nations Human development report :2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation 443 million school days are lost each year from water-related illness Millions of women spending several hours a day collecting water If any strata of our society remains poorly sanitized, it may physically or socially contaminate the whole society

4- Environmental Damage
Urban environmental problems resulting from human-induced

damage to the physical environment, poses a threat to human well being. City-regional environmental problems such as ambient air pollution, inadequate waste management and pollution of rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Extra-urban impacts of urban activities such as ecological disruption and resource depletion in a citys hinterland, and emissions of acid precursors and greenhouse gases.

SOCIAL ISSUES RELATING TO ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

Environmental problems arise both directly and indirectly from peoples social institutions, social behavior, and cultural values. Chronic, pervasive, long-term environmental degradation (e.g., air, water, noise, and light pollution; global warming. It is easy to hypothesize the following effects. Anxiety Helplessness, depression Alienation, the sense of not-

belonging

UNEMPLOYMENT

UNEMPLOYMENT
An economic condition marked by the fact that individuals actively seeking jobs remain unhired.

Causes of unemployment :
1.Increasing Population i.e. High population growth. 2.Recessions. 3.Inflation. 4.Corruption. 5.Disability to do the job. 6.Nepotism. 7.Demand of highly skilled labour. 8.Attitude towards employers. 9.Undulations in the business cycles or agricultural sector comprising of the factors such as low production, natural calamities such as drought, famine or any natural disaster. Unsatisfied incomes or salaries of the employees. 10.Willingness to work: Young people are not ready to take jobs which are considered to be socially degrading or lowly. 11.Deterioration in Industry and business.

SOCIAL ISSUE RELATING TO UNEMPLOYMENT

Effects of Unemployment:
Low economic growth. Emotional and mental stress. Indulgence in habits like alcohol and drug abuse . Higher income inequalities and disparities leading to poverty. Indulgence in immoral and illegal activities.

INADEQUATE EDUCATION
It works as an inhibitor, for the country to develop. The children of illiterate people are more likely to be illiterate that those who aren't. Illiterate people never become leaders, they remain mere followers. They do not reason and question authority, rather take things for granted

SOCIAL ISSUES RELATING TO INADEQUATE EDUCATION Suffering from health problems .

Estimated $240 billion are lost each year in industrial productivity, unrealized tax revenues, welfare, crime, poverty, and related social ills. Easily Exploited and easily Corruptable. Poorly educated leaders inhibit progress. Orthodox Outlook. Practice in evil customs, blind faith, belief in superstition. Exploitation of labour. Child marriage.

POPULATION DENSITY
Population density is the number of people per unit of area usually per square kilo-meter . Calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though the extent to which this is the case depends on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources

SOCIAL ISSUES RELATING TO POPULATION DENSITY

Decreased per capita food availability . Decreased per capita GMP . Reduced standard of living . Increased pressure on resources like land, water, natural forests, animals Fragmentation of land below the economic level. Shortage of drinking and irrigation water. Deforestation to increase the area under agriculture. Pollution of water, land, food materials etc. Housing problems in cities / towns. Vast urban waste generation and its disposal. Unending demands for civic amenities like roads, transport, markets, etc.

URBAN VIOLENCE AND CRIME

Causes Of Urban Violence And Crime : 1.Weak Moral Conscience 2.Greed 3.Racial Tensions 4.Revenge 5.Lack of faith 6.Poverty

7.Deprived Neighbourhoods
8.Poor Parenting skills

SOCIAL ISSUES RELATING TO URBAN VIOLENCE

Victims lose or have their property damaged. Monetary loss. Victims also often sustain physical injury or even worse. Suffer considerable psychological trauma. Days lost from work, decreased productivity, and even long-term financial distress. Victims of crime often experience a diminished quality of life.

CONCLUSION
1.Human beings should act as custodians of all natural resources and their possible uses must be planned for the present as well as future. 2.Peaceful coexistence of all the living organisms should be ensured. 3.Necessary precautions to avoid hazardous effect of various technological developments must be worked out and listed so that human race can be made aware of all detrimental outcome.

THANK YOU GRACIAS MERCI