Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
The study of people in groups Groups in the process of selfformation through the actions of individuals through the actions and forces of the groups themselves
METHODS of STUDY
Observation (obtrusive and unobtrusive) Surveys Experiments Historical Comparison Cross-Cultural Comparison Archival Research
Suspending Judgement
A key attitude in the study of society is the research approach called cultural relativism This is in contrast to the common approach, which views other cultures and societies from the point of view of ones own values and beliefs-- otherwise known as ethnocentrism
Theories of Study
Functionalism (and variations)
structuralism
Functionalism
Social groups and society are viewed like living organisms groups and group processes are studied as parts of a functioning whole aspects and behaviors of society may have obvious (manifest) functions or hidden (latent) functions
Functionalism: Durkheim
Emile Durkheim: French Sociologist (1858-1917) Considered one of the fathers of modern sociology
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbols are the basis of social life Individuals and societies develop through peoples interaction through symbols Individuals develop a sense of themselves as they learn to use symbols Individuals develop a sense of themselves as they learn to see themselves the way they believe others see them
Symbolic Interactionists
Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)
George Herbert Mead (1863-1947)
Erving Goffman
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
Socialization
Socialization (enculturation) is a life-long process, that begins at birth We are first socialized by those who are closest to us in our early months and years This first development is called primary socialization Later we are socialized through our wider society, and this is called secondary socialization
Groups
Sociology is the study of groups of people in process of self-definition as groups A group is a collection of people (but not all collections of people are groups!) Sociology studies, among other things, how individuals impact and shape groups Sociology studies, as well, how groups impact and shape individuals
Formal Organizations
Formal organizations are usually largescale groups that have a planned focus and a clearly defined structure Such organizations are often referred to as bureaucracies Max Weber studied bureaucracies as ideal organizations of complex, modern society
Bureaucracies
According to Weber, bureaucracies represented the ideal organization of large-scale, modern society ....with such characteristics as the complex division of labor ...with a hierarchical structure of authority ...and a complex system of clear and predictable rules
Social Inequality
A persistent character of groups throughout the world is that of stratification
Stratification is the unequal division of societies
Stratification:
Class...
Race...
Gender...
Power... Prestige...
Class: Marx
According to Marx (and other social conflict theorists) class is the division of societies into several main groups, including: ...those who own the productive wealth of society ...those who own only their labor (the workers)
Class: Marx
In this theory, this was the fundamental difference between the classes of industrial society ...and this division would eventually disappear as workers struggled for the power of the owner class
Class: Weber
According to Weber, the stratification of society was based on a broader range of factors, including ....wealth ....power ....prestige And one could have any one of these to be in a higher class..... (examples?)
Causes of Poverty
Why does poverty persist in the world?
Functionalist view....
Social-conflict theory...
Social-interactionist theory...
Gender/Feminist theory...
Gender: the social definition of groups based on biological characteristics.... (sound familiar? see the variation of this theme under race)
Social Institutions
Society is in process of self-definition... As social practices of groups become familiar, accepted and expected they become what sociology calls institutions This refers to organized practices and relationships of society, rather than to physical places...
cross-cultural comparison...
family values around the world...
Classifying the worlds cultures : from savagery to civilization? Sociologists get involved.....
Durkheim et. al
Deviant behavior and beliefs often find their way, eventually, into mainstream society:
or... underwear as outerwear....
A Rap on Deviance
The latent and manifest functions of parental advisorystickers But isnt Rap just missing a C? Rap... In context of history.... A conflict of power in history and contemporary society?