INDIAN RAILWAYS

PRESENTED BY: Arun Kumar Yadav BRANCH: ECE(B) ROLLNO-100103064

ON

CONTENT:

5. Microwave Communication

1853 First railway train journeyed distance of 22 miles between Bombay and Thana.

It runs 14300 trains every day It carry 1.4 crore passengers & 16 lakh tonnes of goods every day Daily earnings Rs120 cr

8000 engines 40,000 coaches about 2.5 lakh of wagons 7000 stations 1 lakh km of track 17 lakh employee worked under one organization and there is no strike since last 30 years.

Turn over

Time 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Now

SOURCE: Explanatory Memorandum on Railway Budget, 06-07

RAILWAY SIGNALLING:Railway signalling is a system used to control railway traffic safely, essentially to prevent trains from colliding.
Mainly there are two types of signals:Mechanical signals:- Older forms of signal displayed their different aspects by their physical position. Colour light signals:-On most modern railways, colour light signals have largely replaced mechanical ones.

Controlling of signals:These signals are controlled by panel which is situated in ASM office

Some keys of panel:Description Main Signal Button Track /Route Button Level Crossing Button Group Slot Button Code S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 Colour RED GREY BLUE GREEN Remarks Entrance Button Exit Button Operated with S-6 For giving group slot

Point Group Button Emergency Button

S-9 S-10

WHITE R+G

To point out location In emergency

All over the world Railway transportation is increasingly used, as this mode of transport is more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than road transportation. Trains move on steel rail tracks and wheels of the railway vehicle are also flanged Steel wheels. Hence least friction occurs at the point of contact between the track & wheels. Therefore trains carry more loads resulting in higher traffic capacity since trains move on specific tracks called rails, their path is to be fully guided and there is no arrangement of steering.

Clear of obstruction as available with road transportation, so there is a need to provide control on the movement of trains in the form of Railway signals which indicate to the drivers to stop or move and also the speed at which they can pass a signal

Since the load carried by the trains and the speed which the trains can attain are high, they need more braking distance before coming to the stop from full speed. Without signal to be available on the route to constantly guide the driver accidents will take place due to collisions

"An

arrangement of signals and signal appliances in the manner that they switch the tracks to send the train in particular direction.

Solid State Interlocking is a data-driven signal control system designed for use throughout the British railway system. SSI is a replacement for electromechanical interlocking's which are based on highly reliable relay technology. SSI is a multicomputer system with two panel processors, a diagnostic processor, and three central interlocking processors which operate in repairable triple modular redundancy.

MICROWAVE

COMMUNICATION

Microwaves are radio waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 Ghz) and 300 Ghz. this broad definition includes both uhf and ehf . Various sources use different boundaries. in all cases, microwave includes the entire shf band (3 to 30 ghz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often putting the lower boundary at 1 ghz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 ghz (3 mm).

microwaves, one generated, propagate in a straight line in all directions there are mainly 3 modes of propagation possible, and the mode is decided based on distance and terrain. LOS, Sky wave Propagation, Ground Reflection Path

Line-of-sight propagation refers to electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation. Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line.

LOS (Line of Sight) is a visible straight line between the sender and the receiver.
LOS propagation propagation of microwaves in a straight line free from any obstructions.

Tower A

Tower B

Fresnel zone elliptical area around the LOS between a sender and receiver. Microwaves spread into this area once are generated by an antenna. This area should be free of any obstacles:

Because of high frequency, more data can be sent through microwaves -> increased bandwidth, higher speeds Keep it as hop to hop connections. Can make MESH connections with the help of this.

carrier waves in satellite communications

cellular communication
Bluetooth wireless local area network GPS (Global Positioning System)

THANK

YOU