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Chapter 17

Current and Resistance


Conceptual questions: 3,6,10,14
Quick quizzes: 1,3,4,5,6,7
Problems: 12,27,30,47
Electric Current
The current is the rate at which the
charge flows through a surface
The direction of current flow is the
direction positive charge would flow
The SI unit of current is Ampere (A)
1 A = 1 C/s
QUICK QUIZ 17.1
Consider positive and negative charges moving
horizontally through the four regions in Figure
17.2. Rank the currents in these four regions,
from lowest to highest.
Charge Carrier Motion in a
Conductor
The zig-zag black line
represents the motion of charge
carrier in a conductor
The net drift speed is small
The sharp changes in direction
are due to collisions
The net motion of electrons is
opposite the direction of the
electric field
Electrons in a Circuit
The drift speed is much smaller than
the average speed between collisions
Although the drift speed is on the order
of 10
-4
m/s the effect of the electric
field is felt on the order of 10
8
m/s
Meters in a Circuit -- Ammeter
An ammeter is used to measure current
In line with the bulb, all the charge passing
through the bulb also must pass through the
meter
Meters in a Circuit --
Voltmeter
A voltmeter is used to measure voltage
(potential difference)
Connects to the two ends of the bulb
QUICK QUIZ 17.3
Look at the four circuits shown below and
select those that will light the bulb.
Resistance
The resistance of the conductor
Units of resistance are ohms ()
1 = 1 V / A
Resistance in a circuit arises due to
collisions between the electrons
carrying the current with the fixed
atoms inside the conductor
V
R=
I
Ohms Law; ohmic materials
V = I R
Ohms Law is an empirical relationship
Materials that obey Ohms Law are said to be
ohmic
Non-ohmic materials
The current-voltage
relationship is
nonlinear
A diode is a
common example of
a non-ohmic device
QUICK QUIZ 17.4
In the figure below, does the resistance of
the diode
(a) increase or
(b) decrease as the positive voltage V
increases?
Resistivity
The resistance of an ohmic conductor is
proportional to its length, L, and
inversely proportional to its cross-
sectional area, A


is the constant of proportionality and is
called the resistivity of the material
See table 17.1
A
L
R =
Problem 17-12
Suppose that you wish to fabricate a
uniform wire out of 1 g of copper. If
the wire is to have a resistance of
R=0.500 Q, and if all of the copper is to
be used, what will be
A. the length
B. the diameter of that wire?
QUICK QUIZ 17.5
Aliens with strange powers visited Earth and
doubled every linear dimension of every object on
the surface of the Earth. A wire has the length
and diameter twice their original values.
Does the wire now have
(a) more resistance than before,
(b) less resistance,
(c) the same resistance?

(Assume the resistivities of materials remain the
same before and after the doubling.)
Temperature Variation of
Resistivity
For most metals, resistivity increases
approximately linearly with temperature


o
is the resistivity at some reference
temperature T
o

T
o
is usually taken to be 20 C
o is the temperature coefficient of resistivity
see Table 17.1

)] T T ( 1 [
o o
o + =
Temperature Variation of
Resistance
Since the resistance of a conductor with
uniform cross sectional area is
proportional to the resistivity, the effect
of temperature on resistance is

)] T T ( 1 [ R R
o o
o + =
Problem 17-27
A 34.5 m length of copper wire at
20.0
o
C has a radius of 0.25 mm. If a
potential difference of 9.0 V is applied
across the length of the wire, determine
the current in the wire.
If the wire is heated to 30.0
o
C while the
potential difference is maintained, what
is the resulting current in the wire?
A platinum resistance thermometer has resistances of 200.0 when
placed in a 0C ice bath and 253.8 when immersed in a crucible
containing melting potassium. What is the melting point of potassium?
(Hint: First determine the resistance of the platinum resistance
thermometer at room temperature, 20C.)
The resistance at 20.0C is







Solving for T gives the temperature of the
melting potassium as


0
1
-3 0
200.0
217
1
1+ 3.92 10 C 0 C 20.0 C
R
R
T T o
| | (
| (
| | | |
|
(
\ . | |
| |
(
\ . \ .
(

O
= = = O
+

0 0
1 R R T T o
(
| |
(
|
( |
\ .
(

= +
0
0
1
0
3
253.8 217
20.0 C
3.92 10 C 217
R R
T T
R o
(
(
| | | |
(
| |
| |
(
\ . \ .
(

O O
= + = + =
O
63.2 C
Problem 17-30
Superconductors
A class of materials and
compounds whose
resistances fall to
virtually zero below a
certain temperature, T
C

T
C
is called the critical
temperature
The graph is the same
above T
C
, but suddenly
drops to zero at T
C

Electrical Energy and Power
The rate at which the energy is lost is
the power


From Ohms Law, alternate forms of
power are


V I V
t
Q
P A = A
A
A
=
R
) V (
R I P
2
2
A
= =
Electrical Energy and Power
The SI unit of power is Watt (W)
The unit of energy used by electric
companies is the kilowatt-hour
This is defined in terms of the unit of
power and the amount of time it is
supplied
1 kWh = 3.60 x 10
6
J
QUICK QUIZ 17.6
A voltage AV is applied across the ends of
a nichrome heater wire having a cross-
sectional area A and length L. The same
voltage is applied across the ends of a
second heater wire having a cross-
sectional area A and length 2L. Which wire
gets hotter?
(a) the shorter wire,
(b) the longer wire,
(c) not enough information to say.
QUICK QUIZ 17.7
For the two resistors
shown here, rank the
currents at points a
through f, from largest
to smallest.
The heating coil of a hot water heater has a resistance of 20 O and
operates at 210 V. If electrical energy costs $0.080/kWh, what does it
cost to raise the 200 kg of water in the tank from 15 C to 80 C?
The kilowatt-hour is a measure of energy equal to

The energy needed to raise the temperature of 200 kg of
water from 15 C to 80 C is


and the cost of operating the heater to produce this quantity of
thermal energy is
(cost)= (energy used) (rate) = (15 kWh) ($0.080/kWh) = $1.20
Problem 17-47
3. Why dont the free electrons in a metal fall to the bottom of
the metal due to gravity? Charges in a conductor are suppose
to reside on the surface why dont the free electrons all go
to the surface?
6. Two lightbulbs are each connected to a voltage of 120V. One
has a power of 25 W, the other 100 W. Which bulb has a
higher resistance? Which bulb carries more current?
10. Some homes have light dimmers that operate by rotating a
knob. What is being changed in the electric circuit when the
know is being rotated?
14. Use the atomic theory of matter to explain why the resistance
of a metal should increase as its temperature increases.
Conceptual questions
In the two cases shown here a battery is connected up to a
box containing some resistors. The battery provides an
EMF =V
0
.
Which box will draw more current from the battery?
1. They will draw the same amount.
2. #1 will draw twice as much as #2.
3. #1 will draw more than #2 but not twice.
4. #2 will draw twice as much as #1
5. #2 will draw more than #1 but not twice.
6. You cant tell from the information given
MCAT
A positive charge q=1.1x10
-11
C is located 0.01 m
away from a negative charge of equal magnitude.
Point P is exactly between them. What is the
magnitude of the electric field at point P?
a. 1000 N/C b. 2000 N/C
c. 4000 N/C d. 8000 N/C
If a water molecule is placed between two plates
of a capacitor, which orientation would it take to
minimize its energy? The electric field is up.
a. H b. H
O O
H H
c. H H d. O

O H H
E
MCAT, cont.
The ratio of the potential difference across a
conductor and the current moving through it is
called the
a. resistance b. capacitance
d. conductance d. electric potential
In a solid metal conductor, electric current is the
movement of
a. electrons only b. protons only
c. nuclei d. protons and electrons
A 12 O load is connected across a 6.0 V battery. How
much energy does the load use in an hour?
a. 1.5 x 10
-3
kWh b. 2.0 x 10
-3
kWh
c. 3.0 x 10
-3
kWh d. 12 x 10
-3
kWh

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