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Problem 17-30
Superconductors
A class of materials and
compounds whose
resistances fall to
virtually zero below a
certain temperature, T
C
T
C
is called the critical
temperature
The graph is the same
above T
C
, but suddenly
drops to zero at T
C
Electrical Energy and Power
The rate at which the energy is lost is
the power
From Ohms Law, alternate forms of
power are
V I V
t
Q
P A = A
A
A
=
R
) V (
R I P
2
2
A
= =
Electrical Energy and Power
The SI unit of power is Watt (W)
The unit of energy used by electric
companies is the kilowatt-hour
This is defined in terms of the unit of
power and the amount of time it is
supplied
1 kWh = 3.60 x 10
6
J
QUICK QUIZ 17.6
A voltage AV is applied across the ends of
a nichrome heater wire having a cross-
sectional area A and length L. The same
voltage is applied across the ends of a
second heater wire having a cross-
sectional area A and length 2L. Which wire
gets hotter?
(a) the shorter wire,
(b) the longer wire,
(c) not enough information to say.
QUICK QUIZ 17.7
For the two resistors
shown here, rank the
currents at points a
through f, from largest
to smallest.
The heating coil of a hot water heater has a resistance of 20 O and
operates at 210 V. If electrical energy costs $0.080/kWh, what does it
cost to raise the 200 kg of water in the tank from 15 C to 80 C?
The kilowatt-hour is a measure of energy equal to
The energy needed to raise the temperature of 200 kg of
water from 15 C to 80 C is
and the cost of operating the heater to produce this quantity of
thermal energy is
(cost)= (energy used) (rate) = (15 kWh) ($0.080/kWh) = $1.20
Problem 17-47
3. Why dont the free electrons in a metal fall to the bottom of
the metal due to gravity? Charges in a conductor are suppose
to reside on the surface why dont the free electrons all go
to the surface?
6. Two lightbulbs are each connected to a voltage of 120V. One
has a power of 25 W, the other 100 W. Which bulb has a
higher resistance? Which bulb carries more current?
10. Some homes have light dimmers that operate by rotating a
knob. What is being changed in the electric circuit when the
know is being rotated?
14. Use the atomic theory of matter to explain why the resistance
of a metal should increase as its temperature increases.
Conceptual questions
In the two cases shown here a battery is connected up to a
box containing some resistors. The battery provides an
EMF =V
0
.
Which box will draw more current from the battery?
1. They will draw the same amount.
2. #1 will draw twice as much as #2.
3. #1 will draw more than #2 but not twice.
4. #2 will draw twice as much as #1
5. #2 will draw more than #1 but not twice.
6. You cant tell from the information given
MCAT
A positive charge q=1.1x10
-11
C is located 0.01 m
away from a negative charge of equal magnitude.
Point P is exactly between them. What is the
magnitude of the electric field at point P?
a. 1000 N/C b. 2000 N/C
c. 4000 N/C d. 8000 N/C
If a water molecule is placed between two plates
of a capacitor, which orientation would it take to
minimize its energy? The electric field is up.
a. H b. H
O O
H H
c. H H d. O
O H H
E
MCAT, cont.
The ratio of the potential difference across a
conductor and the current moving through it is
called the
a. resistance b. capacitance
d. conductance d. electric potential
In a solid metal conductor, electric current is the
movement of
a. electrons only b. protons only
c. nuclei d. protons and electrons
A 12 O load is connected across a 6.0 V battery. How
much energy does the load use in an hour?
a. 1.5 x 10
-3
kWh b. 2.0 x 10
-3
kWh
c. 3.0 x 10
-3
kWh d. 12 x 10
-3
kWh