Perception

Perception
The Perceptual process can be defined as
a complicated interaction of selection,
organization and interpretation.
A process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions
in order to give meaning to their
environment.
 Sub-process of perception

Stimulus
Registration
Interpretation
Feedback
 Factors influencing Perception
• The Perceiver
--Divergent attitudes
--Motives
--Interests
--Past Experiences
--Expectations
 Factors influencing Perception
• The Situation
--Time
--Work setting
--Social setting
 Factors influencing Perception
• The Target
--Novelty
--Motion
--Sounds
--Size
--Background
--Proximity
 Perception
One bird flew out of a a window on a a
chilly winter day and and sang a very
sad song.
 Perceptions
• The paomnnehel pweor of the hmuan mnid.
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the
ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng
is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit
pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you
can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is
bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey
lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
amzanig huh?
 Person Perceptions
• Attribution theory-observe behavior and
attempt to determine whether it is internally
or externally caused.
• Distinctiveness-one time behavior or
recurring.
• Consensus-similar situations same behavior.
• Consistency-in person’s actions.
Kelley痴Theory of Attribution

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 Judging others
• Selective perception-selective interpretation
on the basis of their interests,background,
experience and attitudes.

• Halo effect-Drawing a general impression

about an individual on the basis of a single
characteristic.
• Contrast effects- evaluation of a person’s
characteristics that are affected by
comparison with other people recently
encountered who rank higher or lower on
the same characteristics.
• Projection-Attributing own characterizes to
the person.
• Stereotyping- judging some one on the
basis of one’s perceptions of the group to
which that person belongs.
 Impression Management
• The process by which individuals attempt to
control the impression others form of them.
• Techniques-
--Conformity --Flattery
--Excuses --Favors
--Apologies --Association
--Acclaiming
Applicant Impression Management

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 Application in organizations
• Employment Interviews
• Performance expectations(self fulfilling
prophecy)
• Performance Evaluations
• Whistle Blowers
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

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 Case Analysis
• Background
• Statement of the Problem(symptom or
root)
• Problem Analysis
• Solutions
• Justifications