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HTM 304 - Management Information Systems College of Business Administration California State University @ San Marcos Authors: Turban, Rainer and Potter Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Technology Guide 1 1
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Hardware
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Learning Objectives
Identify the major hardware components of a computer system. Describe the design and functioning of the central processing unit. Describe the main types of primary and secondary storage. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage along the dimensions of speed, cost, and capacity.
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TG1.1 Introduction
Hardware refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output and storage activities of a computer system. Central processing unit (CPU) manipulates the data and controls the tasks performed by the other components. Primary storage internal to the CPU; temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing.
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Hardware
Secondary storage external to the CPU; stores data and programs for future use. Input technologies accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that the computer can understand. Output technologies present data and information in a form people can understand.
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Hardware (Continued)
Communication technologies provide for the flow of data from external computer networks (e.g. the Internet and intranets) to the CPU, and from the CPU to computer networks.
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CPU (Continued)
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs the mathematic calculations and makes logical comparisons. Registers are high-speed storage areas that store very small amounts of data and instructions for short periods of time.
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Increasing miniaturization of transistors. Making the physical layout of the chips components as compact and efficient as possible. Using materials for the chip that improve the conductivity (flow) of electricity. Targeting the amount of basic instructions programmed into the chip.
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Primary stores small amounts of data and information that will be immediately used by the CPU. Secondary stores much larger amounts of data and information (an entire software program, for example) for extended periods of time.
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Memory Capacity
Bit: Short for binary digit (0s and 1s), the only data that a CPU can process. Byte: An 8-bit string of data, needed to represent any one alphanumeric character or simple mathematical operation.
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Primary Storage
Primary storage or main memory stores three types of information for very brief periods of time:
Data to be processed by the CPU; Instructions for the CPU as to how to process the data; Operating system programs that manage various aspects of the computers operation.
Primary storage takes place in chips mounted on the computers main circuit board, called the motherboard. Four main types of primary storage: register, random access memory (RAM), cache memory and read-only memory (ROM).
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Secondary Storage
Memory capacity that can store very large amounts of data for extended periods of time.
It is nonvolatile. It takes much more time to retrieve data because of the electromechanical nature. It is cheaper than primary storage. It can take place on a variety of media
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Network-Attached Storage
Network-attached storage (NAS) device is a special-purpose server that provides file storage to users who access the device over a network; plug-and-play.
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Computer Categories
Supercomputers Mainframe Computers Midrange Computers Workstations Notebooks and Desktop Computers Appliances
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human data-entry devices include keyboards, mouse, trackball, joystick, touchscreen, stylus and voice recognition; source-data automation devices input data with minimal human intervention (e.g. barcode reader).
Speed up data collection; Reduce errors; Gather data at the source of a transaction or other event.
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Multimedia Technology
Multimedia technology is the computerbased integration of text, sound, still images, animation and digitized motion video. Merges capabilities of computers with televisions, VCRs, CD players, DVD players, video and audio recording equipment, music and gaming technologies.
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